Economically, social liberalism is based on the social market economy and views the common good as harmonious with the individual's freedom.[9] Social liberals overlap with social democrats in accepting market intervention more than other liberals;[10] its importance is considered auxiliary compared to social democrats.[11] Ideologies that emphasize its economic policy include welfare liberalism,[12]New Deal liberalism and New Democrats in the United States,[13] and Keynesian liberalism.[14]Cultural liberalism is an ideology that highlights its cultural aspects. The world has widely adopted social liberal policies.[15]
John Stuart Mill contributed enormously to liberal thought by combining elements of classical liberalism with what eventually became known as the new liberalism. Mill developed this philosophy by liberalising the concept of consequentialism to promote a rights based system.[29] He also developed his liberal dogma by combining the idea of using a utilitarian foundation to base upon the idea of individual rights.[30] The new liberals tried to adapt the old language of liberalism to confront these difficult circumstances, which they believed could only be resolved through a broader and more interventionist conception of the state. Ensuring that individuals did not physically interfere with each other or merely by impartially having formulated and applied laws could not establish an equal right to liberty. More positive and proactive measures were required to ensure that every individual would have an equal opportunity for success.[31]
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a group of British thinkers known as the New Liberals made a case against laissez-faire classical liberalism. It argued in favour of state intervention in social, economic and cultural life. What they proposed is now called social liberalism.[1] The New Liberals, including intellectuals Thomas Hill Green, Leonard Hobhouse and John A. Hobson, saw individual liberty achievable only under favourable social and economic circumstances.[2] In their view, the poverty, squalor, and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. New Liberals believed through collective action coordinated by a strong, welfare-oriented and interventionist state could alleviate these conditions.
Although still partially informed by older Liberal concerns for character, self-reliance, and the capitalist market, this legislation nevertheless marked a significant shift in Liberal approaches to the state and social reform, approaches that later governments would slowly expand and that would grow into the welfare state after the Second World War. What was new in these reforms was the underlying assumption that the state could be a positive force, that the measure of individual freedom ... was not how much the state left people alone, but whether he gave them the capacity to fill themselves as individuals.[32][33]
However, the German left-liberal movement fragmented into wings and new parties over the 19th century. The main objectives of the left-liberal parties—the German Progress Party and its successors—were free speech, freedom of assembly, representative government, secret and equal but obligation-tied suffrage, and protection of private property. At the same time, they were strongly opposed to creating a welfare state, which they called state socialism. The main differences between the left-liberal parties were:
The National-Social Association, founded by the Protestant pastor Friedrich Naumann also maintained contacts with the left liberals.[36] He tried to draw workers away from Marxism by proposing a mix of nationalism and Protestant-Christian-value-inflected social liberalism to overcome class antagonisms by non-revolutionary means. Naumann called this a "proletarian-bourgeois integral liberalism". Although the party could not win any seats and soon dissolved, he remained influential in theoretical German left-liberalism.
In the Weimar Republic, the German Democratic Party was founded and came into an inheritance of the left-liberal past and had a leftist social wing[37] and a rightist economic wing but heavily favoured the democratic constitution over a monarchist one. Its ideas of a socially balanced economy with solidarity, duty, and rights among all workers struggled due to the economic sanctions of the Treaty of Versailles, but it influenced local cooperative enterprises.[38][39]
During the 1950s and 1960s, the Free Democratic Party was dominated by conservative liberals, national liberals and classical liberals. However, in the 1970s, the party was briefly influenced by progressive and social liberal ideas which culminated in the 1971 Freiburg Thesis programme.[41] Among other things, the party committed itself to "self-determination", "democratization of society", a "reform of capitalism" and a form of ecoliberalism which prioritized "environmental protection over profit and personal gains".[42] In 1977, the social liberal era came to an end with the more economically liberal Kiel Thesis programme (Kieler Thesen) effectively setting the party back on a classical liberal course.
