The SPD was founded in 1875 from a merger of smaller socialist parties, and grew rapidly after the lifting of Germany's repressive Anti-Socialist Laws in 1890 to become the largest socialist party in Western Europe until 1933. In 1891, it adopted its Marxist-influenced Erfurt Program, though in practice it was moderate and focused on building working-class organizations. In the 1912 federal election, the SPD won 34.8 percent of votes and became the largest party in the Reichstag, but was still excluded from government. After the start of the First World War in 1914, the party split between a pro-war mainstream and the anti-war Independent Social Democratic Party, some members of which later formed the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). The SPD played a leading role in the German revolution of 1918–1919 and in the foundation of the Weimar Republic. The SPD politician Friedrich Ebert served as the first president of Germany from 1919 to 1925.
The Social Democratic Party has its origins in the General German Workers' Association, founded in 1863, and the Social Democratic Workers' Party, founded in 1869. The two groups merged in 1875 to create the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany [de] (German: Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands). From 1878 to 1890, the Anti-Socialist Laws banned any group that aimed at spreading socialist principles, but the party still gained support in elections. In 1890, when the ban was lifted, the party adopted its current name. The SPD was the largest Marxist party in Europe and consistently the most popular party in German federal elections from 1890 onward, although it was surpassed by other parties in terms of seats won in the Reichstag due to the electoral system.[12]
In the years leading up to World War I, the SPD remained radical in principle, but moderate in reality. According to Roger Eatwell and Anthony Wright, the SPD became a party of reform, with social democracy representing "a party that strives after the socialist transformation of society by the means of democratic and economic reforms". They emphasise this development as central to understanding 20th-century social democracy, of which the SPD was a major influence.[13] In the 1912 federal election, the SPD won 34.8 per cent of votes and became the largest party in the Reichstag with 110 seats, although it was still excluded from government.[14] Despite the Second International's agreement to oppose militarism,[15] the SPD supported the German war effort and adopted a policy, known as Burgfriedenspolitik, of refraining from calling strikes or criticising the government.[16][17] Internal opposition to the policy grew throughout the war. Anti-war members were expelled in 1916 and 1917, leading to the formation of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD).[18]
The SPD played a key role in the German Revolution of 1918–1919. On 9 November 1918, leading SPD member Friedrich Ebert was designated chancellor and fellow Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann, on his own authority, proclaimed Germany a republic.[19] The government introduced a large number of reforms in the following months, introducing various civil liberties and labor rights.[20] The SPD government, committed to parliamentaryliberal democracy, used military force against more radical communist groups, leading to a permanent split between the SPD and the USPD, as well as the Spartacist League which would go on to form the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and integrate a majority of USPD members as well.[21][22] The SPD was the largest party during the first 13 years of the new Weimar Republic. It decisively won the 1919 federal election with 37.9 per cent of votes, and Ebert became the first president in February.[23] The position of chancellor was held by Social Democrats until the 1920 federal election, when the SPD lost a substantial portion of its support, falling to 22 per cent of votes. After this, the SPD yielded the chancellery to other parties, although it remained part of the government until 1924. Ebert died in 1925 and was succeeded by conservative Paul von Hindenburg. After making gains in the 1928 federal election, the SPD's Hermann Müller became chancellor.[24]
A widely publicized SPD election poster from 1932, with the Three Arrows symbol representing resistance against reactionary conservatism, Nazism and Communism, and with the slogan "Against Papen, Hitler, Thälmann"
As Germany was struck hard by the Great Depression, and unable to negotiate an effective response to the crisis, Müller resigned in 1930. The SPD was sidelined as the Nazi Party gained popularity and conservatives dominated the government, assisted by Hindenburg's frequent use of emergency powers. The Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold, the SPD's paramilitary wing, was frequently involved in violent confrontations with the Nazi Sturmabteilung.[25] The Nazis overtook the SPD as the largest party in July 1932 and Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor in January 1933. Of the parties present in the Reichstag during the passage of the Enabling Act of 1933, the SPD was the only one to vote against; most of the communist deputies had been arrested ahead of the vote.[26] The SPD was banned in June. Many members were subsequently imprisoned and killed by the Nazi government while others fled the country. The party-in-exile was called Sopade.[27]
After the end of World War II, the re-establishment of the SPD was permitted in the Western occupation zones in 1945. In the Soviet occupation zone, the SPD was forcibly merged with the KPD in 1946 to form the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). The SED was the ruling party of East Germany until 1989.[28] In West Germany, the SPD became one of two major parties, alongside the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). In the inaugural 1949 federal election, it placed second with 29.2 per cent of votes and led the opposition to the CDU government.[29] In its 1959 Godesberg Program, the party dropped its commitment to Marxism and sought to appeal to middle class voters, becoming a big tent party of the centre-left.[30]
SPD membership statistics (in thousands) since 1945. Despite heavy losses since 1990, the SPD is still the largest party in Germany, ahead of the CDU.
