This chronology of the Turkish War of Independence (also known as Turkish war of liberation) is a timeline of events during the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923). The timeline also includes the background events starting with the end of the First World War. The events are classified according to the campaigns and parties involved. Pictures are included for the significant events.
I) Open the Straits to Allied shipping, guarantee access to the Black Sea, and provide for Allied occupation of the fortresses along the Dardanelles and Bosphorus V) Foresee immediate demobilisation the army, except where necessary to preserve order VII) Give the Allies "the right to occupy any strategic points in the event of any situation arising which threatens the security of the Allies" XI) Immediately withdraw all troops from Northwest Persia and the Caucasus XV) Provide for Allied control over railroads XVI) Surrender all garrisons in Hejaz, Asir, Yemen, Syria and Mesopotamia. Withdraw all troops from Cilicia except those which maintain order.
The Ottoman general staff was not required to be dissolved and the role of the Ottoman dynasty was not touched. The agreement was made without consultation between Britain and its allies.
British troops occupy Alexandretta/İskenderun after Mustafa Kemal Pasha reluctantly permits them to do so. British forces occupy both sides of the Dardanelles
A French brigade enters Istanbul to begin the Allied occupation of the city and its immediate dependencies (the two opposite peninsulas). A fleet consisting of British, French, Italian and Greek ships deploy additional troops the next day.
First Kars Congress organized by representatives of the Turkish-Muslim majority population in Kars region to figure out what to do with the retreat of Ottoman forces.
15 Nov 1918
Ottoman troops withdraw from Baku, which will be occupied by British troops in the following days, and also evacuate Mosul, to be occupied by the British after the armistice.
Ottoman Parliament holds a vote to confirm Tevfik Pasha as Grand Vizier. Fearing a new election, most MPs of the Renewal Party which holds a majority, votes their confidence in his cabinet. Mehmed VI trusts Tevfik to guard the interests of the royal family over the state, given his role in the 31 March incident.
23 Nov 1918
Establishment of the "Mazhar Commission" by the Ottoman government, to investigate war crimes against Ottoman Christians during World War I
The first "Association for Defence of National Rights" [Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti] is founded by Muslims in İzmir to protest a possible Greek annexation of the city, and is followed by similar associations for Thrace and the Eastern Provinces in the following days
2 Dec 1918
Tevfik Pasha reimposes press censorship after criticism against his premiership
4 Dec 1918
Foundation of the Wilsonian Principles Society by ex-Unionists and liberals alike. They request the United States to administer the Ottoman Empire as a Mandate the next day, to no avail. The organization shuts down in a couple months, but the mandate question in the Ottoman Empire continues
Tevfik Pasha inaugurates the Special Military War Tribunal to prosecute members of the CUP accused of war crimes. Several high ranking CUP members are arrested
French troops occupy Adana, Cilicia's largest city
21 Dec 1918
Dissolution of the Ottoman Chamber of Deputies, though not the Senate, by the sultan Mehmed VI Vahideddin, when the chamber attempted to censure Tevfik Pasha. This put an end to its third term that was previously dominated by Unionists since 1914. Elections are not called, but promised for next year.
21 Dec 1918
"Adana Association for Defense of National Rights" is founded.
23 Dec 1918
French troops occupy Osmaniye and İslahiye to eventually secure control over the Cilician Gates on 27 December. At the same time, British troops occupy Batum.
Following his visit to Paris in November to present Greece's territorial claims to the to be opened Paris Peace Conference, Eleftherios Venizelos reasserts these claims in a memorandum addressed to the British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George. They encompass much of Western Anatolia, and the area around the Sea of Marmara.
1919
Date
Event
Jan 1919
Founding of the Guardian Soldier's Committee, also known as the Nigehbanists [Nigehban Cemiyet-i Askeriyesi], an anti-Unionist grouping in the Ottoman army
British troops based in Syria occupy Aintab/Antep. The British occupation forces will be replaced by French occupation forces towards the end of the year.
Last Ottoman forces still fighting in Yemen surrender to the British
29 Jan 1919
Former Unionists are arrested to be put on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity: Ismail Canbulat, Tevfik Rüştü, and Kara Kemal.
2 Feb 1919
British troops based in Syria occupy Marash/Maraş. The British occupation forces will be replaced by French occupation forces towards the end of the year.
6 Feb 1919
(or 25 January) Mehmed Reshid, a CUP leader and genocide perpetrator, escapes from prison and commits suicide as he escapes from the police. This turns into a scandal as the Ottoman government is criticized for not being harsh enough towards former Unionists
8 Feb 1919
French general Franchet d'Esperey, commander-in-chief of Allied occupation forces in Turkey, arrives to Istanbul in an elaborate parade. Greeks and Armenians of the city approved of the entrance, Muslims were offended.
12 Feb 1919
"Association for Defense of National Rights" [Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti] is founded in Trabzon, to be followed a parallel association in Samsun. These two associations will merge in a congress organized in Trabzon on 23 February. They declare their opposition to their incorporation into Armenia or a Pontic Greek Republic.
16 Feb 1919
Ottoman government publishes a note of protest against trying officers in foreign military courts as contrary to previously established international law. Britain and France cease arresting suspected war criminals, for now
A number of Pontic Greek notables gather in Trabzon and take the decision to work towards the establishment of a Pontic Greek Republic in the vilayet of Trabzon. The first issue of the newspaper Pontos, a step in that direction, is published in Trabzon on 4 March. Chrysanthos of Trebizonde, the Greek Orthodox Metropolitan goes to Paris on 27 March and presents a report to the Conference on 2 May.
Begun on 24 February, Venizelos presents Greece's territorial claims to the Paris Peace Conference.
27 Feb 1919
British troops based in Syria occupy Birecik. The British occupation forces will be replaced by French occupation forces towards the end of the year.
2 Mar 1919
Ottoman Sixth Army is disbanded after British pressure in order to secure Mesopotamia
3 Mar 1919
The Grand VizierAhmed Tevfik Pasha and his government resigns. Damat Ferid Pasha is appointed as grand vizier and forms his first government the day after. First cabinet since 1912 which excludes CUP members, though some nationalists remain high up in the war ministry. This is also the first and last time the Freedom and Accord Party form a cabinet, though in a month they will denounce Ferid's government.
4 Mar 1919
The representatives of Britain, the US, France and Italy begin negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference on envisaged mandates for Syria, Cilicia and Armenia.
