Tacheng

Tacheng
Tacheng
Chinese name
Chinese	塔城
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Tǎchéng
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese	缺切克
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Quēqièkè
Second alternative Chinese name
Chinese	楚呼楚
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Chǔhūchǔ
Third alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	塔尔巴哈台
Traditional Chinese	塔爾巴哈台
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Tǎ'ěrbāhātái
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic	Тарвагатай
Mongolian script	ᠲᠠᠷᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠢ
Uyghur name
Uyghur	چۆچەك‎
Latin Yëziqi
Transcriptions
Latin Yëziqi	Chöchek
Yengi Yeziⱪ	Qɵqək
SASM/GNC	Qoqek
Siril Yëziqi	Чөчәк
Kazakh name
Kazakh	شاۋەشەك قالاسى; Шәуешек қаласы; Şäueşek qalasy
Daur name
Daur	Тарбгьти; Tarbgti

Tacheng

塔城市 (Chinese)
شاۋەشەك قالاسى (Kazakh)
چۆچەك شەھىرى (Uyghur)
Tarbagatay, Chuguchak, Qoqek
Tacheng 塔城市 (Chinese); شاۋەشەك قالاسى (Kazakh); چۆچەك شەھىرى (Uyghur); Tarbagatay, Chuguchak, Qoqek
County-level city
	"Ruins in Chuguchak" by Vasily Vereshchagin (1869)
	Location of Tacheng City (pink) in Tacheng Prefecture (yellow) and Xinjiang
	Tacheng Location of the city centre in Xinjiang Tacheng Tacheng (Xinjiang) Tacheng Tacheng (China)
	Coordinates (Tacheng municipal government): 46°45′06″N 82°59′13″E / 46.7517°N 82.9869°E
Country	China
Autonomous region	Xinjiang
Prefecture	Tacheng
Municipal seat	Heping Subdistrict
Area
• Total	3,991.9 km2 (1,541.3 sq mi)
Population (2020)
• Total	158,098
• Density	40/km2 (100/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code	834700
Website	www.xjtcsh.gov.cn

Tacheng^[2] (Chinese: 塔城), also known as Tarbagatay, Chuguchak^[3] or Qoqek,^[4] is a county-level city and the administrative seat of Tacheng Prefecture, in northern Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang. The Chinese name "Tacheng" is an abbreviation of "Tarbagatay City", a reference to the Tarbagatay Mountains. Tacheng is located in the Dzungarian Basin, some 10 km (6.2 mi) from the Chinese border with Kazakhstan. For a long time it has been a major center for trade with Central Asia because it is an agricultural hub. Its industries include food processing, textiles, and utilities.

History

In the mid-19th century, Chuguchak was considered the most important commercial center of Western China after Ghulja (Yining), being an important center of trade between China and Russia, in particular in tea. The city, surrounded by an earth wall, was the residence of two Qing ambans and had a garrison of some 1,000 Chinese soldiers and 1,500 Manchu and Mongol soldiers.^[3]

Chuguchak suffered harshly in 1865 during the fighting between the Qing forces and the Dungan and Hui rebels.

Tacheng is the site of an internment camp for Turkic Muslims such as the Uyghurs and Kazakhs; it is one of many such camps in Xinjiang. The Chinese government maintains that they are "vocational education centers" for citizens to learn trade skills and the Chinese language, and that the camp was shutdown in 2019. However, satellite imagery shows that the camp expanded five-fold later that year.^[5]^[6]

Border crossing

The Baktu border crossing (simplified Chinese: 巴克图口岸; traditional Chinese: 巴克圖口岸; pinyin: Bākètú Kǒu'àn) into Kazakhstan is located 17 km (11 mi) from Tacheng. The checkpoint on the Kazakh side of the border is also known as Bakhty and is located 60 km (37 mi) from Makanchi in East Kazakhstan Province. In April 1962, during the Yi–Ta incident, over 60,000 Chinese citizens, including around 48,000 Tacheng residents, crossed the Xinjiang–Kazakh SSR border, leading to massive economic loss in Tacheng; the border crossing closed in August of that year.^[7] The crossing re-opened on 20 October 1990, and was deemed a "first-class port of entry" (一类口岸) on 14 March 1994. On 1 July 1995, the crossing opened to use by third nations.^[7]

Kazakh-Chinese border near Tacheng

Demographics

The proportion of nationalities in Tacheng City
Nationality			Percentage
Han People			60.9%
Kazakhs			16.9%
Hui People			8.5%
Uyghurs			3.1%
Daur people			3.1%
Russian			1.4%
Kyrgyz			1.1%
Mongols			1.0%
Xibe people			0.9%
Tatars			0.1%
Manchus			0.1%
Uzbeks			0.1%
Others			2.7%
Source of the population statistics : ^[8]