Although strongly leftist, the SPD was willing to compromise. Only through its support did the governing CDU/CSU pass a denazification law that its coalition partner the Free Democratic Party (FDP) and the far-right German Party voted against.[31] At the same time, the SPD opposed the pro-West integration of West Germany because they believed that made a re-unification of Germany impossible. Austria could have become a sovereign neutral state in 1956, but a 1952 Soviet suggestion for Germans to form a neutral state was ignored by the CDU/CSU–FDP government. After 17 years in opposition, the SPD became the junior partner in a grand coalition with the CDU/CSU which lasted from 1966 to 1969. After the 1969 federal election, the SPD's Willy Brandt became chancellor in a coalition with the liberal Free Democratic Party. His government sought to normalise relations with East Germany and the Eastern Bloc, a policy known as Ostpolitik.[32] The party achieved its best ever result of 45.8 per cent in 1972, one of only three occasions in which it formed the largest Bundestag faction.[33] After Brandt's resignation in 1974, his successor Helmut Schmidt served as chancellor until 1982, when the SPD returned to opposition.[34]
During the Peaceful Revolution in East Germany, the East German SPD was refounded. It merged with the West German party in 1990, shortly before German reunification.[35] The SPD returned to government under Gerhard Schröder after the 1998 federal election in a coalition with The Greens.[36] This government was re-elected in 2002 but defeated in 2005.[37] The SPD then became junior partner of a grand coalition with the CDU/CSU until 2009. After a term in opposition, they again served as junior partner to the CDU/CSU after the 2013 federal election.[38] This arrangement was renewed after the 2017 federal election.[39] SPD narrowly won against the CDU/CSU in the September 2021 federal election, becoming the biggest party in the federal parliament (Bundestag).[40] Social Democrat Olaf Scholz became the new chancellor in December 2021, and formed a coalition government with the Green Party and the Free Democrats.[41]
The SPD was established as a Marxist party in 1875. It underwent a major shift in policies, reflected in the differences between the Heidelberg Program of 1925 which called for "the transformation of the capitalist system of private ownership of the means of production to social ownership"[42] and the Godesberg Program of 1959 which aimed to broaden the party's voter base and to move its political position toward the political centre.[43] After World War II, the SPD was re-formed in West Germany after being banned by the Nazi regime; in East Germany, it merged with the Communist Party of Germany to form the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany. Under the chairmanship of Kurt Schumacher, the SPD was a socialist party representing the interests of the working class and of trade unions. With the 1959 Godesberg Program, the party evolved from a socialist working-class party to a modern social-democratic party working within democratic capitalism. The SPD's Hamburg Programme, adopted in 2007, describes democratic socialism as "the vision of a free and fair society in solidarity", which requires "a structure in economy, state and society guaranteeing civil, political, social and economic basic rights for all people living a life without exploitation, suppression and violence, hence in social and human security", the realization of which is emphasized as a "permanent task". Social democracy serves as the "principle of our actions".[44]
The coordinated social market economy should be strengthened and its output should be distributed fairly. The party sees that economic system as necessary in order to ensure the affluence of the entire population.
The SPD supports economic regulations to limit potential losses for banks and people. They support a common European economic and financial policy to prevent speculative bubbles as well as to foster environmentally sustainable growth.[49]
Internal factions
The SPD is mostly composed of members belonging to either of the two main wings, namely the Keynesian social democrats and Third Way moderate social democrats belonging to the Seeheimer Kreis. While the more moderate Seeheimer Kreis generally support the Agenda 2010 programs introduced by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, the classical social democrats continue to defend classical left-wing policies and the welfare state. The Keynesian left-wing of the SPD claims that in recent years the welfare state has been curtailed through reform programs such as the Agenda 2010, Hartz IV, and the more economic liberal stance of the SPD which were endorsed by centrist social democrats.[50][51] In reaction to Agenda 2010, an inner-party dissident movement developed, leading to the foundation of the new party Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative (Arbeit & soziale Gerechtigkeit – Die Wahlalternative, WASG) in 2005, which later merged into The Left (Die Linke) in 2007.[52] The Parlamentarische Linke comprises left-wing SPD Members of the German Bundestag.
Electorate
Social structure
Prior to World War II, as the main non-revolutionary left-wing party, the Social Democrats fared best among non-Catholic workers as well as intellectuals favouring social progressive causes and increased economic equality. Led by Kurt Schumacher after World War II, the SPD initially opposed both the social market economy and Konrad Adenauer's drive towards Western integration fiercely; after Schumacher's death, however, it accepted the social market economy and Germany's position in the Western alliance in order to appeal to a broader range of voters. It still remains associated with the economic causes of unionised employees and working class voters. In the 1990s, the left and moderate wings of the party drifted apart, culminating in a secession of a significant number of party members which later joined the socialist party WASG, which later merged into The Left (Die Linke).