8 Mar 1919
New Istanbul Courts Martial is set up with the new government, and is harsher towards Unionists whether they participated in war crimes or not. A new wave of arrests falls on ex-members of the CUP: former Grand Vizier Said Halim Pasha, Ali Fethi
9 Mar 1919
200 British troops land on Samsun to repress activities of the anti-Greek warlord: Topal Osman
Greek and Armenian communities of the Ottoman Empire, through their patriarchates, declare their relationship with the Ottoman dynasty and empire terminated. Any new election will be boycotted by these groups. This was an announcement but not an official policy
Béla Kun declares the establishment of the Hungarian Soviet Republic and announces his intention to militarily resist any Romanian expansion into Hungary stipulated in the Paris Peace Conference. First attempt by a former Central Power to reverse a potentially unfavorable peace settlement
22 Mar 1919
Known to be inclined to armed resistance to any occupation attempt and in view of the projected landing of Greek troops, Nureddin Pasha is relieved from his posts as interim governor of Smyrna/İzmir and from the command of XVII Corps based in that city.
24 Mar 1919
British troops based in Syria occupy Edessa/Urfa. The British occupation forces will be replaced by French occupation forces towards the end of the year.
28 Mar 1919
Italian troops occupy Adalia/Antalya, the region around which will remain comparatively calm throughout the war. This was done without the consent of the other powers of the Paris Peace Conference
Şakir Pasha takes Abuk Ahmed Pasha's job as War Minister, who himself replaced Ömer Yaver Pasha. Four War Ministry turnovers over the last four months. Only one turnover in the chief of the general staff this same period: Mustafa Fevzi Pasha to Cevat Çobanlı Pasha. Instability in the Ottoman military due to government attempts to purge Unionists and nationalists from the army. Demobilization is almost complete.
Mustafa Kemal's contacts benefit from the situation, reaching ever higher positions which were previously unreachable due to the CUP's dislike of him and his friends. At some point during this period Kemal attended three audiences with Sultan Mehmed VI, and then secretly initiated contact with Italian Foreign Minister Count Carlo Sforza.
Greek political leaders claim sectarian violence between Greek refugees and Rumelianmuhacir refugees in Ayvalık is coming close a "racial war" which necessitates military intervention, while the Ottoman government claims the incidents are isolated. The flagship of the Greek Navy, the cruiser Georgios Averof docks in the port of İzmir in a show of force for Greece.
Commissions of Admonition [Heyet-i Nasîha] are dispatched from the capital to the provinces to shore up imperial support in provinces with high sectarian tensions. Members of the Ottoman dynasty: Prince Abdurrahim and Prince Cemaleddin are received warmly by Muslims and receive no adoration from Ottoman Greeks and Armenians since the communal declarations of secession.
Damad Ferid Pasha asks Admiral Calthorp for British military assistance in tamping down nationalist activities in Eastern Anatolia, but is denied this request. He turns to Mustafa Kemal Pasha to participate in the new inspectorate system of the streamlined Ottoman army.
24 Apr 1919
The Italian delegation, angry about the possibility of the Greek occupation of Western Anatolia, leaves Paris Peace Conference and does not return to Paris until 5 May. An Italian presence is established in Konya and Afyonkarahisar. Although Italy sends a warship to İzmir on 30 April as a show of force to prevent Greek occupation, the absence of the Italian delegation from the Conference shifts the allies towards Greece's claims to Anatolia.
28 April 1919
Greece withdraws its intervention force from Southern Russia (Crimea)
Mustafa Kemal Pasha is appointed the Inspector of the Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate. This title includes several wide-ranging military and civilian powers over Eastern Anatolia, where powerful army formations like the XV and III Corpse are headquartered.
May 1919
Britain initially deters an Armenian invasion of Aras, but allows the invasion to go through by the end of the month. Fighting continues into June
Small Italian contingents occupy (rather symbolically, since the Ottoman administration is allowed to function intact) Fethiye, Bodrum and Marmaris and the surrounding regions.
11 May 1919
Kurdish Ali Batı rebellion in Diyarbekir against the Ottoman government, is suppressed by 19 May
12 May 1919
Admiral Arthur Calthorpe, signatory to the Armistice of Mudros on behalf of Britain, arrives in İzmir, in his capacity as British High Commissioner, to supervise the imminent Greek occupation of the city.
14 May 1919
Entente contingent of British, French, and Italian troops of the occupation force of Izmir occupies forts surrounding the city
14 May 1919
Formation of the Cancellation of the Annexation of Izmir, part of the defense of Rights Association. Organizers of the society schedule a jail break and loot the municipal armory and barracks to distribute to Muslims
15 May 1919
Greek forces land in Smyrna/Izmir. This is justified by Article VII of the armistice terms. The initial tension between Christians and Muslims of the city explodes the moment the Greek Army marches by the Ottoman barracks. For the city's Turkish population, the day is marked by the "first bullet" fired by Hasan Tahsin at the standard bearer at the head of the troops. This turned the city into a battlefield, and by the end of the day: 2 Greek soldiers and 9 civilians lay dead, and 8 Turkish officers and 5 soldiers lay dead. 47 civilians from all nationalities are wounded. The Greek army captures 693 personnel of XVII corp and 2000 what they deemed to be "irregulars". 2400 Turkish soldiers escaped Izmir to take up arms surrounding the city. Ottoman civil administration of the city continues. Reparations commissions are later established to compensate victims of the botched occupation ceremony, and the Greek army establishes courts matrials to prosecute those that contributed to the chaos the previous day, including Greek soldiers. Greek diplomatic position is severely questioned
Italy attempts to take over the occupation, but their demands are vetoed by Calthorpe.
15 May 1919
Damat Ferid Pasha resigns due to the botched landing ceremony, is reappointed by the sultan to form his second government. The landing is condemned by almost every Ottoman official and politician, and the government appeals to the conference to organize an investigation to Greek excesses in the landing
16 May 1919
After a last audience with the sultan, Mustafa Kemal Pasha departs from Istanbul on board the ship SS Bandırma for Samsun to take up his duty as Inspector of the Ninth Army Troops.
Founding of the Friends of England Association, who's membership included many Freedom and Accord members
21 May 1919
Greek troops occupy Menemen and Torbalı, towards the north and the southeast of İzmir.
23 May 1919
A wave of demonstrations around the Ottoman Empire to protest against Greece's occupation of İzmir, the largest of these are held in Sultanahmet Square in Istanbul. Halide Edip was a central speaker in the protests
23 May 1919
Mahmud Barzanji revolts against the British occupation in Mesopotamia, shifting British focus away from the Caucasus.
