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Tommaso Tittoni
Tommaso Tittoni
Prime Minister of Italy
	In office; 12 March 1905 – 28 March 1905
Monarch	Victor Emmanuel III
Preceded by	Giovanni Giolitti
Succeeded by	Alessandro Fortis
Minister of Foreign Affairs
	In office; 23 June 1919 – 25 November 1919
Prime Minister	Giovanni Giolitti
Preceded by	Sidney Sonnino
Succeeded by	Vittorio Scialoja
	In office; 29 May 1906 – 11 December 1909
Prime Minister	Giovanni Giolitti
Preceded by	Francesco Guicciardini
Succeeded by	Francesco Guicciardini
	In office; 3 November 1903 – 24 December 1905
Prime Minister	Giovanni Giolitti; Himself; Alessandro Fortis
Preceded by	Giulio Prinetti
Succeeded by	Antonino Paternò Castello
President of the Italian Senate
	In office; 1 December 1919 – 21 January 1929
Preceded by	Adeodato Bonasi
Succeeded by	Luigi Federzoni
Personal details
Born	16 November 1855; Rome, Papal States
Died	7 February 1931 (aged 75); Rome, Kingdom of Italy
Political party	Historical Right

Tommaso Tittoni (16 November 1855 – 7 February 1931) was an Italian diplomat, politician and Knight of the Annunziata. He was Italy's foreign minister from 1903 until 1909, except for a five-month period. He also was interim prime minister for about two weeks in March 1905,^[1] making him the shortest-serving prime minister in the history of Italy.

Early life

Tommaso Tittoni was born in Rome. His father, Vincenzo, a tenant farmer on a large scale at La Manziana, had taken part in the defence of the Roman Republic under Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1849, was exiled by Pius IX, and re-entered Rome in 1870 through the breach of Porta Pia. Tittoni was educated first at Naples, and subsequently at Oxford and Liège.^[2]

Tittoni became an alderman of Rome, before becoming a deputy in the Chamber of Deputies for Civitavecchia in 1886, aligning himself with the right wing. He resigned his seat in 1897, having been appointed prefect of Perugia. Three years later he went to Naples in a similar capacity, and in 1902 he entered the Senate.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Foreign minister and prime minister

When Giovanni Giolitti became premier for the second time in 1903, Tittoni became his foreign minister. He aimed at improving relations with Austria-Hungary, and also tried to bring about a reconciliation with France. It was under his auspices that French President Émile Loubet visited Rome.^[2]^[4]

On the resignation of Giolitti in March 1905, Tittoni became interim premier for a few days and remained in Alessandro Fortis's cabinet as foreign minister. His proposal to reduce the duty on Spanish wines in connection with an Italo-Spanish commercial treaty aroused a storm of indignation among the agricultural classes and caused the fall of the cabinet on 24 December 1905, and although Fortis composed a new administration, Tittoni did not enter it.^[2]

Foreign policy

A few months later he was appointed ambassador in London (March 1906), but in May, on the fall of Sidney Sonnino's ministry and the return of Giolitti to power, he was again summoned to the Consulta (the Foreign Ministry). He continued the policy of improving relations with Austria-Hungary, which did not contribute to his popularity. After the Bosnian crisis and the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary, his imprudently worded speech at Carate created the illusion that Italy was to be compensated, perhaps by the cession of the Trentino, and the disappointment when nothing of the kind materialized greatly weakened his prestige. He remained in office until the fall of Giolitti in December 1909.^[2]

As foreign minister, Tittoni prudently advanced Italian claims on Tripolitania, at the time part of the Ottoman Empire, without resorting to outright threats of annexation.^[5] The Tittoni family had interests in the area. In 1907, the Banco di Roma founded a branch in Tripoli and built significant interests in banking, shipping and agriculture. The bank's vice-president was Romolo Tittoni, the brother of Tommaso Tittoni. The bank also financed the important newspaper Corriere d'Italia, which campaigned for the Italo-Turkish War in 1911.^[6]^[7]

On 24 October 1909, Tittoni and the Russian diplomat Aleksandr Izvolsky exchanged diplomatic notes on an informal agreement, known as the Racconigi Bargain, for Russia and Italy to support each other's interests in the Balkans and in the Ottoman Empire, at the Italian city of Racconigi, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was hosted by King Victor Emmanuel III.^[8] Italy and the Russian Empire concluded another agreement with Austro-Hungarian Empire a few days later disregarding this agreement. In April 1910, he was appointed ambassador in Paris.^[2]^[4]^[9]