Much of the SPD's current-day support comes from large cities, especially northern and western Germany and Berlin. As of 2019, 10 of the country's 15 biggest cities are led by SPD mayors. The metropolitan Ruhr Area, where coal mining and steel production were once the main industries, have provided a significant base for the SPD in the 20th century. In the city of Bremen, the SPD has continuously governed since 1949.
In southern Germany, the SPD typically garners less support except in the largest cities. At the 2009 federal election, the party lost its only constituency in the entire state of Bavaria (in Munich).
Small town and rural support comes especially from the traditionally Protestant areas of northern Germany and Brandenburg (with previous exceptions such as Western Pomerania where CDU leader Angela Merkel held her constituency, which the SPD gained in 2021) and a number of university towns. A striking example of the general pattern is the traditionally Catholic Emsland, where the Social Democrats generally gain a low percentage of votes, whereas the Reformed Protestant region of East Frisia directly to the north, with its strong traditional streak of anti-Catholicism, is one of their strongest constituencies.
Further south, the SPD also enjoys solid support in northern Hesse, parts of Palatinate and the Saarland. The social democrats are weakest in the south-eastern states of Bavaria, Saxony and Thuringia, where the party's percentage of votes dropped to single-digit figures in the 2018 and 2019 elections. In 2021, it significantly increased its vote share in the states of the former east.
The federal leader is supported by six Deputy Leaders and the party executive. As of 2021, the leaders are Saskia Esken and Norbert Walter-Borjans. The previous leader was Andrea Nahles, who announced her pending resignation on 2 June 2019. As Germany is a federal republic, each of Germany's states have their own SPD party at the state level.
From August until October 2010, senior Bundestag member Joachim Poß served as interim Bundestag leader in the absence of Frank-Walter Steinmeier, who was recovering from donating a kidney to his wife.
The SPD, at times called SAPD, took part in general elections determining the composition of parliament. For elections up until 1933, the parliament was called the Reichstag, except for the one of 1919 which was called the National Assembly and since 1949 the parliament is called Bundestag. Note that changes in borders (1871, 1919, 1920, 1949, 1957 and 1990) varied the number of eligible voters whereas electoral laws also changed the ballot system (only constituencies until 1912, only party lists until 1949 and a mixed system thereafter), the suffrage (women vote since 1919; minimum active voting age was 25 till 1918, 20 till 1946, 21 till 1972 and 18 since), the number of seats (fixed or flexible) and the length of the legislative period (three or four years). The list begins after the SPD was formed in 1875, when labour parties unified to form the SPD (then SAPD, current name since 1890).
^Merkel, Wolfgang; Petring, Alexander; Henkes, Christian; Egle, Christoph (2008). Social Democracy in Power: the capacity to reform. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-0-415-43820-9.
^Christopher R. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942 (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press and Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2004), p. 7.
^Eatwell, Roger; Wright, Anthony (1999). Contemporary Political Ideologies (2nd ed.). London: Continuum. p. 87. ISBN978-1-85567-605-3.
^McDermott, Kevin; Agnew, Jeremy (1996). The Comintern: a history of international communism from Lenin to Stalin. Basingstoke: Macmillan. p. 19. ISBN978-0-333-55284-1.
^Wolfgang Grof: "In der frischen Tradition des Herbstes 1989". Die SDP/SPD in der DDR: Von der Gründung über die Volkskammerarbeit zur deutschen Einheit
^"Germany stands firmly alongside Israel | Federal Government". Website of the Federal Government | Bundesregierung. 22 December 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2024. The Federal Government is also supporting Israel by providing military and medical equipment.
^Nils Schnelle (2007). Die WASG – Von der Gründung bis zur geplanten Fusion mit der Linkspartei. Munich.
Further reading
Orlow, Dietrich. Common Destiny: A Comparative History of the Dutch, French, and German Social Democratic Parties, 1945–1969 (2000) online.
Carl E. Schorske, German Social Democracy, 1905–1917: The Development of the Great Schism (Harvard University Press, 1955).
Vernon L. Lidtke, The Outlawed Party: Social Democracy in Germany, 1878–1890 (Princeton University Press, 1966).
Berlau, Abraham. German Social Democratic Party, 1914–1921 (Columbia University Press, 1949).
Maxwell, John Allen. "Social Democracy in a Divided Germany: Kurt Schumacher and the German Question, 1945–1952." Ph.D. dissertation, West Virginia University, Department of History, Morgantown, West Virginia, 1969.