Hüseyin Rauf leaves Istanbul to muster Circassian militia groups around the Marmara region to eventually employ them against the Greek Army. He meets with the commander of XVII corps, and EdhemDipsheu and his brothers. Final Ottoman troops evacuate Izmir, though gendarme units are allowed to stay
24 May 1919
The Ottoman government releases 14 nationalist prisoners. Britain protests this by deporting 67 nationalist prisoners to Malta and Mudros.
25 May 1919
Mustafa Kemal leaves Samsun to Havza, where he advocates for Muslim resistance to Greek occupation.
Kiraz Hamdi Pasha becomes president of the Friends of England Society
26 May 1919
First Sultanate Council to discuss what the Ottoman Empire must do following the occupation of Izmir. The council is unsuccessful in coming to a conclusion.
27 May 1919
Greek troops occupy Aydın. Although the Meander/Menderes valley was not, strictly speaking, mandated for an occupation by Greek troops, the Italian Navy's movements off the coast of Kuşadası orient the Greek high command towards establishing a presence in the region.
29 May 1919
Greek troops occupy Kasaba (Turgutlu), Tire and Aivali/Ayvalık. Turks show their first resistance. Forces under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Ali Çetinkaya check their enemy before retreating.
29 May 1919
Kemal calls on the units under his command to prepare for a struggle for independence, and calls for anti-occupation demonstrations. Another telegram sent soon after calls on Nationalist organizations to protest all peace treaties that would compromise Ottoman sovereignty, or which place Muslim majority territories under Christian minority rule
1 Jun 1919
Greek troops occupy Ödemiş after a six-hour fire fight in the Circassian village of Hacıilyas, ten kilometers west of Ödemiş, which prides itself for being the spot where the "first bullets" by irregular forces, soon to form into militias, were fired. The village is razed by the Greek army after the fighting. It would be reestablished, and renamed İlkkurşun ("first bullet" in Turkish).
1 Jun 1919
Damat Ferid Pasha leaves for the Paris Peace Conference with a delegation to present the Ottoman position to the allies. Mustafa Sabri is acting Grand Vizier
3 Jun 1919
Greek troops occupy Nazli/Nazilli, but they evacuate on 19 June following a number of raids on Greek positions by Turkish irregulars and subsequent Greek reprisals. Ahmetli is occupied the day after
5 Jun 1919
A small Greek expeditionary force acting without orders occupies the inland city of Akhisar, outside the mandated occupation zone, leading to public protests and a memorandum from the regional Turkish army command stationed in Balıkesir to the Allied representatives. The commander of the region, Yusuf Izzet Pasha mobilizes his troops.
Ottoman War Ministry orders Mustafa Kemal to return to the capital after pressure from Calthorpe. This order was issued by Shevket Turgut Pasha despite his own protests
9 Jun 1919
Called back by the High Commissioner Stergiadis, Greek troops evacuate Akhisar, and the commanding officer will be imprisoned for twenty days for undisciplinary action.
11 Jun 1919
Mustafa Kemal sends a communique to the sultan declaring that he does not want to be sent as a prisoner to Malta
Menemen massacre by the Greek troops and irregulars which retreated from Bergama. Comes after the killing of the prefect Kemal Bey and the six Turkish gendarmes accompanying him the day before, 200 to 1000 Turkish civilians massacred. Since the landing at Izmir, Venizelos and Stergiadis have attacked Ottoman Greeks and local leadership for misunderstanding the delicate diplomatic Greece is in.
19 Jun 1919
Greek troops evacuate Nazilli in the south, while they take back Bergama in the north.
21 Jun 1919
Amasya Circular issued after a conference by the commanders Mustafa Kemal, Hüseyin Rauf, Ali Fuat and Refet Pasha. It calls for a national movement against the occupying powers, delegates for a national congress to convene in Sivas, and a prior congress of Eastern nationalist organizations to convene in Erzurum
Beginning of the Alawite revolt of 1919 against French forces. The rebels will soon receive aide from Turkish nationalists
23 Jun 1919
Ali Kemal announces to the Ottoman military of Mustafa Kemal's authority being retracted
25 Jun 1919
Reacting to Damat Ferid Pasha's audacious delegation to Paris, the Council of Ten stated the Turks as a people could not evade responsibility for "murdering Armenians without any justification", and therefore culpability befalls on the whole Turkish people
26 Jun 1919
Ali Kemal and Shevket Turgut Pasha resign as interior minister and war minister respectively, after the two have an intense argument over Istanbul's relationship with Mustafa Kemal's mission. They are replaced by Reşid Adil and Ali Ferid.
27 Jun 1919
Mustafa Kemal departs from Amasya, fearing arrest from Colonal Ali Galip, and arrives at Sebasteia/Sivas
28 Jun 1919
In Balıkesir, the first of five congresses to be held in that city unites in a large forum the representatives of the Turkish revolutionaries of western Anatolia to figure out actions to be taken against Greek occupation. A larger meeting is decided to be organized in Philadelphia/Alaşehir.
Battle of Aydın. The Greek troops carrying out reconnaissance patrols around Aydın and burn Turkish villages, but are repulsed by irregular forces under Yörük Ali on 27 June. Fires break out in one of the Turkish quarters of the city (Cuma quarter) and a massacre of civilians by the Greek Army ensues. Greek troops retreat from the city to Bilecik after four days due to resistance from the Efe. The Greek quarter is burned in turn, some among the Aydın Greek minority are killed or robbed. The Efe retreat back to the mountains after reportedly thousands of casualties from each side. 1000–4000 Ottoman Greeks are massacred by Kuva-yi Milliye. The Muslim population abandons the city and take refuge in the Italian occupation zone and towns further inland
Mustafa Kemal arrives in Erzurum, and is greeted by Karabekir. The previous day, in Erzincan, he received a telegram from Mehmed VI which clarified the earlier communique: He didn't want Kemal dismissed, but that he should instead take a leave of absence in a city of his choice, reminding him that he would probably be arrested by Allied occupation troops if he returned to the capital, Istanbul. On 4 July Mustafa Kemal sends a telegram congratulating Mehmed VI of his first year on the throne.