As the Free Democrats discarded social liberal ideas in a more conservative and economically liberal approach,[43] some members left the party and formed the social liberal Liberal Democrats in 1982.[44][45] Other social liberals have found a new home in Germany's Green party Alliance 90/The Greens.[46]
France
In France, solidaristic thinkers, including Alfred Fouillée and Émile Durkheim, developed the social-liberal theory in the Third Republic. Sociology inspired them, and they influenced radical politicians like Léon Bourgeois. They explained that a more extensive division of labour caused more opportunity and individualism and inspired more complex interdependence. They argued that the individual had a debt to society, promoting progressive taxation to support public works and welfare schemes. However, they wanted the state to coordinate rather than manage, encouraging cooperative insurance schemes among individuals. Their main objective was to remove barriers to social mobility rather than create a welfare state.[47]
Social liberalism was a term in the United States to differentiate it from classical liberalism or laissez-faire. It dominated political and economic thought for several years until the word branched off from it around the Great Depression and the New Deal.[48][49] In the 1870s and the 1880s, the American economists Richard Ely, John Bates Clark, and Henry Carter Adams—influenced both by socialism and the Evangelical Protestant movement—castigated the conditions caused by industrial factories and expressed sympathy toward labour unions. However, none developed a systematic political philosophy, and they later abandoned their flirtations with socialist thinking. In 1883, Lester Frank Ward published the two-volume Dynamic Sociology. He formalized the basic tenets of social liberalism while at the same time attacking the laissez-faire policies advocated by Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner. The historian Henry Steele Commager ranked Ward alongside William James, John Dewey, and Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. and called him the father of the modern welfare state.[50] A writer from 1884 until the 1930s, John Dewey—an educator influenced by Hobhouse, Green, and Ward—advocated socialist methods to achieve liberal goals. John Dewey's expanding popularity as an economist also coincided with the greater Georgist movement that rose in the 1910s, pinnacling with the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.[51] America later incorporated some social liberal ideas into the New Deal,[52] which developed as a response to the Great Depression when Franklin D. Roosevelt came into office.
Implementation
The welfare state grew gradually and unevenly from the late 19th century but fully developed following World War II, along with the mixed market economy and general welfare capitalism.[53] Also called embedded liberalism, social liberal policies gained broad support across the political spectrum because they reduced society's disruptive and polarizing tendencies without challenging the capitalist economic system. Businesses accepted social liberalism in the face of widespread dissatisfaction with the boom and bust cycle of the earlier financial system as it seemed to them to be a lesser evil than more left-wing modes of government. Characteristics of social liberalism were cooperation between big business, government, and labour unions. Governments could assume a vital role because the wartime economy had strengthened their power, but the extent to which this occurred varied considerably among Western democracies.[54] Social liberalism is also a generally internationalist ideology.[55] Social liberalism has also historically been an advocate for liberal feminism among other forms social progress.[56]
The first notable implementation of social liberal policies occurred under the Liberal Party in Britain from 1906 until 1914. These initiatives became known as the Liberal welfare reforms. The main elements included pensions for poor older adults, and health, sickness, and unemployment insurance. These changes were accompanied by progressive taxation, particularly in the People's Budget of 1909. The old system of charity relying on the Poor Laws and supplemented by private charity, public cooperatives, and private insurance companies was in crisis, giving the state added impetus for reform. The Liberal Party caucus elected in 1906 also contained more professionals, including academics and journalists, sympathetic to social liberalism. The large business owners had mostly deserted the Liberals for the Conservatives, the latter becoming the favourite party for commercial interests. Both business interests and trade unions regularly opposed the reforms. Liberals most identified with these reforms were Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, John Maynard Keynes, David Lloyd George (especially as Chancellor of the Exchequer), and Winston Churchill (as President of the Board of Trade), in addition to the civil servant (and later Liberal MP) William Beveridge.[60]
Most of the social democratic parties in Europe (notably the British Labour Party) have taken on strong influences of social liberal ideology. Despite Britain's two major parties coming from the traditions of socialism and conservatism, the most substantive political and economic debates of recent times were between social liberal and classical liberal concepts.[61]
Germany
Alexander Rüstow, a German economist, first proposed the German variant of economically social liberalism. In 1932, he dubbed this kind of social liberalism neoliberalism while speaking at the Social Policy Association. However, that term now carries a meaning different from the one proposed by Rüstow. Rüstow wanted an alternative to socialism and the classical liberal economics developed in the German Empire. In 1938, Rüstow met with various economic thinkers—including Ludwig Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and Wilhelm Röpke—to determine how and what could renew liberalism. Rüstow advocated a powerful state to enforce free markets and state intervention to correct market failures. However, Mises argued that monopolies and cartels operated because of state intervention and protectionism and claimed that the only legitimate role for the state was to abolish barriers to market entry. He viewed Rüstow's proposals as negating market freedom and saw them as similar to socialism.[40]
Following World War II, the West German government adopted Rüstow's neoliberalism, now usually called ordoliberalism or the social market economy, under Ludwig Erhard. He was the Minister of Economics and later became Chancellor. Erhard lifted price controls and introduced free markets. While Germany's post-war economic recovery was due to these policies, the welfare state—which Bismarck had established—became increasingly costly.[40]
