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Trzciniec culture
Geographical range	central and eastern Poland, western Ukraine, western Belarus
Period	Bronze Age Europe
Dates	ca. 2400–1300 BC
Preceded by	Mierzanowice culture, Únětice culture, Iwno culture, Comb Ceramic culture, Multi-cordoned ware culture
Followed by	Lusatian culture, Urnfield culture

The Trzciniec culture is an Early and Middle Bronze Age (2400-1300 BC) archaeological culture in Central-Eastern Europe, mainly Poland and parts of Lithuania. The material culture similarity and overall chronological contemporaneity with Komariv (Ukraine) and Sośnica (Belarus) cultures resulted in the definition of the Trzciniec-Komarów-Sośnica complex^[1] or, more recently, the Trzciniec Cultural Circle.^[2] In Poland, the archaeological sites of the Trzciniec culture are found in Central, Southern, and Eastern Poland (Kuyavia, Lesser Poland, Mazovia, Podlachia, and Lublin Upland).

History

Trzciniec culture was first identified by Włodzimierz Antoniewicz, who named it "band pottery culture". The term "Trzciniec culture" from the eponymous site Trzciniec near Opole Lubelskie was introduced by Józef Kostrzewski in 1930.^[3]^[4] The first complete monograph of the Trzciniec culture was written by Aleksander Gardawski.^[5] From a cultural-historical perspective, the origins of the Trzciniec culture are associated with three Corded Ware-related cultures: Mierzanowice, Strzyżów and Iwno. In general, the Trzciniec culture was succeeded by the Lusatian culture.

Characteristics

The best known settlements of the Trzciniec culture were in Złota Pińczowska, Więcławice Świętokrzyskie, Goszyce, and west Bondyrz, close to the kurgans of Guciów. Some of these sites include important treasures containing materials such as ornamental gold and silver like in Stawiszyce and Rawa Mazowiecka.

Burial rite of the Trzciniec culture is characterized by regional preferences in using inhumation and cremation. Cases of inhumation were discovered in Wolica Nowa, in the form of kurgans. Evidence of kurgan inhumation have been found at Łubna-Jakusy, whereas kurgan cremation has been found at Guciów.

There is evidence for the use of chariots by the Trzciniec culture.^[6]^[7]

Genetics

Mittnik et al. (2018) examined the remains of seven possible Trzciniec individuals buried in Turlojiškė, Lithuania between 2,100 BC and 600 BC. The three samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to haplogroup R1a1a1b (two samples) and CT, while the seven samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to haplogroup U5a2a1, T2b (three samples), H5, H4a1a1a3, and H.^[8]

Juras et al. (2020) examined the mtDNA of eighty individuals ascribed to the Trzciniec culture.^[9]^[10] The individuals were determined to be closely related to peoples of the Corded Ware culture, Bell Beaker culture, Únětice culture, and the Mierzanowice culture. They were notably genetically different from peoples of the neighboring Strzyżów culture, which displayed closer genetic relations to cultures further east.^[11]

Gallery

Metal artefacts^[12]
Bronze armbands
Horse bridle items made from antler^[13]
Chariot model, Arkaim museum
Double-horse burials 2000–1300 BC, associated with the spread of chariots^[14]^[15]
Pottery
Pottery
Pottery and bronze artefacts from the closely-related Komarov culture

References

^ Jan Dąbrowski (1975), "Trzciniec-Komarów-Sosnica (A culture cycle from the Early and Middle Bronze Age)", Archaeologia Polona, 16: 39–69
^ Przemysław Makarowicz (2010), Trzciniecki krąg kulturowy – wspólnota pogranicza Wschodu i Zachodu Europy (in Polish), Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie
^ Konrad Jażdżewski (1930), "Z działalności Polskiego Towarzystwa Prehistorycznego", Z otchłani wieków (in Polish), 5 (2): 26–30
^ Janusz Czebreszuk; Przemysław Makarowicz (2014), "Józef Kostrzewski – badacz wczesnej i środkowej epoki brązu", Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses (in Polish), 50 (1): 49–58{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Aleksander Gardawski (1959), "Plemiona kultury trzcinieckiej w Polsce", Materiały starożytne (in Polish), 5
^ Makarowicz, Przemysław (2023). "An Elite Bronze Age Double-Horse Burial from Western Ukraine and the Chariot Package Dissemination". Journal of Field Archaeology. 48 (1): 19–35. doi:10.1080/00934690.2022.2143630. S2CID 253568772.
^ Przybyła, Marcin (2020). "New finds of antler cheekpieces and horse burials from the Trzciniec Culture in the territory of western Little Poland". Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia. 15: 103–138. doi:10.15584/anarres.2020.15.7. S2CID 235051187.
^ Mittnik et al. 2018, Supplementary Data 1, Rows 94-100.
^ Juras et al. 2020, p. 3.
^ Juras et al. 2020, pp. 6–7, Table 1.
^ Juras et al. 2020, pp. 5–7.
^ Romaniszyn, Jan; Makarowicz, Przemysław; Górski, Jacek; Affelski, Jakub; Smoliński, Antoni (2021). "The Trzciniec Cultural Circle barrow from Nieciecz Włościańska in the Southern Podlasie". Sprawozdania Archeologiczne. 73 (2). doi:10.23858/SA/73.2021.2.2580.
^ "Chariots and Horses in the Carpathian Lands During the Bronze Age". 2021.
^ Makarowicz, Przemysław (2023). "An Elite Bronze Age Double-Horse Burial from Western Ukraine and the Chariot Package Dissemination". Journal of Field Archaeology. 48 (1): 19–35. doi:10.1080/00934690.2022.2143630. S2CID 253568772.
^ Librado, Pablo (2021). "The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes". Nature. 598 (7882): 634–640. Bibcode:2021Natur.598..634L. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9. PMC 8550961. PMID 34671162.