Mustafa Kemal issues a telegraph from Erzurum to Ottoman commanders and governors to not accept giving up their posts if the central government if there is not a trustworthy (nationalist) officer to replace them
8 Jul 1919
Admiral Calthorpe demands the immediate recall of Mustafa Kemal Pasha and Refet Pasha from the War Ministry. Mustafa Kemal resigns from the Ottoman army, after he is informed that he was cachiered by the sultan. He is under the mercy of Karabekir Pasha, who pledges his support to Kemal
Commander in chief of the Greek Army Leonidas Paraskevopoulos arrives in Izmir to take command of Greek forces in Asia minor. New courts martials are opened to discipline Greek military personnel over the events of the last two months
15 Jul 1919
Damat Ferid Pasha returns from the Paris Peace Conference empty handed. Of note: he claimed Northern and Western Thrace, the Greek Aegean islands, and Mesopotamia were rightful Ottoman provinces, and advocated for a plebiscite or suzerainty status for Arab provinces. Allied leaders considered this delegation ridiculous, and Georges Clemenceau reiterated to Ferid that the Ottoman Empire would face a harsh peace treaty. Sheikh ul-IslamÜrgüplü Mustafa Sabri Efendi sends a telegram to Paris Peace Conference accusing the Greek Army of committing atrocities in around Izmir and requests the conference to send a commission of inquiry to the region
18 Jul 1919
Establishment of the Inter–Allied Commission on the Events in Smyrna. Made up of representatives of the Big Four, with Greek and Ottoman observers attached. The commissioners go beyond their mandate of investigating potential missteps by the Greek military in Izmir from May–June, instead attacking the Allies on giving Greece a mandate to invade Ottoman Anatolia. The Commission disbands by 15 October 1919. The council also limits the area of operations of the Greek Army, outlined by General George Milne. Kuva-yi Milliye are easily able to make hit and run attacks from beyond the "Milne Line", or retreat into the Italian occupation zone
20 Jul 1919
Damat Ferid Pasha resigns after the failure of the Ottoman delegation to the Paris Peace Conference to obtain concessions from the Allies. However, Ferid Pasha is assigned to form his third government the day after. The new cabinet includes three nationalist generals.
21 Jul 1919
Erzurum Congress unites representatives of the Eastern provinces under the chairmanship of Mustafa Kemal Pasha and Kazım Karabekir Pasha. The congress lasts until 7 August 1919. They decided that the Ottoman Empire's borders upon the signing of the Armistice of Mudros are unconditional, that partition was unacceptable, if government in Istanbul can't fulfill these points, a new provisional government must be founded in Anatolia; the abolition of rights and privileges of non-Muslims, rejection of a League of Nations Mandate, and a national assembly to once again hold the government accountable. Another congress is scheduled to convene in Sivas on 4 September, which will be a national congress. Establishment of the Committee of Representation
29 Jul 1919
Venizelos–Tittoni Correspondence: Greece and Italy partially mend relations, come to an agreement over the two country's goals of expansion
30 Jul 1919
Karabekir receives a telegram from the War Ministry, ordering him to arrest Mustafa Kemal and Hüseyin Rauf. He doesn't follow through with the order
30 Jul 1919
Damat Ferid Pasha calls for new elections, but doesn't set a date
Aug 1919
Mustafa Kemal goes after the Karakol Society, making it clear the Turkish Nationalist Movement would have a new modus operandi from the CUP.
4 Aug 1919
The Hungarian–Romanian War ends with the occupation of Budapest by Romania. The first attempt of a Central Power to resist Allied demands failed
British 27th Division evacuates from the Caucasus, weakening Armenia and Georgia's security. The British War Office was less idealist than Whitehall, and preferred to consolidate their position in Mesopotamia, Turkish nationalists are emboldened
16 Aug 1919
Alaşehir Congress of Turkish revolutionaries of western Turkey. The proceedings last for eights days which defines further actions to be taken against the occupation. Just like Istanbul nationalists, they refuse to send representatives to Sivas
28 Aug 1919
The King–Crane Commission completes their report, but is not released to the public until winter 1922
Sep 1919
Harbord Commission is established to study potential American interests in Eastern Anatolia. The commission publishes their findings in October 1919
4 Sep 1919
Sivas Congress unites representatives from all over Turkey in Sivas. The congress lasts 8 days and calls for national unity. During the congress, the Ali Galip Incident in Malatya poses a momentary threat for the Turkish nationalists. The congress pledges loyalty to the sultan and his empire, and to never revive the CUP, though most members used to be CUP members. Establishment of the Association for the Defence of National Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia, and the mandate of the Committee of Representation to the entire Empire. They pledge to resist Armenian and Greek separatism by military means, and Allied imperialism. They reaffirm their commitment to establish a provisional government if the Istanbul government ceded additional territories to the allies. The nationalists decide not to request an American mandate. The Telegram War begins
Mustafa Kemal severs the Nationalist movement's communications and relationship with Istanbul
16 Sep 1919
Balıkesir congress, where they decide who to send to the next Nationalist congress in Ankara. This next congress will unite the Western Anatolian nationalists with the rest of the movement
18 Sep 1919
First prisoners arrested by Allied occupation troops are transferred to Malta
Governor of Trabzon is arrested by Turkish nationalists. It becomes clear that true power lays in the army, which favors the Turkish nationalists. Still, nationalist officers in Istanbul are arrested by the Ottoman government
27 Sep 1919
First Bozkır insurrection in Konia/Konya against the nationalists, which lasts until 4 October, when the pro-Istanbul governor has to flee to the capital
30 Sep 1919
Damat Ferid Pasha announces his resignation as Grand Vizier after Britain refuses his request to deploy troops against the Turkish nationalists, putting an end to his first period of vizierate/third government. Ahmed Tevfik Pasha refuses a request form the sultan to return to the premiership
Oct 1919
Last Ottoman governor loyal to Istanbul flees his province
2 Oct 1919
Woodrow Wilson suffers a massive stroke, his health declines from then on. U.S. diplomatically withdraws from the Near East
6 Oct 1919
A new Ottoman government is formed under the new grand vizier Ali Rıza Pasha, a nationalist general. The new War Minister: Cemal Mersinli, is made an honorary member of the Committee of Representation, making him a liaison between the Nationalists and Istanbul. The next day, Kemal agrees to lift the ban on communication between the nationalists and Istanbul.
11 Oct 1919
Hacim Muhittin, head of the Western Anatolian Kuva-yi Milliye, and leader of the congresses of Balıkesir, Nazilli, Alaşehir, reluctantly accepts the primacy of the Sivas-based Committee of Representation under Mustafa Kemal
20 Oct 1919
Second Kozbır insurrection in Konya against the nationalist movement lasts until 4 November.