State can't take the place of individuals, but, it must take into consideration the individuals to make them improve and develop theirselves. Etatism includes the work that individuals won't do because they can't make profit or the work which are necessary for national interests. Just as it is the duty of the state to protect the freedom and independence of the country and to regulate internal affairs, the state must take care of the education and health of its citizens. The state must take care of the roads, railways, telegraphs, telephones, animals of the country, all kinds of vehicles and the general wealth of the nation to protect the peace and security of the country. During the administration and protection of the country, the things we just counted are more important than cannons, rifles and all kinds of weapons. (...) Private interests are generally the opposite of the general interests. Also, private interests are based on rivalries. But, you can't create a stable economy only with this. People who think like that are delusional and they will be a failure. (...) And, work of an individual must stay as the main basis of economic growth. Not preventing an individual's work and not obstructing the individual's freedom and enterprise with the state's own activities is the main basis of the principle of democracy.[63]
Moreover, Atatürk said this in his opening speech on 1 November 1937: "Unless there is an absolute necessity, the markets can't be intervened; also, no markets can be completely free."[64] Also it was said by İsmet İnönü that Atatürk's principle of etatism was Keynesian and a Turkish variant of New Deal.[65]
Rest of Europe
The post-war governments of other countries in Western Europe also followed social liberal policies. These policies were implemented primarily by Christian democrats and social democrats as liberal parties in Europe declined in strength from their peak in the 19th century.[66]
American political discourse resisted this social turn in European liberalism. While the economic policies of the New Deal appeared Keynesian, there was no revision of liberal theory in favour of more significant state initiatives. Even though the United States lacked an effective socialist movement, New Deal policies often appeared radical and were attacked by the right. American liberalism would eventually evolve into a more anti-communist ideology as a result.[68]American exceptionalism was likely the reason for the separate development of modern liberalism in the United States, which kept mainstream American ideology within a narrow range.[69]
John Rawls' principal work, A Theory of Justice (1971), can be considered a flagship exposition of social liberal thinking, noted for its use of analytic philosophy and advocating the combination of individual freedom and a fairer distribution of resources.[70] According to Rawls, every individual should be allowed to choose and pursue their conception of what is desirable. At the same time, the greater society must maintain a socially just distribution of goods. Rawls argued that differences in material wealth are tolerable if general economic growth and wealth also benefit the poorest.[71]A Theory of Justice countered utilitarian thinking in the tradition of Jeremy Bentham, instead following the Kantian concept of a social contract, picturing society as a mutual agreement between rational citizens, producing rights and duties as well as establishing and defining roles and tasks of the state. Rawls put the equal liberty principle in the first place, providing every person with equal access to the same set of fundamental liberties, followed by the fair equality of opportunity and difference, thus allowing social and economic inequalities under the precondition that privileged positions are accessible to everyone, that everyone has equal opportunities and that even the least advantaged members of society benefit from this framework. This framework repeated itself in the equation of Justice as Fairness. Rawls proposed these principles not just to adherents of liberalism but as a basis for all democratic politics, regardless of ideology. The work advanced social liberal ideas immensely within the 1970s political and philosophic academia.[72] Rawls may therefore be a "patron saint" of social liberalism.[61]
Decline
Following economic problems in the 1960s and 1970s, liberal thought underwent some transformation. Keynesian financial management faced criticism for interfering with the free market. At the same time, increased welfare spending funded by higher taxes prompted fears of lower investment, lower consumer spending, and the creation of a "dependency culture." Trade unions often caused high wages and industrial disruption, while total employment was considered unsustainable. Writers such as Milton Friedman and Samuel Brittan, whom Friedrich Hayek influenced, advocated a reversal of social liberalism. Their policies—often called neoliberalism—had a significant influence on Western politics, most notably on the governments of United Kingdom Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the United States President Ronald Reagan. They pursued policies of deregulation of the economy and reduction in spending on social services.[15]
Part of the reason for the collapse of the social liberal coalition was a challenge in the 1960s and 1970s from financial interests that could operate independently of national governments. A related reason was the comparison of ideas such as socialized medicine, advocated by politicians such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, facing criticisms and being dubbed as socialist by conservatives during the midst of the Red Scare, notably by the previously mentioned Reagan.[73] Another cause was the decline of organized labour which had formed part of the coalition but was also a support for left-wing ideologies challenging the liberal consensus. Related to this were the downfall of working-class consciousness and the growth of the middle class. The push by the United States and the United Kingdom, which had been least accepting of social liberalism for trade liberalization, further eroded support.[74]
Contemporary revival of social liberal thought
From the end of the 20th century, at the same time that it was losing political influence, social liberalism experienced an intellectual revival with several substantial authors, including John Rawls (political philosophy), Amartya Sen (philosophy and economy), Ronald Dworkin (philosophy of law), Martha Nussbaum (philosophy), Bruce Ackerman (constitutional law), and others.[75]
In North America, social liberalism (as Europe would refer to it) tends to be the dominant form of liberalism present, so in common parlance, "liberal" refers to social liberals. In Canada, social liberalism is held by the Liberal Party of Canada, while in the United States, social liberalism is a significant force within the Democratic Party.
