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Lusatian culture
	Lusatian culture's furthest extent (green)
Alternative names	Lausitz culture
Geographical range	Central Europe
Period	Late Bronze Age to early Iron Age
Dates	c. 1200–500 BC
Preceded by	Trzciniec culture, Tumulus culture, Nordic Bronze Age, Urnfield culture
Followed by	Pomeranian culture, Cimmerians

The Lusatian culture existed in the later Bronze Age and early Iron Age (1300–500 BC) in most of what is now Poland and parts of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, eastern Germany and western Ukraine. It covers the Periods Montelius III (early Lusatian culture) to V of the Northern European chronological scheme.^[1] It has been associated or closely linked with the Nordic Bronze Age.^[2] Hallstatt influences can also be seen particularly in ornaments (fibulae, pins) and weapons.

Origins

The Lusatian culture developed as the preceding Trzciniec culture experienced influences from the Tumulus culture of the Middle Bronze Age, essentially incorporating the local communities into the socio-political network of Iron Age Europe.^[3] It formed part of the Urnfield systems, origin of the Celts and Romans,^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] found from eastern France, southern Germany and Austria to Hungary and the Nordic Bronze Age in northwestern Germany and Scandinavia. It was followed by the Billendorf culture of the Early Iron Age in the West. In Poland, the Lusatian culture is taken have spanned part of the Iron Age as well (there is only a terminological difference) and was succeeded in Montelius VIIbc in the northern ranges around the mouth of Vistula by the Pomeranian culture spreading south.

'Lusatian-type' burials were first described by the German pathologist and archaeologist Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902). The name refers to the Lusatia area in eastern Germany (Brandenburg and Saxony) and western Poland. Virchow identified the pottery artifacts as 'pre-Germanic' but refused to speculate on the ethnic identity of their makers.^{[citation needed]} The Polish archeologist Józef Kostrzewski, who started in 1934 to conduct extensive excavations of a Lusatian settlement of Biskupin, hypothesised that the Lusatian culture was a predecessor of later cultures that belonged to the early Slavs.^[8] Modern archeologists, such as both K. Godłowski and P. Kaczanowski, hold the view that the ethnic geography of Bronze Age Central Europe then included peoples whose languages and ethnic identity are simply unknown.^[9]^[10]

Culture

Burial was by cremation; inhumations are rare. The urn is usually accompanied by numerous (up to 40) secondary vessels. Metal grave gifts are sparse, but there are numerous hoards (such as Kopaniewo, Pomerania) that contain rich metalwork, both bronze and gold (hoard of Eberswalde, Brandenburg). Graves containing moulds (like at Bataune, in Saxony) and tuyeres attest to the production of bronze tools and weapons at the village level. The 'royal' tomb of Seddin, Brandenburg, Germany, covered by a large earthen barrow, contained Mediterranean imports like bronze vessels and glass beads. Cemeteries can be quite large and contain thousands of graves.

Well-known settlements include Biskupin, in Poland, and Buch, near Berlin. There are both open villages and fortified settlements (burgwall or gord) on hilltops or in swampy areas. The ramparts were constructed of wooden boxes filled with soil or stones.

Its economy was mainly based on arable agriculture, as is attested by numerous storage pits. Wheat (emmer) and six-row barley formed the basic crops, together with millet, rye and oats, peas, broad beans, lentils, and gold of pleasure (Camelina sativa). Flax was grown, and remains of domesticated apples, pears, and plums have been found. Cattle and pigs were the most important domestic animals, followed by sheep, goats, horses, and dogs. Pictures on Iron Age urns from Silesia attest horse riding, but horses were used to draw chariots as well. Hunting was practiced, as bones of red and roe deer, boar, bison, elk, hare, fox, and wolf attest, but it did not provide much of the meat consumed. The numerous frog bones found at Biskupin may indicate that frogs' legs were eaten as well.