20 Oct 1919
The Nigehbanists disband, and reorganize into the weakened Red Dagger Committee [Kızıl Hançer Cemiyeti]
22 Oct 1919
Amasya Protocol between the Sivas-based Committee of Representation headed by Mustafa Kemal Pasha and the Minister of the Navy (later grand vizier himself) Hulusi Salih Pasha, representing the short-lived Ottoman government of Ali Rıza Pasha, in an effort to seek ways for preserving independence through joint efforts. Istanbul capitulates to the nationalists and adopts the parameters laid out in the Sivas Congress. Elections are called.
Sheikh Eşref mutiny/Hart Incident in Harput against the Nationalists. Lasts until 24 December
29 Oct 1919
In an interview, Eleftherios Venizelos warns of Allied trepidation on imposing terms on the Ottoman Empire, and that the "Young Turks" [CUP] returned to power. He advocates for an American mandate over the straights and the expulsion of the Ottoman Sultanate from Europe.
29 Oct 1919
General Milne permits the Greek army wider latitude in crossing the Milne line for counter-insurgency operations
29 Oct 1919
French troops occupy Maraş and replace the British troops stationed in the city, despite opposition to the replacement by the city's inhabitants.
30 Oct 1919
French troops occupy Urfa and replace the British troops stationed in the city, triggering immediate resistance and starting the Battle of Urfa.
Ceremony changing the occupation of Cilicia from British to French held in Adana. French authorities resettle surviving deportees of the Armenian genocide, occupation troops are mostly drawn from the French Armenian legion and colonial troops. Intercommunal violence in the region between returning Armenians and Muslims breaks out. Franco–Turkish War breaks out, Mustafa Kemal dispatches Kılıç Ali, and denounces French occupation of the region, calling for resistance
4 Nov 1919
Azerbaijan launches an invasion of Zangezur against Armania
5 Nov 1919
French troops occupy Antep and replace the British troops stationed in the city.
Founding of the Homeland of God Committee [İlâ-yı Vatan Cemiyeti] by Şerif Yahya Adnan Pasha and Kiraz Hamdi Pasha, an anti-nationalist pro-British society
21 Nov 1919
French troops tentatively occupy Mardin for one day and retreat from the city towards the evening of the same day, faced with prospects of a potentially bitter resistance by the population to a full occupation attempt.
A long meeting between nationalist leaders in Sivas ends. They decide the new chamber of deputies will meet in Istanbul, but be briefed by Representative Committee elements before making the journey. The headquarters of the committee will be moved to Eskişehir. The Nationalists prepare to military defend the Ottoman Empire if the government gave in to foreign demands
1 Dec 1919
Eleftherios Venizelos returns to Athens for the first time since November 1918. He presides over the reopening of the Greek Parliament which was prorogued since Greece entered the war. He delivers a speech attacking King Constantine, the successful subduing the Bulgaria, and the soon to be ultimate triumph of Greek liberalism and the elevation of the Greek peoples through the realization of the Megali Idea
1 Dec 1919
Fighting again breaks out between Armenian and Azeri insurgents in Zangezur
8 Dec 1919
End of Picot–Kemal Talks which started on 5 December. First correspondence between France and the Turkish nationalists. They agree to a short truce.
9 Dec 1919
The United States withdraws from the Paris Peace Conference
14 Dec 1919
Negotiations between Armenia and Azerbaijan, collapses by 24 December
20 Dec 1919
After leaving Sivas, Mustafa Kemal meets with Alevi leader Ahmed Cemalettin Çelebi at Caesarea in Cappadocia/Kayseri, who pledges allegiance to the Turkish nationalists
The Ottoman government reverses Mustafa Kemal's cashiering and returns his decorations, though he is not reinducted into the army
1920
Date
Event
Early 1920
The National Defense Organization [Müdafaa-i Millîye Teşkilatı], also known as the M.M. Group, is founded to manage covert nationalist operations in Istanbul, is established. It would be active until the end of the conflict.
1 Jan 1920
Archbishop Chrysanthos of the Pontic Greek community goes to Armenia to discuss a potential federation, but the talks fail
6 Jan 1920
Debate in the British government leads to the defeat of anti-Ottoman hardliners, Britain would be willing to let the Ottoman Empire keep Istanbul
8 Jan 1920
Mustafa İsmet leaves Istanbul for Ankara to plan a nationalist resistance with Mustafa Kemal. In a debate among Nationalist leaders, they see war with Greece inevitable, and İsmet Pasha becomes the primary advocate for organizing a new regular army. Kemal Pasha agrees with him, forming the beginning of the Ordered Forces (Kuva-yi Nizamiye)
9 Jan 1920
Cafer Tayyar Pasha, commander of I Army Corps of Edirne, in anticipation of Eastern Thrace's annexation into Greece, declares martial law and a mobilization order in the Adrianople/Edirne Vilayet
The Association for Defense of National Rights for Anatolia and Roumelia (Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti)", lead by Mustafa Kemal Pasha, overwhelmingly wins the 1919 Ottoman general election to no opposition and open the fourth (and last) Ottoman Parliament. The election was boycotted by the Freedom and Accord Party and Christian minorities. The parliament convenes in Istanbul. Of 168 members, only 72 are present on the opening day. Though Kemal Pasha was elected as a deputy of Erzurum, he decides to stay in Ankara as he believed the Chamber of Deputies would not be able to operate freely with Entente troops present in the capital. But many of his comrades leave for Istanbul anyway.
13 Jan 1920
Third series of Sultanahmet demonstration: 150,000 people demonstrate for Western Thrace, Eastern Thrace, and all of Anatolia to remain in the Ottoman Empire, and for Greece to leave Izmir
Allies demand the dismissal of War Minister Cemal Pasha Mersinli and Chief of the General Staff Cevat Çobanlı Pasha for being too close to the nationalist movement. Despite Mustafa Kemal's insistence they keep their jobs, the two capitulate.
20 Jan 1920
The Mehmet Kamil Incident ignites the city of Antep and the Battle of Antep starts with ambushes on French troops on roads between Antep-Maraş and Antep-Kilis. The battle will last almost a year and consist of urban combat and a siege.