Some notable scholars and politicians ordered by date of birth who are generally considered as having made significant contributions to the evolution of social liberalism as a political ideology include:
^Also known as new liberalism in the United Kingdom,[1][2]modern liberalism in the United States (where it is also simply known as liberalism),[3][4]left-liberalism (German: Linksliberalismus) in Germany,[5][6][7] and progressive liberalism (Spanish: liberalismo progresista) in Spanish-speaking countries[8]
^Pease, Donald E.; Wiegman, Robyn (eds.) (2002). The Futures of American Studies. Duke University Press. p. 518.
^Courtland, Shane D.; Gaus, Gerald; Schmidtz, David (2022), "Liberalism", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from the original on 22 March 2022, retrieved 16 September 2022
^Hoensbroech, Paul Kajus Graf (1912). Der Linksliberalismus. Leipzig.
^Felix Rachfahl (1912). Eugen Richter und der Linksliberalismus im Neuen Reiche. Berlin.
^Ulrich Zeller (1912). Die Linksliberalen. Munich.
^Margalit, Avishai (2013). "Liberal or Social Democrat?". Dissent. No. Spring 2013. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
^Klaus P. Fischer, ed. (2007). America in White, Black, and Gray: A History of the Stormy 1960s. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 39.
^Great Courses, ed. (2014). The Modern Political Tradition: Episode 17: Progressivism and New Liberalism. Great Courses.[ISBN missing]
^Helen Hardacre; Timothy S. George; Keigo Komamura; Franziska Seraphim, eds. (2021). Japanese Constitutional Revisionism and Civic Activism. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 136, 162.[ISBN missing]
^Muzammil Quraishi, ed. (2020). Towards a Malaysian Criminology: Conflict, Censure and Compromise. Springer Nature. p. 83. ISBN9781137491015. The urgent need for a meaningful theoretical perspective and research agenda is driven by an observation that both left liberalism (progressivism) and right liberalism (neoliberalism) have neutralised traditional conservative socialist discourses.
^Joseph M. Hoeffel, ed. (2014). Fighting for the Progressive Center in the Age of Trump. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. Modern American progressive thought combines social liberalism, including its government spending programs and mix of private enterprise and government regulation, with liberal cultural causes including voting rights for minorities, ...[ISBN missing]
^Chideya, Farai (2004). "The Red and the Blue: A Divided America". Trust: Reaching the 100 Million Missing Voters and Other Selected Essays. Soft Skull Press. pp. 33–46. ISBN9781932360264.
^Eatwell, Roger; Wright, Anthony (1999). Contemporary Political Ideologies. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN9780826451736.
^Weiler, Peter (2016). "New Liberalism". In Leventhal, Fred M., ed. (1995). Twentieth-century Britain: An Encyclopedia. Garland. pp. 564–565.
^Weiler, Peter (2016). The New Liberalism: Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain, 1889–1914 (2016). ExcerptArchived 19 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
^Theodor Hertzka: Socialdemokratie und Socialliberalismus (German). Dresden/Leipzig: Pierson. 1891.
^Na, Inho (200). Sozialreform oder Revolution: Gesellschaftspolitische Zukunftsvorstellungen im Naumann-Kreis 1890–1903/04. Tectum Verlag. p. 27.
^Derman, Joshua (2012), Max Weber in Politics and Social Thought: From Charisma to Canonization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 25
^Van De Grift, Liesbeth (2012). Securing the Communist State: The Reconstruction of Coercive Institutions in the Soviet Zone of Germany and Romania, 1944-48. Lexington Books. p. 41. ISBN978-0-7391-7178-3.