Bibliography

Juras, Anna; et al. (April 15, 2020). "Mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Poland reveal genetic continuity from the Late Neolithic and additional genetic affinities with the steppe populations". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 172 (2). American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 176–188. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24057. PMID 32297323. S2CID 215793231.
Mittnik, Alisa; et al. (January 30, 2018). "The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region". Nature Communications. 16 (1). Nature Research: 442. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9..442M. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9. PMC 5789860. PMID 29382937.
Prahistoria Ziem Polskich, tom IV pod redakcją W. Hensla Wydawnictwo PAN, Ossolineum, Wrocław, Warszawa, Kraków, Gdańsk, 1979.
Pradzieje ziem polskich, tom I cz. 2 Epoka Brązu i początki Epoki Żelaza pod redakcją Kmiecińskiego, wyd. PWN Warszawa-Łodź 1989
Wielka Historia Polski, tom I Najdawniejsze dzieje ziem polskich (do VII w.), Piotr Kaczanowski, Janusz K. Kozłowski, wyd. Fogra Kraków 1998
Od neolityzacji do początków epoki brązu przemiany kulturowe w międzyrzeczu Odry i Dniepru VI i II tys. przed Chr. – praca zbiorowa pod redakcja Janusza Czebreszuka, Mikoly Kryvalceviča, Przemysława Makarowicza, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Instytut Prahistorii. Poznań : Wydaw. Poznańskie, 2001
Encyklopedia historyczna świata tom I: Prehistoria, praca zbiorowe, opracowanie naukowe prof. Dr hab. Janusz K. Kozłowski, Agencja Publicystyczno-Wydawnicza Oppress, Kraków 1999
Kultura pradziejowa na ziemiach Polski zarys, Jerzy Gąssowski, PWN, Warszawa 1985

[1] Jan Dąbrowski (1975), "Trzciniec-Komarów-Sosnica (A culture cycle from the Early and Middle Bronze Age)", Archaeologia Polona, 16: 39–69

[2] Przemysław Makarowicz (2010), Trzciniecki krąg kulturowy – wspólnota pogranicza Wschodu i Zachodu Europy (in Polish), Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie

[3] Konrad Jażdżewski (1930), "Z działalności Polskiego Towarzystwa Prehistorycznego", Z otchłani wieków (in Polish), 5 (2): 26–30

[4] Janusz Czebreszuk; Przemysław Makarowicz (2014), "Józef Kostrzewski – badacz wczesnej i środkowej epoki brązu", Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses (in Polish), 50 (1): 49–58{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[5] Aleksander Gardawski (1959), "Plemiona kultury trzcinieckiej w Polsce", Materiały starożytne (in Polish), 5

[6] Makarowicz, Przemysław (2023). "An Elite Bronze Age Double-Horse Burial from Western Ukraine and the Chariot Package Dissemination". Journal of Field Archaeology. 48 (1): 19–35. doi:10.1080/00934690.2022.2143630. S2CID 253568772.

[7] Przybyła, Marcin (2020). "New finds of antler cheekpieces and horse burials from the Trzciniec Culture in the territory of western Little Poland". Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia. 15: 103–138. doi:10.15584/anarres.2020.15.7. S2CID 235051187.

[FOOTNOTEMittnik_et_al.2018Supplementary_Data_1,_Rows_94-100-8] Mittnik et al. 2018, Supplementary Data 1, Rows 94-100.

[FOOTNOTEJuras_et_al.20203-9] Juras et al. 2020, p. 3.

[FOOTNOTEJuras_et_al.20206–7Table_1-10] Juras et al. 2020, pp. 6–7, Table 1.

[FOOTNOTEJuras_et_al.20205–7-11] Juras et al. 2020, pp. 5–7.

[12] Romaniszyn, Jan; Makarowicz, Przemysław; Górski, Jacek; Affelski, Jakub; Smoliński, Antoni (2021). "The Trzciniec Cultural Circle barrow from Nieciecz Włościańska in the Southern Podlasie". Sprawozdania Archeologiczne. 73 (2). doi:10.23858/SA/73.2021.2.2580.

[13] "Chariots and Horses in the Carpathian Lands During the Bronze Age". 2021.

[14] Makarowicz, Przemysław (2023). "An Elite Bronze Age Double-Horse Burial from Western Ukraine and the Chariot Package Dissemination". Journal of Field Archaeology. 48 (1): 19–35. doi:10.1080/00934690.2022.2143630. S2CID 253568772.

[15] Librado, Pablo (2021). "The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes". Nature. 598 (7882): 634–640. Bibcode:2021Natur.598..634L. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9. PMC 8550961. PMID 34671162.

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