The Ottoman Parliament, gathered in a secret session, ratifies the decisions adopted in Erzurum Congress and Sivas Congress and the passes the National Oath (Misak-ı Millî), a demand for new Ottoman borders which reflect the front lines on the Armistice of Mudros. First time Turkey (Türkiye) is used instead of the Ottoman Empire (Devlet-i Aliyye Osmani) in an official document
31 Jan 1920
Mustafa Kemal fails to be elected president of the Ottoman parliament. Tension is increasing between nationalists in Istanbul and those in Ankara
Parliament approves Ali Rıza Pasha's cabinet reshuffle. Mustafa Fevzi Pasha returns as War Minister. The Istanbul nationalists organize themselves into the National Salvation Group (Felah-ı Vatan İttifakı), against Mustafa Kemal's Anatolia–Rumelia Defence of Right's Association in Ankara
12 Feb 1920
French troops evacuate Maraş due to overwhelming resistance.
12 Feb 1920
Negotiations for Ottoman Partition continue with the opening of the Conference of London
In the London Conference France mentions it intends to return Cilicia to the Ottoman Empire
26 Feb 1920
Mustafa Kemal Pasha denounces the Karakol Society for attempting to negotiate for Bolshevik aide to the Turkish Revolutionaries without his permission: Shalva Eliava–Karakol talks.
27 Feb 1920
The Armenian delegation delivers their claims in the London conference. The conference doesn't support Armenian expansionism in Cilicia.
29 Feb 1920
Greek Army General Headquarters, and Leonidas Paraskevopoulos, transfers from Thessaloniki to Izmir. The Field Army of the Army of Asia Minor is put under the direct command of General Paraskevopoulos, effectively dissolving the Field Army command. Ottoman Greek citizens are encouraged to volunteer in the Greek occupation army, an act of treason under Ottoman law
3 Mar 1920
Grand vizier Ali Rıza Pasha resigns after the Allies pressure him to impose the Milne Line on Nationalist paramilitary surrounding Izmir, which have been engaging in continuous skirmishes with the Greek Army since 15 May 1919
8 Mar 1920
The new Ottoman government is formed under grand vizier Hulusi Salih Pasha, another nationalist general, who earlier agreed to the Amasya Protocals
The London Conference decides a formal occupation of Istanbul is necessary. The Italians notify Hüseyin Rauf, who then notifies Mustafa Kemal
14 Mar 1920
Armenian forces crush the Kars revolt, but the brutality of the operation, which includes ethnic cleansing and massacres, discredits the Armenian delegation in London, and the Armenian diaspora vis a vis the Democratic Republic of Armenia
15 Mar 1920
Milne gives permission to Venizelos for Greek forces to go beyond the Milne Line
16 Mar 1920
De jure Occupation of Istanbul. The Ottoman Parliament is raided by the Allied troops, as well as other key locations across Istanbul in a large-scale military operation. A number of deputies, war criminals, and journalists (Kara Vasıf, Hüseyin Rauf, Cemal Mersinli Pasha, Cevat Çobanlı Pasha, and others) are arrested the same day or in the following days, and sent to exile in Malta (Malta exiles). British Indian troops undertake the Şehzadebaşı raid. The nationalist movement in Istanbul is decapitated, leaving Ankara the sole capital of Turkish nationalist resistance. Mustafa Kemal arrests 18 British officers in Ankara in retaliation for the Malta exiles
18 Mar 1920
Last session of the last Ottoman Parliament, a black cloth covers the pulpit to remind deputies of their forced piers' absence, where upon they vote to adjourn indefinitely. Many of the remaining members soon leave for Ankara to constitute the core of the new assembly, some of whom receive French transport
19 Mar 1920
Mustafa Kemal Pasha calls an election for a national assembly with extraordinary powers in Ankara. Members of the defiled Ottoman Parliament are free to join.
Damat Ferid Pasha is appointed once again Grand Vizier, and declares the Turkish nationalists to be rebels, plunging the Ottoman Empire into a civil war. He again attempts to diplomatically flank Greece through his pro-Allied appeasement, hoping to obtain an Entente expedition to put down the nationalists instead of the Greeks. Fighting breaks out in the Marmara basin
6 Apr 1920
Establishment of the Anatolian Agency as the media organ of the nationalist movement
10 Apr 1920
Mehmed VI officially dissolves the Chamber of Deputies and doesn't call a new election. The Ottoman Senate continues to function. Sheikh ul-Islam Dürrizade Abdullah issues a fatwa that qualifies the Turkish Revolutionaries as infidels, calling for the death of its leaders.
10 Apr 1920
End of the Conference of London
11 Apr 1920
French occupation troops evacuate Urfa due to overwhelming resistance
13 Apr 1920
Uprising against Turkish Revolutionaries in Düzce due to the Sheik ul-Islam's fatwa. The revolt reaches to Bolu on 18 April, Gerede on 20 April, Saphrampolis/Safranbolu on 25 April, Çerkeş on 30 April. The movement engulfed northwestern Anatolia for about a month.
13 Apr 1920
David Lloyd George announces Britain will not assist the Kurds to achieve an autonomous state
14 Apr 1920
Last conference between Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia to resolve their difference breaks down
A counter fatwa prepared by the mufti of Ankara, Rifat Börekçi, endorsed by a congress of Anatolian ulema declares the Sultan–Caliph Mehmed VI a prisoner of the infidels, and the Muslim people to rise up against the foreign powers. The Sheik ul-Islam's fatwa is ruled null and void
18 Apr 1920
Establishment of the Ottoman Caliphate Disciplinary Army, also known as the Caliphate Army (Hilafet Ordusu or Kuva-yi İnzibatiye), which cooperate with the Düzce and Anzavur rebels. While the Allies permitted the establishment of the army, it is only half a division strong. Fighting between this new formation and the nationalists on the Anatolian Marmara coast
18 Apr 1920
Azeri-Armenian ceasefire
22 Apr 1920
In a Karabakh Armenian congress, they decide to obtain Armenian help
22 Apr 1920
Commander Mahmut Nedim Hendek of the 24th division is killed in fighting the Düzce rebels. The formation dissolves, a defeat for the nationalist movement
23 Apr 1920
The Turkish Grand National Assembly, holds the opening session of its first term and elects Mustafa Kemal Pasha as Speaker of the Assembly. Some 100 members of the dissolved Ottoman Parliament, including its president Celalettin Arif, escaped the Allied roundup and joined the 190 deputies elected around the country. It declares itself the sole legal authority in the Ottoman Empire
24 Apr 1920
Polish–Soviet War begins in earnest, distracting the Red Army from a full invasion of the Caucasus and defeating White Army remnants.