^Kurlander, Eric (2006). The Price of Exclusion: Ethnicity, National Identity, and the Decline of German Liberalism, 1898–1933. Berghahn Books. p. 197. ISBN1-8454-5069-8.
^Baehr, Amy R. (2021), "Liberal Feminism", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from the original on 23 April 2021, retrieved 30 September 2022
^Hornberger, Jacob G. (23 November 2016). "Don't Forget FDR's Authoritarianism". The Future of Freedom Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
^Godio, Julio; Robles, Alberto José (2008). El tiempo de CFK; entre la movilización y la institucionalidad: El desafío de organizar los mercados (in Spanish). Corregidor. p. 65.
^Philip Mendes, ed. (2007). Australia's Welfare Wars Revisited: The Players, the Politics and the Ideologies. Springer Nature. p. 123. ISBN9780868409917.
^Judith Brett (1994). "Ideology". In Judith Brett; James A. Gillespie; Murray Goot (eds.). Developments in Australian Politics. Macmillan Education AU. p. 5. ISBN978-0-7329-2009-8. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
^Gwenda Tavan (2005). The Long, Slow Death of White Australia. Scribe Publications. p. 193.
^Law Commission of Canada (2011). Law and Citizenship. UBC Press. p. 6. ISBN9780774840798. The party became infused with social liberalism in the 1940s and 1950s.
^Prentice, Susan (2004). "Manitoba's childcare regime: Social liberalism in flux". Canadian Journal of Sociology. 29 (2): 193–207. doi:10.1353/cjs.2004.0029. S2CID145708797.
^Smith, Miriam (2005). "Social movements and judicial empowerment: Courts, public policy, and lesbian and gay organizing in Canada". Politics & Society. 33 (2): 327–353. doi:10.1177/0032329205275193. S2CID154613468. The Liberal Party of Canada, the party that championed the Charter, is strongly identified with the document and uses the social liberalism of the Charter as a distinctive badge of party identification.
^Sebald, Christoph; Matthews-Ferrero, Daniel; Papalamprou, Ery; Steenland, Robert (14 May 2019). "EU country briefing: Estonia". EURACTIV. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
^Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
^Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Faroe Islands". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
^Breyman, Steve (2019). Movement Genesis: Social Movement Theory And The West German Peace Movement. "The Liberal Democrats (Liberale Demokraten or LD) split from the FDP to create their own social-left liberal alternative."
^De Lucia, Dario (2017). Dal PCI al PD. Imprimatur editore. Le culture di riferimento dei politici appartenenti al Partito democratico sono: la socialdemocrazia, il cristianesimo sociale e il liberalismo sociale [The reference cultures of politicians belonging to the Democratic Party are: social democracy, social Christianity and social liberalism].
^Hearl, Derek (1988). "The Luxembourg Liberal Party". In Kirchner, Emil Joseph (ed.). Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 376–395. ISBN978-0-521-32394-9.
^Terzis, Georgios (2007). European Media Governance: National and Regional Dimensions. Intellect Books. p. 135. ISBN978-1-84150-192-5.
^Magone, José (2010). Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introduction. Routledge. p. 436. ISBN978-0-203-84639-1.
^Nam-Kook Kim, ed. (2016). Multicultural Challenges and Redefining Identity in East Asia. Routledge. ISBN9781317093671. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023. ... The coalition brings together the Islamist Parti SeIslam Malaysia (PAS), the Chineseled left-liberal Democratic Action Party (DAP), originally the Malaysian branch of the Singapore People's Action Party, ...
^Orlović, Slaviša; Antonić, Slobodan; Vukomanović, Dijana; Stojiljković, Zoran; Vujačić, Ilija; Đurković, Miša; Mihailović, Srećko; Gligorov, Vladimir; Komšić, Jovan; Pajvančić, Marijana; Pantić, Dragomir (2007). Ideologija i političke stranke u Srbiji [Ideology and Political Parties in Serbia] (PDF) (in Serbian). Belgrade: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Faculty of Political Sciences, Institute for Humanities. ISBN978-86-83767-23-6. Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2001.
^Daniel Matthews-Ferrero; Patrik Fritz; Robert Steenland (24 April 2019). "EU country briefing: Slovakia". EURACTIV. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020. Recent presidential elections were seen as a crossroads: sticking with the old establishment in the form of SMER-supported EC Vice-President for Energy Union, Maroš Šefčovič, or a desire for change embodied in the political novice Zuzana Čaputová from the relatively new social liberal Progressive Slovakia (PS) party.