Administrative divisions

Tacheng is divided into 3 subdistricts, 2 towns, 3 townships, and 1 ethnic township,

Name	Simplified Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Uyghur (UEY)	Uyghur Latin (ULY)	Kazakh (Arabic script)	Kazakh (Cyrillic script)	Administrative division code
Subdistricts
Heping Subdistrict	和平街道	Hépíng Jiēdào	تېنچىلىق كوچا باشقارمىسى	tënchiliq kocha bashqarmisi	بەيبىت كوشە ءىس باسقارماسى	Бейбіт көше іс басқармасы	654201001
Dubik Subdistrict	杜别克街道	Dùbiékè Jiēdào	دۇبىك كوچا باشقارمىسى	dubik kocha bashqarmisi	دۋبەك كوشە ءىس باسقارماسى	Дубек көше іс басқармасы	654201002
Xincheng Subdistrict	新城街道	Xīnchéng Jiēdào	يېڭى شەھەر كوچا باشقارمىسى	yëngi sheher kocha bashqarmisi	جاڭا قالا كوشە ءىس باسقارماسى	Жаңа қала көше іс басқармасы	654201003
Towns
Ergong Town	二工镇	Èrgōng Zhèn	ئەرگۇڭ بازىرى	Ergung baziri	ارگۇڭ قالاشىعى	Әргүң қалашығы	654201100
Chasha Town	恰夏镇	Qiàxià Zhèn	چاشا بازىرى	chasha baziri	شاشا قالاشىعى	Шаша қалашығы	654201101
Bozdakh Town	博孜达克镇	Bózīdákè Zhèn	بوزداق بازىرى	bozdaq baziri	بوزداق قالاشىعى	Боздақ қалашығы	654201102
Townships
Karakabak Township	喀拉哈巴克乡	Kālāhǎbākè Xiāng	قاراقاباق يېزىسى	qaraqabaq yëzisi	قاراقاباق اۋىلى	Қарақабақ ауылы	654201200
Abdira Township	阿不都拉乡	Ābùdūlā Xiāng	ئابدىرا يېزىسى	Abdira yëzisi	ابدىرا اۋىلى	Абдыра ауылы	654201203
Ëmil Township	也门勒乡	Yěménlè Xiāng	ئېمىل يېزىسى	Ëmil yëzisi	ەمىل اۋىلى	Еміл ауылы	654201204
Ethnic Township
Axili Daur Ethnic Township	阿西尔达斡尔民族乡	Āxī'ěr Dáwò'ěr Mínzúxiāng	ئاشىلى داغۇر يېزىسى	Ashili daghur yëzisi	اشىلى داعۇر ۇلتتىق اۋىلى	Ашылы Дағұр Ұлттық ауылы	654201202

Others
- Bozdaq Farm (博孜达克农场, بوزداق دېھقانچىلىق مەيدانى, بوزداق اۋىل شارۋاشىلىعى الاڭىنداعى)
- Tacheng Prefectural Pasture (塔城地区种牛场, تارباغاتاي ۋىلايەتلىك چارۋىچىلىق مەيدانى, تارباعاتاي ايماقتىق مال شارۋاشىلىعى الاڭىنداعى)
- Woyijiayilao Pasture (窝依加依劳牧场, ئويجايلاۋ چارۋىچىلىق مەيدانى, ۋيجايلاۋ مال شارۋاشىلىعى الاڭىنداعى)
- XPCC 164th Regiment (兵团一六四团, 164-تۇەن مەيدانى, 164-تۋان الاڭىنداعى)

Climate

Tacheng has a typical Xinjiang cool semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) that is almost moist enough to be a hot summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), as being on the west side of the Altay Mountains the region receives more winter snowfall than most of Xinjiang.