26 Apr 1920
Though it started on 19 April, the San Remo conference determines the allocation of League of Nation Mandates to administer former Ottoman-ruled lands of the Middle East, now occupied by the Allies. They decide to reduce the territory Armenia will get in a peace treaty, and to only provide logistical support to Armenia. See San Remo Oil Agreement. Woodrow Wilson is invited to draw the Armenian borders, and in exchange for Allied support in granting Eastern Thrace to Greece, Venizelos promises using the Greek army to defeat the Turkish nationalists and impose the coming peace treaty on the Ottoman Empire
26 Apr 1920
Mustafa Kemal Pasha sends a letter to Lenin, seeking Bolshevik aid. He promises to support Soviet aims in Azerbaijan and Georgia if they support his aims in Armenia. The letter will be answered officially and favorably by Chicherin on 3 June.
27 Apr 1920
Mustafa Fevzi Pasha, many times Ottoman War Minister and high ranking officer arrives in Ankara. His defection will warrant a wave of officers from Istanbul to defect to the nationalists. Kemal Pasha makes Mustafa Ismet becomes Chief of Staff of the regular army, on Fevzi's recommendation
27 Apr 1920
Start of the Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan, proclamation of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic the next day which quickly takes control over the country, the invasion being supported by the Turkish nationalists. The ASSR and RSFSR demand Armenia to end to the conflict over Karabakh
29 Apr 1920
The Grand National Assembly passes a law which proscribes death to traitors and its opponents. The Pontic Greek leadership have the most to lose with the law
30 Apr 1920
Armenia dispatches a delegation headed by Levon Shant to negotiate with the Soviets
Mustafa Kemal is voted head of government of the Grand National Assembly, while also being Speaker. Beginning of the First Cabinet of the Executive Ministers of the GNA
Mustafa Kemal rejects a request by Karabekir to invade Armenia. He will reject more requests soon after
6 May 1920
Since his return to Athens, Eleftherios Venizelos has been shoring up his political position responding to calls for a new election that it must come after a peace treaty is signed with the Ottoman Empire. Today he delivers a speech, offering amnesty to his political opponents which opposed him during the National Schism, while increasing the state of siege. He declares that only a peace treaty, and victory against the Turkish nationalists, would heal the national schism and cease the threat the deposed King Constantine has to Greece
7 May 1920
Treaty of Moscow: The RSFSR de jure recognizes Georgia, the Communist Party of Georgia is legalized
The French evacuate from Karadeniz Ereğli on the Black Sea coast, but officially occupy Zonguldak on 18 June.
9 Jun 1920
The Grand National Assembly authorizes a limited operation to retake Sarikamish/Sarıkamış on 4 June. Kâzım Karabekir assigned command of the Eastern Front. Will soon assume all military and civilian authority in the region on 13/14 of June, mobilizing XV corps
10 Jun 1920
The SS Hornsey leaves from Britain to deliver weapons and war materiel to Armenia. This is the only arms shipment from a Western power to Armenia. Georgia will confiscate much of the materiel. The shipment arrives by July–August
12 Jun 1920
Dramalı Rıza Bey and 9 of his nationalist comrades are executed for allegedly conspiring to assassinate Damat Ferid Pasha, Said Molla, and Ali Kemal
14 Jun 1920
Second Yozgat insurrection
18 Jun 1920
Ali Fuad Pasha is appointed commander of the Western Front to resist a Greek offensive
Greek army launches a wide offensive across western Anatolia, from the southern shores of the Sea of Marmara to the Meander River valley, possibly timed in order to pressure the Ottoman government to sign a peace treaty with the Allies. This was permitted by Britain after an action between Turkish militia and British troops in Izmit/Nicomedia
23 Jun 1920
The Turkish speaking Greek Orthodox town of Fulacık is sacked and razed by Muslim militia. Greece and the Istanbul government accuse Ankara of orchestrating the massacre, Ankara accuses Istanbul. Anatolian Greeks will organize militia groups which cooperate with the Greek army which persecute Muslims loyal to the GNA
Leonidas Paraskevopoulos requests from Venizelos to focus the military campaign to quickly capture Afyonkarahisar–Eskişehir, which would have put the army in a good position to launch operations towards Konya and Ankara. This is denied by Venizelos, who instead wants to peal away forces to occupy Eastern Thrace in anticipation of the peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire, fearing renewed threat from a new Bulgarian–Ottoman cooperation. This significant decision gives Ankara forces more time to reorganize and build up these important logistical centers
Greek troops occupy Bursa, a former Ottoman capital. The occupation was ordered by Leonidas Paraskevopoulos and the British army, without the knowledge or consent of Venizelos
The Grand National Assembly announces that it does not recognize the Treaty of Sèvres and declares the citizenship of the ministers which signed the treaty were stripped. Indeed, all four will be included among the 150 personae non gratae of Turkey after the war.
Tal Afar uprising by Iraqi Turkmen, also known as the Kaçakaç Rebellion, on the Al-Jazeera front is suppressed by the British
7 Sep 1920
Dutluca village is razed and inhabitants massacred by the Greek Army. Other villages around Yalova are similarly razed soon after such as Bayırköy and Paşayayla
7 Sep 1920
Syrian rebels under Ibrahim Hananu sign a cooperation agreement with Ankara forces against France. Hananu receives significant support from the Second Army
Founding of the Salahiye Lodge Committee [Tarikat-ı Salahiye Cemiyeti] by Kiraz Hamdi Pasha, an attempt to erect an Islamic Masonic organization. Its membership is made up of the previous Homeland of God Committee.
Konya rebellion, is suppressed by Ankara forces four days later
15 Oct 1920
Damat Ferid Pasha resigns for health reasons
18 Oct 1920
Founding of an official Turkish Communist Party as a controlled left-wing opposition, who's members are mostly Ankara ministers
21 Oct 1920
Ahmed Tevfik Pasha returns to the premiership, with the hope he could come to an agreement with Ankara.
22 Oct 1920
French troops evacuate Saimbeyli due to Turkish resistance.
25 Oct 1920
In Athens, Alexander of Greece dies, after having been bitten by a monkey. He is succeeded by his predecessor, Constantine I, who did not enjoy good relations with the Allies.
30 Oct 1920
Turkish victory over Armenian forces in the Battle of Kars.
In Athens, Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos, architect of Greece's advance into Anatolia, loses the 1920 Greek legislative election, and is replaced by a series of cabinets of lesser stature, also paving the way for more royal involvement into politics.