^Nordsieck, Wolfram (2020). "Slovakia". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
^ abNordsieck, Wolfram (2018). "Slovenia". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
^Denney, Steven (31 December 2015). "An Identity Crisis for South Korea's Opposition"Archived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. The Diplomat. Retrieved 24 June 2019. "South Korea's main opposition social-liberal party is reeling (again) from intraparty factional struggle. Rebranded earlier this week "the Minjoo Party of Korea" (formerly New Politics Alliance for Democracy), the party is searching for a new identity and direction after high profile and popular assemblyperson Ahn Cheol-soo defected on 13 December."
^"Seoul Mayor's Death Shocks South Korea". The Diplomat. 9 July 2019. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021. Ryu Ho-jeong of the small liberal opposition Justice Party wrote on Facebook that she won't pay respects to Park, saying she doesn't want the alleged victim to "feel lonely." Her message drew both strong support and opposition online.
^"This South Korean Pastor 'Blessed' a Queer Festival. He's Now Being Investigated". Vice. 2 October 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2021. The minor liberal Justice Party is now on its seventh attempt to pass the bill in the National Assembly. Previous attempts failed as conservative Christian groups have been lobbying against it since 2007. Lee believes that the bill's passing is long overdue.
^Emrah Aslan - daktilo1984.com (22 June 2021). "İyi Parti Raporu"(PDF) (in Turkish). Archived(PDF) from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022. Kamu yatırımlarına ve devlet müdahalesine dönük güçlü söylemler, devlet müdahalesi ile serbest piyasa vurgusu ve mali disiplin ile geniş kamu desteklerinin birlikte ifade edilmesi, İyi Parti'nin sosyal liberal olarak ifade edebileceğimiz karma bir ekonomik modele yakın durabileceğini göstermektedir.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^Kurlander, Eric (2007). The Landscapes of Liberalism: Particularism and Progressive Politics in Two Borderland Regions. University of Toronto Press. p. 125. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^Stargardt, Nicholas (1994). The German Idea of Militarism: Radical and Socialist Critics 1866-1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.
^Winkler, Jürgen R. (1995). Sozialstruktur, politische Traditionen und Liberalismus. Eine empirische Längsschnittstudie zur Wahlentwicklung in Deutschland, 1871–1933. Springer. p. 66.
^Sperber, Jonathan (1997). The Kaiser's Voters: Electors and Elections in Imperial Germany. Cambridge University Press. p. 164.
^Niedermayer, Oskar (2006). "Das Parteiensystem Deutschelands". In Niedermayer, Oskar; Stöss, Richard; Haas, Melanie (eds.). Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas. Springer-Verlag. p. 109. ISBN978-3-531-90061-2. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
^ abGoldstein, Amir (Spring 2011). "'We Have a Rendezvous With Destiny'—The Rise and Fall of the Liberal Alternative". Israel Studies. 16 (1): 27, 32, 47. doi:10.2979/isr.2011.16.1.26. S2CID143487617. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2020. Thus, the PP continued to represent mostly white collar and government workers, intellectuals, and the labor intelligentsia, all of whom favored the social liberalism, broadly-based universal views, and social and religious pluralism that the party stood for.4(27); Kol wrote to Goldmann...: 'But the party must be founded on a clear ideological basis, and no such basis exists between our progressive humanistic liberalism and Herut.'20(32); Kol emphasized that, 'The Herut Movement and social liberalism cannot dwell together in the same house.'(47)
^Pombeni, Paolo (2015). "Christian Democracy in power, 1946–63". In Jones, Erik; Pasquino, Gianfranco (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 258. ISBN978-0-19-966974-5. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
^Arthur Stockwin; Kweku Ampiah, eds. (2017). Rethinking Japan: The Politics of Contested Nationalism. Lexington Books. p. 196. ISBN9781498537933. ... of the debate is the left/liberal "peace movement" currently led by Japanese academics, including legal scholars, and more recently by students, but which until the end of the Cold War was spearheaded by the Japan Socialist Party.
^Tetsuya Kataoka, ed. (1992). Creating Single-party Democracy: Japan's Postwar Political System. Hoover Institution Press. p. 2. ISBN9780817991111. The constitution was defended by the JSP, the mainstay of kakushin (radical-liberal forces), ...
^Franičević, Vojimir; Kimura, Hiroshi, eds. (2003) Globalization, Democratization and Development: European and Japanese Views of Change in South East Europe. "Towards the end of the 1990s the social-liberal Minshuto (Democratic Party of Japan, DPJ) consolidated and replaced Shinshinto as a rival of LDP."
