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Hüseyin Rauf Orbay
Pasha
Hüseyin Rauf Orbay Pasha
3rd Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly
	In office; 12 July 1922 – 4 August 1923
Preceded by	Fevzi Çakmak
Succeeded by	Ali Fethi Okyar
Personal details
Born	Mehmed Muzzafer oğlu Hüseyin Rauf; 27 July 1881; Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Died	16 July 1964 (aged 82); Istanbul, Turkey
Political party	Progressive Republican Party (1923–1924)
Alma mater	Turkish Naval Academy
Awards	Medal of Independence
Signature
Nickname	Hero of Hamidiye
Military service
Allegiance	Ottoman Empire
Branch/service	Ottoman Navy
Years of service	1895–1918
Rank	Colonel
Commands	Ottoman cruiser Hamidiye
Battles/wars	Balkan Wars ; World War I

Hüseyin Rauf Orbay (27 July 1881 – 16 July 1964) was a Turkish naval officer, statesman and diplomat of Abkhaz origin.^[1]^[2]^[3] During the Italo–Turkish and Balkan Wars he was known as the Hero of Hamidiye for his exploits as captain of the eponymous cruiser. Orbay briefly served as Minister of Navy in October 1918, and signed the Armistice of Mudros on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.

He played an important role in the Turkish War of Independence, during which he served as the prime minister of the Ankara government between 12 July 1922 and 4 August 1923.

During the Republican period he was one of the founders of the Progressive Republican Party. He was put on trial for his involvement in an alleged assassination attempt against Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and sentenced to ten years in prison. Orbay was rehabilitated in 1939 and served as an MP for Kastamonu and then ambassador to London.

Early life

Hüseyin Rauf (Orbay after 1934) was born in the Cibali district of Fatih, Constantinople, in 1881 to an Abkhazian family.^[4] His father was Mehmet Muzaffer Pasha, a high ranking admiral and later member of the Ottoman Senate. His mother was Hayriye Rüveyde Hanım, daughter of Emin Efendi, the Director of the Tahrirat. They had five children from this marriage, two sons and three daughters, one of whom was Rauf.^[5]

Due to his father's duty, he completed his secondary education at the Tripoli Military Rüştiye and then returned to Istanbul. He graduated from the Heybeliada Naval School in 1899 and joined the navy.

Military career

Rauf Orbay began his military career with the rank of deck engineer [Güverte mühendisi]. He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1901 and then captain in 1904. He was assigned to the Mesudiye in 1904. Between 1905 and 1911, he visited the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, with duties such ordering ships and inspecting shipbuilding yards. He was promoted to kolağası (senior captain) in 1907. He participated in the Action Army that came to Istanbul due to the March 31 Uprising as the sağkolağası. There he met Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) and İsmet (İnönü).^[6]

On May 25, 1909, he was appointed commanding officer of the cruiser Hamidiye and played a role in the suppression of the Albanian Uprising.^{[clarification needed]} In the 1911–1912 Italo–Turkish War, he took part in a supply mission to Tripoli in Libya.

As an officer in the Ottoman Navy, he achieved fame for his exploits as captain of the Hamidiye during the First Balkan War.^[7] The ship broke through the Greek blockade of the Dardanelles and sailed into the Mediterranean, whereupon it became the first cruiser to carry out commerce raiding operations in history. For almost 8 months, the Hamidiye harassed and sank merchant ships of the Balkan League throughout the Mediterranean and Red Sea. These operations captured the media's attention, providing a propaganda coup and moral for the Ottoman Empire.^[8] Rauf Bey came to be known as the "Hero of Hamidiye" [Hamidiye Kahramanı]. The state created a new medal just for the cruiser's crew.

World War I

During World War I, he was an officer of the Special Organization, undertaking operations in Iran and Mesopotamia. Returning to Istanbul from Kirkuk he was appointed Chief of the Naval Staff, where he led Ottoman marine forces during the Gallipoli campaign. In 1917, he visited German Emperor Wilhelm II together with Naval Minister Cemal Pasha. He represented the Ottoman Empire as the Naval Forces delegate at the Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference. Rauf Orbay also played a role in saving Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) from a near court-martial during a feud with Cemal and Enver Pasha.^[9]

With the fall of the Talat Pasha government Orbay was made Minister of the Navy in Ahmet Izzet Pasha's cabinet. He led delegation that signed the Armistice of Mudros which ended the Ottoman Empire's participation in World War I.^[7] After a correspondence with his counterpart: Admiral Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe, he claimed he had assurances that no Allied soldiers would be entering Istanbul or Adana, and that there would be no occupation of Ottoman territory.

The independence of our state, the rights of our sultanate have been preserved in their entirety. This is not an armistice concluded between victor and vanquished; rather it is more a situation in which two equal powers, both desiring to end a state of war, cease hostilities.^[10]

On November 13 Allied soldiers landed in Istanbul to begin a partial occupation of the city, as well as take advantage of Article VII to occupy more parts of the Ottoman Empire.