Gallery

Lusatian weapons
Various artefacts, Bronze and Iron Age
Socketed axes and arm rings
Bronze cult wagon model, Germany
Pottery from Biskupin
Lusatian cinerary urn
Pottery and figurines, Germany
Torcs and arm rings
Bronze fibulae, Germany
Fibula and arm rings
Bronze Age ornaments, Germany
Bronze vessel, Poland, c. 950 BC
Bronze collar with sun ship motifs.^[11]
Hoard from Woskowice Małe, Poland, c. 550 BC
Bronze arm rings, Germany
Seddin grave contents, c. 900 BC, Germany
Belt plate with sun ship motif, Poland, 9th c. BC.^[12]^[a]
Bronze arm bands
Bronze tableware, 1200–1000 BC, Dresden, Germany
Bronze spiral 'spectacle' pendants
Gold diadem from Sichów, Poland
Bronze hanging bowls, Poland
Lusatian pottery, Germany
Burial, Poland, c. 1200 BC
3D model of a Lusatian rampart fortification in Potsdam near Berlin
Reconstruction of Lusatian artefacts

Footnotes

^ "This Late Bronze Age belt hook from Radolinek (former Floth), woj. wielkopolskie (Poland), shows two ships, keels facing each other, on each of which a figure stands with arms raised in worship. Above each ship, three phases of the sun’s journey are shown. The sun is pulled across the sky by birds and only seems to rest at its zenith. The metal plate is framed at the edges by two more sun-ships." — Meller (2021)^[12]

References

^ Ljungström, Rasmus (2001). OPIA 26. Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia (Report). Occasional Papers in Archaeology (in Swedish). Vol. 26. Uppsala, SV: Uppsala universitet. Retrieved 2023-05-16 – via arkeologi.uu.se.
^ Kaliff, Anders (2001). "Gothic connections: Contacts between eastern Scandinavia and the southern Baltic coast 1000 BC – 500 AD". OPIA 26 (Report). Occasional Papers in Archaeology. Vol. 26. Uppsala, SV: Uppsala University – via arkeologi.uu.se.
^ Dolukhanov, Pavel M. (1996), The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus, New York: Longman, p. 113, ISBN 0-582-23627-4
^ Peter Schrijver, 2016, "Sound Change, the Italo-Celtic Linguistic Unity, and the Italian Homeland of Celtic", in John T. Koch & Barry Cunniffe, Celtic From the West 3: Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages: questions of shared language. Oxford, England; Oxbow Books, pp. 9, 489–502.
^ Lorrio, Alberto. "The Celts in Iberia: An Overview". E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. 6.
^ "R1b-L23-rich Bell Beaker-derived Italic peoples from the West vs. Etruscans from the East". 17 November 2019.
^ "Early European Cultures - Urnfield Culture / Proto-Celts".
^ Józef Kostrzewski, Od mezolitu do okresu wędrówek ludów, Prehistoria ziem polskich, Kraków 1939.
^ Godłowski, K. [in Polish] (1979). Z badań nad zagadnieniem rozprzestrzeniania Słowian w V–VII w. n.e. [From the research on the spread of the Slavs in the 5th–7th centuries AD] (in Polish). Kraków, PL: Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im S. Staszica. LCCN 80128712.
^ Kaczanowski, P. [in Polish] (2003). Epoka brązu – pomiędzy centrami cywilizacyjnymi Bałkanów i Alp a Skandynawią [Bronze Age – between the civilization centers of the Balkans and the Alps and Scandinavia]. Wielka historia Polski (in Polish). Vol. I. Kraków, PL: Fogra. p. 170.
^ Kaczmarek, Maciej (2022). "Kaliska I: A Late Bronze Age metal hoard from Pomerania (Poland)". Antiquity. 96 (390): 1612–1620. doi:10.15184/aqy.2022.119. S2CID 253071583.
^ ^a ^b Meller, Harald (2021). "The Nebra sky disc – astronomy and time determination as a source of power". Time is power. Who makes time?. 13th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany. Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). ISBN 978-3-948618-22-3.