Mustafa Kemal meets with a delegation from Istanbul headed by Salih Pasha and Ahmet İzzet Pasha in Bilecik to discuss a potential rapprochement between Istanbul and Ankara. Kemal Pasha arrests the delegation, whereupon they are brought to Ankara. The two statesmen are allowed to return to Istanbul in March 1921.
Winter 1920
Hananuist rebels take Idlib and expel French forces from the city
Mid-December 1920
French forces counter attack and retake Idlib
27 Dec 1920
Edhem the Circassian revolts against the Ankara government. He is convinced to lay down his arms by 23 January
First Battle of İnönü between Turkish and Greek forces. The battle lasts three days and ends with a victory for the Ankara forces under İsmet Pasha's command
Allied representatives gather in Paris and decide to convene Greek and Turkish (both Istanbul and Ankara governments) representatives to a conference in London to discuss possible modifications of clauses of the Treaty of Sèvres.
28 Jan 1921
Founders of the Communist Party of Turkey are assassinated while traveling to Batum. To this day, it is not known if Istanbul, Ankara, or supporters of Enver Pasha were responsible
9 Feb 1921
Antep's Turkish forces surrender to French forces after 384 days of fighting.
The conference on a revisal of the Treaty of Sèvres opens in London. It will last until 12 March. The Ottoman grand vizier Ahmed Tevfik Pasha yields the right to speak to the representatives from Ankara. The proposals of the conference will not be accepted by the Grand National Assembly.
2 Mar 1921
Agreement between France and Ankara after the Alemdar incident.
Signature of the Cilicia Peace Treaty in London between the Ankara government foreign minister Bekir Sami Kunduh and the French Prime Minister Aristide Briand. The French agree to evacuate Cilicia and renounce their claim to the region. The Armenian minority of the region is largely expelled. The treaty will be replaced by the Treaty of Ankara (20 October 1920). Turkish support for Hananu continues covertly
Ankara and London sign a prisoner swap: The 64 remaining Malta exiles are to be swapped for 22 British prisoners of war
16 Mar 1921
Signing of the Treaty of Moscow, a friendship agreement between the RSFSR and Ankara. First state to de jure recognize the Grand National Assembly (the Armenian Democratic Republic actually did so first but was soon conquered by the Bolsheviks). War materiel from Russia arrive in Ankara. Karabakh and Batum ceded to the Soviets
20 Mar 1921
Battle of Batum results in a Georgian victory, Turkish troops withdraw from the city. Georgia surrenders Batumi to the Bolsheviks soon after.
26 Mar 1921
Second Battle of İnönü between Turkish and Greek forces. The battle lasts five days and ends with a victory for the Turkish troops under İsmet Pasha.
1 Apr 1921
French troops evacuate Karaisalı after resistance and attacks by Turks.
2 Apr 1921
Suppression of the February uprising, Yerevan is retaken by the Bolsheviks
Allied commission sent to investigate Greek war crimes on Yalova Peninsula concludes, report that Greek forces committed systematic atrocities against Muslim inhabitants of the peninsula.
1 Jun 1921
Inter-Allied Commission of Enquiry submits report of the İzmit massacres, irregular Turkish militia massacres of the local Christian population
9 Jun 1921
Henry Franklin-Bouillon of France arrives in Ankara as an unofficial but direct representative of the French Prime Minister Aristide Briand, to discuss ending the stalemate of the Franco-Turkish War.
16 Jun 1921
Ankara authorized the deportation of all Greek males between ages 16 and 50 that remained in Samsun
National Obligations [Tekâlif-i Milliye] are published in Ankara, putting Anatolia in a state of intense war economy. Commissions will disperse throughout Anatolia to confiscate materiel and conscript men for the nationalists
20 Aug 1921
Conclusion of the Amasya trials, hundreds of Greek community leaders of the Pontus region are executed
23 Aug 1921
Battle of the Sakarya between Turkish and Greek forces. The battle lasts till 13 September and ends with a Turkish victory.
Treaty of Ankara signed between France and the Ankara government putting an end to the Franco-Turkish War, and establishing the protocol of the evacuation of French troops from southern Anatolia. Ankara stop supporting Hananu, especially since his movements' collapse over the summer
Battle of Dumlupınar between Turkish and Greek forces. The next day, Turkish troops re-capture Afyonkarahisar while in the north, İznik is retaken for the second time. The battle lasts till until 30 August in a Turkish victory. The Greek army collapses, while the Turkish armies drive towards the Mediterranean.
Revolution in Greece: Venizelist officers stage an uprising that deposes the royalist government, which they hold responsible for Greece's defeat against Turkey
Mahmud Barzanji launches another revolt, establishes the Kingdom of Kurdistan (1921–1925)
15 Sep 1922
Turkish troops retake Ayvalık, where upon the Greek population of the city is conscripted into labor battalions.
22 Sep 1922
Turkish troops re-assume control of the city of Çanakkale and its surrounding towns after almost four years, setting off an international crisis known as Chanak Crisis. Britain almost starts a war against the Ankara government
The Grand National Assembly votes to separate the office of the Sultanate and Caliphate, and abolishes the Sultanate. Refet Pasha informs the Allied Commissioners of his intention to seize control of the administration in Istanbul on behalf of the Grand National Assembly government, due to Istanbul's lack of legitimacy.
4 Nov 1922
Ahmed Tevfik Pasha resigns as the last Ottoman Grand Vizier. Mehmed VI doesn't appoint a replacement
5 Nov 1922
Refet Pasha, unofficial ambassador of Ankara to Istanbul, announces to the Sublime Porte that the Istanbul government is dissolved, ergo its ministries are liquidated.
Opening of İzmir Economic Congress, which will last till 4 March, as a forum to determine the principles of economic policy to be conducted by the new state.
28 Jun 1923
1923 election for the Grand National Assembly in order to adopt the Lausanne Treaty with a more unanimous parliament. The Second Group is no more
Hüseyin Rauf resigns as head of government in protest of the Lausanne Treaty, Ali Fethi is appointed by Mustafa Kemal on the 14th as Head of Government. Establishment of the fifth cabinet of the Executive Ministers
Report of the Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry (May-September 1919) by the Members of the commission; Adm. Bristol, the US Delegate - Gen. Hare, the British Delegate - Gen. Bunoust, the French Delegate - Gen. Dall'Olio, the Italian Delegate. The statements in defense of the Greek government presented by Col. Mazarakis. (in English)
Mango, Andrew. Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey. 1999