World War I and Paris Peace Conference

When World War I broke out, in spite of his Triplicist policy (supporting the Triple Alliance, the Triplice, of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) he openly expressed himself in favour of Italian neutrality, and on Italy's entry into the war he was careful not to compromise himself with Giolitti's attitude.^[2] But he was not at his ease in the French capital, and in November 1916 he resigned from the Paris embassy. On the fall of the Orlando Cabinet in June 1919, the new Premier, Francesco Saverio Nitti, chose Tittoni as foreign minister and first delegate at the Paris Peace Conference.^[2]^[4] Nitti and Tittoni played down Italy's territorial claims, which disappointed interventionist like Gabriele D'Annunzio.^[10]

In July 1919, Tittoni and the Prime Minister of Greece, Eleftherios Venizelos, agreed on a secret non-binding agreement, known as the Venizelos–Tittoni agreement about the conflicting territorial claims of the two countries. Greece pledged to support the Italian claims over Vlorë and the establishment of an Italian protectorate over Albania.^[11] Greece would also secure for Italy a free zone at the port of Smyrna (under Greek administration from May 1919), while Italy pledged to support the Greek territorial claims over Northern Epirus and transfer the Dodecanese to Greece, except for the island of Rhodes, which would remain under Italian rule until such time as Cyprus would be ceded to Greece by Britain.

The severe strain of the work told on his health forced Tittoni to resign in November 1919. He was chosen president of the Italian Senate in December 1919, and soon after was appointed Italian delegate on the Council and Assembly of the League of Nations, but ill-health again forced him to relinquish the latter two appointments. He remained president of the Senate until January 1929.^[4]^[9]

Support of Mussolini

After the March on Rome, Tittoni supported Mussolini's government and later became the first president of Royal Academy of Italy (28 October 1929 – 16 September 1930), the most important cultural institution of the fascist dictatorship.^[4]^[12] On 8 April 1923, he had received the supreme honour of the knighthood of the Annunziata by King Victor Emmanuel.^[9]

He died from a heart attack in Rome on 7 February 1931.^[3]

References

^ (in Italian) Tommaso Tittoni, Incarichi di governo, Parlamento italiano (Accessed May 8, 2016)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Tittoni, Tommaso" . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). 1922.
^ ^a ^b Tittoni Dies at 75; Italian Statesman, The New York Times, February 8, 1931
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f (in Italian) Tittoni, Tommaso, Francesco Tommasini, Treccani Enciclopedia Italiana (1937)
^ Childs, Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya, 1911–1912, pp. 8-9
^ Clark, Modern Italy: 1871 to the present, pp. 184-85
^ Sarti, Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present, p. 136
^ Childs, Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya, 1911–1912, pp. 8-11
^ ^a ^b ^c (in Italian) Tittóni, Tommaso, Treccani enciclopedie on line Retrieved 8 May 2016.
^ Clark, Modern Italy: 1871 to the present, p. 245
^ Burgwyn, Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, p. 15
^ Sarti, Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present, p. 340

Burgwyn, H. James (1997), Italian foreign policy in the interwar period: 1918 - 1940, Westport: Praeger, ISBN 978-0-275-94877-1
Childs, Timothy W. (1990). Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya, 1911–1912, Leiden: E.J. Brill, ISBN 978-9004090255
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Tittoni, Tommaso" . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
Clark, Martin (2008). Modern Italy: 1871 to the present, Harlow: Pearson Education, ISBN 1-4058-2352-6
Sarti, Roland (2004). Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present, New York: Facts on File Inc., ISBN 0-81607-474-7

External links

Newspaper clippings about Tommaso Tittoni in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Political offices
Preceded by Giulio Prinetti	Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs 1903–1905	Succeeded by Antonino Paternò Castello
Preceded by Giovanni Giolitti	Prime Minister of Italy 1905	Succeeded by Alessandro Fortis
Preceded by Giovanni Giolitti	Italian Minister of the Interior 1905	Succeeded by Alessandro Fortis
Preceded by Francesco Guicciardini	Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs 1906–1909	Succeeded by Francesco Guicciardini
Preceded by Sidney Sonnino	Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs 1919	Succeeded by Vittorio Scialoja
Preceded by Adeodato Bonasi	President of the Italian Senate 1919–1929	Succeeded by Luigi Federzoni