^Hearl, Derek (1988). "The Luxembourg Liberal Party". In Kirchner, Emil (ed.). Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 373–395. ISBN0-521-32394-0.
^Nordsieck, Wolfram. "Spain". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2015. Unión, Progreso y Democracia (UPD): Social liberalism.
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Adams, Ian (2001). Political ideology today. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001. ISBN0 7190 6019 2.
Martin, Keith D. (2010). A Liberal Mandate: Reflections on Our Founding Vision and Rants on How We Have Failed to Achieve It. MSilver Spring: Wet Press. ISBN9780578043654.
Simhony, Avital; Weinstein, David (2001). The New Liberalism: Reconciling Liberty and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0521794048.
Diskografi ItzyAlbum studio1Extended play5Singel7Album singel2Singel promosi2 Girl group Korea Selatan Itzy telah merilis satu album studio, lima album mini, dan dua album singel. Pada 12 Februari 2019, grup ini merilis album single debut mereka, It'z Different, dipimpin oleh single Dalla Dalla. Mereka mencetak salah satu debut Billboard terbesar untuk aksi K-pop baru dalam beberapa tahun, dengan Dalla Dalla masuk di nomor tiga dan memuncak di nomor dua di bagan World Digital Song Sales. Sin...
Jardin du palais Saint-Pierre Le jardin du palais Saint-Pierre. Géographie Pays France Commune Lyon Superficie 2 658 m² Caractéristiques Type jardin public Accès et transport Métro Hôtel de Ville - Louis Pradel Localisation Coordonnées 45° 46′ 01″ nord, 4° 50′ 01″ est Géolocalisation sur la carte : France Géolocalisation sur la carte : métropole de Lyon Géolocalisation sur la carte : Lyon modifier Le jardin du pal...
Meir SheetritSheetrit pada 2009Lahir10 Oktober 1948 (umur 75)Tempat lahirKsar es Souk, MarokoTahun aliyah1957Knesset10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19Faksi yang diwakili di Knesset1981–1988Likud1992-2005Likud2005-2012Kadima2012-2015HatnuaJabatan menteri1998–1999Menteri Keuangan2001–2003Menteri Kehakiman2004–2006Menteri Transportasi2006Menteri Kehakiman2006Menteri Pendidikan, Budaya & Olahraga2006–2007Menteri Perumahan & Pembangunan2007–2009Menteri Dalam Negeri Meir Sh...
Chinese folk religion A fashi-led ceremony in Taichung, Taiwan. Part of a series onChinese folk religion Concepts Tian—Shangdi Qi Shen Ling Xian ling Yinyang Hundun Mingyun Yuanfen Baoying Wu Theory Chinese theology Chinese gods and immortals Chinese mythology Chinese creation myth Chinese spiritual world concepts Model humanity: Xian Zhenren Wen and wu Practices Fenxiang Jingxiang Feng shui Miaohui Wu shamanism Jitong mediumship Precious scrolls Institutions and temples Associations of goo...
Dodi Reza Alex Noerdin Bupati Musi Banyuasin ke-12Masa jabatan22 Mei 2017 – 15 Oktober 2021PresidenJoko WidodoGubernurHerman DeruWakilBeni HernediPendahuluYusnin (Pj.)PenggantiBeni Hernedi Informasi pribadiLahir1 November 1970 (umur 53)Palembang, Sumatera SelatanKebangsaanIndonesiaPartai politikGolkarSuami/istriErini Muthia YufadaAnak2Orang tuaAlex Noerdin (ayah)Sri Eliza (ibu)PekerjaanPolitisiSunting kotak info • L • B Dr. H. Dodi Reza Alex Noerdin, Lic.Econ...
Protected area in Romania This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Măcin Mountains – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)The Danube and Măcin Mountains in the background The Măcin Mountains (Romanian: Munții Măcin) is a mountain ra...
American professional wrestler Hillbilly JimJim in 2007Birth nameJames MorrisBorn (1952-07-05) July 5, 1952 (age 71)Scottsville, Kentucky, U.S.Professional wrestling careerRing name(s)Big JimHarley Davidson[1]Hillbilly Jim[2]Billed height6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)[2]Billed weight320 lb (145 kg)[2]Billed fromMud Lick, Kentucky[2]Trained byBob OrtonDebut1975Retired1990 James Morris (born July 5, 1952) is an American retired professio...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: All Wound Up... – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1997 studio album by GodsmackAll Wound Up...Studio album by GodsmackReleasedFebruary 1997Recorded1996StudioNew Alliance Studios, B...