War of Independence

Rauf Pasha quickly left Istanbul for Anatolia to organize nationalist resistance to the Allied powers. One of the first things he did leaving the capital was to organize Circassian militias on the Anatolian Marmara coast, his ethnicity being a helpful asset. On 8 June 1919 he arrived in Ankara. From there he met Ali Fuat Pasha (Cebesoy) and Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) in Amasya. There they issued the Amasya Circular on 22 June 1919.

He was elected as a member of the Representative Committee in the Congress of Erzurum on 23 July 1919. He joined the Congress of Sivas as a delegate for Sivas on 4 September 1919 and was elected deputy chairman. He was then elected as a deputy for the Chamber of Deputies in the 1919 Ottoman general election, on behalf of the Representative Committee. During this time, tension flared between him and Atatürk. Himself and many nationalists went to Istanbul to take their seats in the new parliament, while Atatürk stayed behind, suspicious of the allied presence in the capital. Rauf formed the National Salvation Group [Felah-ı Vatan] in the Assembly. However The Allies decided to formally occupy the Istanbul. Rauf Bey was arrested by British forces when they raided the Ottoman parliament on 16 March 1920, and was exiled to Malta soon after. After being held captive in Malta for 20 months, Rauf Bey was let go after a prisoner swap in İnebolu, his equivalent being Major Rawlinson. Rauf finally arrived to Ankara on 15 November 1921, joining the Grand National Assembly representing Sivas.

He was appointed Minister of Public Works and the Vice President of the Assembly, and he remained in these positions until 14 January, 1922. He soon associated himself with the Second Group, which opposed Mustafa Kemal's leadership of the nationalist movement. As a result of the lobbying of Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak), before the Battle of Dumlupınar he became the Prime Minister of the Ankara Government. During the Lausanne Peace Conference which was inaugurated after the Turkish victory in the war of independence, he was acting Minister of National Defense and Foreign Affairs from İsmet Pasha (İnönü). He refusal to authorize İsmet to sign the treaty caused a rift between the two statesmen. Kemal gave İsmet the necessary authority to sign anyways, and Rauf resigned from the premiership on 14 August 1913.

Career in the Republic

By 1924 he was aligned with the new opposition to Mustafa Kemal: the Progressive Republican Party. The party was closed in 1925, and its leadership were tried in connection with the Izmir Plot in 1926. Orbay's property was seized, his civil rights suspended, and sentenced ten years in prison, however he was in Vienna for medical treatment at the time, so he never followed through this sentence. He denied the allegations of his involvement in the plot and the verdict against him, but without ways to appeal the decision, he was a political refugee. While abroad, he visited the United Kingdom, India, China and Egypt. He refused to return following an amnesty law in 1933, saying "...since I have never committed even the slightest crime, it is not possible for me to consider benefiting from the declared amnesty like murderers and bandits." After his brother-in-law passed away in 1935, he returned to the country at the insistence of his family, and eventually settled his conviction with a lawsuit against the Ministry of Defence in 1941. He entered politics again and was elected as an independent deputy from Kastamonu in 1939.

During World War II, Rauf Orbay was the Turkish ambassador in London, resigning in 1944.^[11] He ran as an independent candidate for Istanbul in the 1949 by-elections but was unsuccessful.^[12] He spent the rest of his life giving lectures and conferences at universities and traveling. He died of a heart attack in Istanbul in 1964. His grave is in the Sahrayıcedit Cemetery in Erenköy. His memoirs were posthumously published under the title Cehennem Değirmeni ("Windmill of Hell").^[13]

Bust of Rauf Orbay in the Istanbul Naval Museum

References

^ "Hüseyin Rauf Orbay'ın Hayatı (1880-1964), Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, Sayı:58 Mart 2004". Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
^ Akyel, Siyami. Türkiye’deki Ünlü Çerkesler
^ Ünal, Muhittin (1996). Kurtuluş Savaşında Çerkeslerin Rolü. Cem Yayınları (published 1995). ISBN 9754065829.
^ Berzeg, S.E. (1990). Türkiye Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Çerkes göçmenleri. Nart Yayıncılık. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
^ Haçin, İlhan (2016), Hüseyin Rauf Orbay ve I. TBMM'deki Faaliyetleri (1920 – 1923) (PDF), p. 3, archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2021, retrieved 11 November 2021
^ "Hüseyin Rauf Orbay'ın Hayatı (1880-1964), Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, Sayı:58 Mart 2004". Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
^ ^a ^b Huseyin Ra'uf Orbey, W.M. Hale, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VIII, ed. C.E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P.Heinrichs and G. Lecomte, (Brill, 1995), 174.
^ "Rauforbay.org sitesi, Erişim tarihi:30.10.2012". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
^ Mango, Andrew (1999). Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press. p. 171. ISBN 1-58567-011-1.
^ Akçam, Taner (2006). A Shameful Act. p. 208.
^ Selim Deringil, Turkish Foreign Policy during the Second World War: An 'Active' Neutrality, (Cambridge University Press, 1989), 206 n48.
^ Ahmet Emin Yalman (1997). Yakın Tarihte Gördüklerim ve Geçirdiklerim. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). İstanbul: Pera Turizm ve Ticaret A.Ş. pp. 1484–1486.
^ Book summaries^{[permanent dead link‍]} (in Turkish)