Climate data for Tacheng, elevation 535 m (1,755 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	8.6 (47.5)	10.5 (50.9)	24.7 (76.5)	33.2 (91.8)	38.2 (100.8)	37.6 (99.7)	40.3 (104.5)	41.6 (106.9)	37.7 (99.9)	32.0 (89.6)	20.8 (69.4)	11.8 (53.2)	41.6 (106.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	−4.0 (24.8)	−0.8 (30.6)	7.0 (44.6)	18.2 (64.8)	24.2 (75.6)	29.3 (84.7)	31.1 (88.0)	30.2 (86.4)	24.2 (75.6)	15.8 (60.4)	5.2 (41.4)	−2.1 (28.2)	14.9 (58.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−9.9 (14.2)	−6.8 (19.8)	0.9 (33.6)	11.1 (52.0)	16.8 (62.2)	21.7 (71.1)	23.4 (74.1)	22.2 (72.0)	16.3 (61.3)	8.5 (47.3)	−0.3 (31.5)	−7.4 (18.7)	8.0 (46.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−14.7 (5.5)	−11.8 (10.8)	−4.0 (24.8)	5.2 (41.4)	10.3 (50.5)	14.9 (58.8)	16.8 (62.2)	15.2 (59.4)	9.5 (49.1)	3.0 (37.4)	−4.5 (23.9)	−11.6 (11.1)	2.4 (36.2)
Record low °C (°F)	−33.5 (−28.3)	−37.1 (−34.8)	−30.6 (−23.1)	−12.3 (9.9)	−3.7 (25.3)	2.6 (36.7)	6.2 (43.2)	4.0 (39.2)	−4.1 (24.6)	−13.3 (8.1)	−31.5 (−24.7)	−34.7 (−30.5)	−37.1 (−34.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	21.6 (0.85)	17.3 (0.68)	18.5 (0.73)	28.8 (1.13)	29.1 (1.15)	25.2 (0.99)	28.0 (1.10)	20.5 (0.81)	18.2 (0.72)	23.1 (0.91)	38.0 (1.50)	28.8 (1.13)	297.1 (11.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	9.7	8.2	8.2	7.8	8.2	8.5	9.0	7.1	5.2	6.9	10.1	11.0	99.9
Average snowy days	11.4	11.1	7.3	1.3	0.2	0	0	0	0	2.0	9.1	13.5	55.9
Average relative humidity (%)	70	68	63	51	48	49	51	47	47	57	69	71	58
Mean monthly sunshine hours	151.7	172.4	232.1	263.4	320.2	324.7	331.7	321.3	273.3	219.1	142.7	125.5	2,878.1
Percent possible sunshine	53	58	62	64	68	69	70	75	74	67	52	47	63
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration^[9]^[10]
Source 2: Weather China^[11]

Transportation

The Karamay–Tacheng Railway (opened on May 30, 2019) connects Tacheng with Baikouquan Station (百口泉站) on the Kuytun–Beitun Railway in Karamay City. It takes 9 hours from Tacheng to Ürümqi.^[12]

Tacheng is also served by the Tacheng Qianquan Airport with flights to Ürümqi and other cities in Xinjiang.

Notes

^ Locals in Xinjiang frequently observe UTC+6 (Xinjiang Time), 2 hours behind Beijing.

References

Citations

^ Xinjiang: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
^ The official spelling according to 中国地名录. Beijing: SinoMaps Press (中国地图出版社). 1997. ISBN 7-5031-1718-4.
^ ^a ^b Lumley, John (1869), Report by Mr. Lumley, Her Majesty's Secretary of Embassy at St. Petersburgh, on the Tea Trade of Russia, dated May 4, 1867. [Extracted from "Commercial reports" presented to Parliament, July 1867.], p. 73
^ Kraus, Charles (June 2019). "Laying Blame for Flight and Fight: Sino-Soviet Relations and the 'Yi–Ta' Incident in Xinjiang, 1962". The China Quarterly. 238: 504. doi:10.1017/S0305741018001789. ISSN 0305-7410.
^ "Inside Xinjiang's Prison State". The New Yorker. 26 February 2021.
^ Buschek, Megha Rajagopalan, Alison Killing, Christo (27 August 2020). "China Secretly Built A Vast New Infrastructure To Imprison Muslims". BuzzFeed News.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b 百年口岸——巴克图-塔城市政府门户网 (in Chinese (China)). Tacheng People's Government. 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
^ 3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数 [3-7 Population by Nationality by Prefecture, State, City and County (City)]. tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn (in Chinese). Statistical Bureau of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. 2020-06-10. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2021-06-11.
^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ 塔城 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ 穿越“魔鬼风区”的克塔铁路通车新疆实现所有地州首府通火车. Xinhua. 2019-05-30. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019.

Sources

Khālidī, Qurbanʻali, Allen J. Frank, and Mirkasym Abdulakhatovich Usmanov. An Islamic Biographical Dictionary of the Eastern Kazakh Steppe, 1770-1912. Brill's Inner Asian library, v. 12. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
Light, Nathan. "Qazaqs in the People's Republic of China: The Local Processes of History". Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana Center on Global Change and World Peace, Occasional Paper No. 22, June 1994. ISBN 1-881157-24-5.
Light, Nathan. "Kazakhs of the Tarbaghatai: Ethno-History Through a Novel". The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin, 17/2 (1993): 91–102.
Saguchi Toru. "Kazak Pastoralists on the Tarbaghatai Frontier under the Ch'ing." In: Proceedings of the International Conference on China Border Area Studies. Lin En-hsien [Lin Enxian], ed. Taipei: National Chengchi University, 1985, pp. 953–996.
Wiens, Herold J. "Change in the Ethnography and Land Use of the Ili Valley and Region, Chinese Turkestan". Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 59, No. 4. (Dec., 1969), pp. 753–775.