American Orientalist and writer (1900–1989) Owen LattimoreOwen Lattimore (around 1945)Born(1900-07-27)July 27, 1900Washington, D.C., USDiedMay 31, 1989(1989-05-31) (aged 88)Providence, Rhode Island, USOther namesChinese: 欧文·拉铁摩尔Occupation(s)Orientalist, writer Owen Lattimore (July 29, 1900 – May 31, 1989) was an American Orientalist and writer. He was an influential scholar of China and Central Asia, especially Mongolia. Although he never earned a college degree...
كونت في فريزيا فلوريس الأول من هولندا فلوريس الأول كما تم تصوره في القرن 16 كونت في فريزيا فترة الحكم13 يناير 1049 – 28 يونيو 1061 ديريك الرابع ديريك الخامس معلومات شخصية الميلاد 1017فلاردينجن الوفاة 28 يونيو 1061(1061-06-28)Nederhemert مكان الدفن Egmond الإقامة فلاردينجن الزوجة خيرتروده من سا...
Overview of the mining industry in the UK Kellingley Colliery on the border of West and North Yorkshire Mining in the United Kingdom produces a wide variety of fossil fuels, metals, and industrial minerals due to its complex geology. In 2013, there were over 2,000 active mines, quarries, and offshore drilling sites on the continental land mass of the United Kingdom producing £34bn of minerals and employing 36,000 people.[1][2] Brief history The entrance to the Bronze Age Copp...
British economist The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints. Please improve the article or discuss the issue. (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Angus MaddisonBorn(1926-12-06)6 December 1926Newcastle upon Tyne, EnglandDied24 April 2010(2010-04-24) (aged 83)Neuilly-sur-Seine, FranceNationalityBritishAlma materUniversity of Cambridge University of Aix-MarseilleScientific careerFieldsEconomic HistoryInstitutionsUniversi...
Politics Template‑class Politics portalThis template is within the scope of WikiProject Politics, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of politics on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks.PoliticsWikipedia:WikiProject PoliticsTemplate:WikiProject Politicspolitics articlesTemplateThis template does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment scale. This template was consi...
Slaget vid Kaipiais Del av Gustav III:s ryska krig Minnesmärke över slaget vid Kaipiais Ägde rum 15 juli 1789 Plats Kaipias, Finland Resultat Rysk seger Stridande Sverige Kejsardömet Ryssland Befälhavare och ledare Lars Fredrik von Kaulbars Fjodor Denisov Styrka 2.000 man 4.000 man Förluster 265 döda, sårade och tillfångatagna Okänt v • rGustav III:s ryska krig1788 Nyslott · Hogland · Kärnakoski · Fredrikshamn I 1789 Pihlajalahti �...
American boxer Charley ZivicBorn(1925-01-31)January 31, 1925Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaDiedNovember 27, 1984(1984-11-27) (aged 59)Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaNationality AmericanOther namesChink [1]StatisticsWeight(s)WelterweightMiddleweightHeight5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)StanceOrthodox Boxing recordTotal fights59Wins42Wins by KO14Losses13Draws4 Charley Zivic (January 31, 1925 – November 27, 1984) was a Lebanese American professional boxer from 1944 through 1951, with...
Gymnasium school in Kalksburg, Vienna, AustriaKalksburg CollegeLocationKalksburg, Vienna, AustriaCoordinates48°08′04″N 16°14′43″E / 48.1345°N 16.2454°E / 48.1345; 16.2454InformationTypeGymnasiumDenominationCatholic (Jesuit)Established1856; 168 years ago (1856)GenderCoeducationalAffiliationAssociation of Religious Schools in AustriaWebsiteKalksburg College Kalksburg College, also known as College of the Immaculate Virgin, is a Catholic priv...
Head of the executive branch of the Government of Paris Mayor of ParisMaire de ParisFlag of the Mayor of ParisIncumbentAnne Hidalgosince 5 April 2014ResidenceHôtel de VilleAppointerPopular election(approved by the Council of Paris)Term length6 years, renewable onceInaugural holderJean Sylvain BaillyFormation15 July 178920 March 1977Salary€8,650 (monthly)Websitewww.paris.fr The mayor of Paris (French: Maire de Paris) is the chief executive of Paris, the capital and largest city in Fran...