McAdams, A. James. "Germany Divided: From the Wall to Reunification." Princeton University Press, 1992 and 1993.
Erich Matthias, The Downfall of the Old Social Democratic Party in 1933 pp. 51–105 from Republic to Reich The Making of the Nazi Revolution Ten Essays edited by Hajo Holborn, (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972).
Eric D. Weitz, Creating German Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.
David Priestand, Red Flag: A History of Communism", New York: Grove Press, 2009.
Carlton J. H. Hayes. (1917). The History of German Socialism Reconsidered. The American Historical Review, 23(1), 62–101. [1].
PapahanDesaKantor Desa PapahanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TengahKabupatenKaranganyarKecamatanTasikmaduKode pos57722Kode Kemendagri33.13.10.2002 Luas... km²Jumlah penduduk... jiwaKepadatan... jiwa/km² Papahan adalah desa di kecamatan Tasikmadu, Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Wilayahnya terbagi menjadi pemukiman penduduk dan lahan pertanian yang cukup subur. Papahan juga menjadi salah satu wilayah penyangga Karanganyar Kota. Di wilayah desa inilah Tugu Adipura yang diraih Kabupate...
Boeing Phantom Ray El Phantom Ray en el Centro de investigación de vuelo Dryden en abril de 2011. Tipo Vehículo aéreo de combate no tripuladoFabricante BoeingPrimer vuelo 27 de abril de 2011[1]Estado En desarrolloN.º construidos 1Desarrollo del Boeing X-45C[editar datos en Wikidata] El Boeing Phantom Ray (en español: Raya Fantasma) es un demostrador estadounidense de vehículo aéreo de combate no tripulado (UCAV) furtivo, desarrollado por Boeing con fondos propios de la...
Avenue des Champs-Élysées Pemandangan Avenue des Champs-Élysées, yang dilihat dari Place de la Concorde dengan Arc de Triomphe sebagai latar belakangnya.Panjang 1.910 meter (6.270 ft)Lebar 70 meter (230 ft)Arondisemen 8thQuarter Champs-Élysées. Faubourg du Roule.Dari Place de la ConcordeMenuju Place Charles de GaullePembangunanRampung 1670Denomination 2 Maret 1864 Avenue des Champs-Élysées (UK /ˌʃɒ̃z eɪˈliːzeɪ, - ɛˈ-/, US /ʃɒ̃z ˌeɪliːˈzeɪ/, bahasa Prancis:&...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) اريك ريختر معلومات شخصية الميلاد 5 فبراير 1974 (49 سنة) دنفر مواطنة الولايات المتحدة الحياة العملية المهنة عازف قيثارة تعديل مصدري - تعديل ا�...
American college football season 1914 Navy Midshipmen footballConferenceIndependentRecord6–3Head coachDouglas Legate Howard (4th season)CaptainHarvey OvereschHome stadiumWorden FieldSeasons← 19131915 → 1914 Southern college football independents records vte Conf Overall Team W L T W L T Texas – 8 – 0 – 0 Middle Tennessee State Normal – 5 – 0 – 1 Oklahoma –...
Pulau Pateloran BaratPulau Pulau Pateloran Barat merupakan pulau yang berada pada gugusan Kepulauan Seribu yang secara administratif termasuk dalam wilayah Kabupaten Administratif Kepulauan Seribu provinsi DKI Jakarta bersamaan dengan Pulau Pateloran Timur yang berpasir kasar serta bercampur pecahan karang yang menjadi tempat favorit bagi penyu sisik bertelur, Pulau Penyaliran Barat dan Pulau Penyaliran Timur dijadikan daerah konservasi pengembangan hutan bakau Lihat pula Kabupaten Administra...
العلاقات الكورية الجنوبية المالطية كوريا الجنوبية مالطا كوريا الجنوبية مالطا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات الكورية الجنوبية المالطية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين كوريا الجنوبية ومالطا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عا�...
Mocha Uson Esther Margaux Mocha Justiniano Uson,[1][2] dikenal dengan mononim Mocha, adalah seorang penyanyi, penari, model, blogger politik dan pejabat publik asal Filipina yang kontroversial[3] yang dikenal karena menyebarkan berita palsu dan disinformasi.[4][5][6] Ia juga merupakan salah satu pendiri grup Mocha Girls. Lihat pula RJ Nieto Catatan Referensi ^ Orellana, Faye (October 7, 2017). UST Alumni Association: Mocha Uson is awarded as alu...
Mürzzuschlag Mürzzuschlag ialah sebuah kota di Stiria, Austria, dengan penduduk 9.569 (2001). Terletak di 47°36′N 15°40′E / 47.600°N 15.667°E / 47.600; 15.667. Mürzzuschlag kini terkenal sebagai tempat di mana pemenang Hadiah Nobel Sastra 2004, Elfriede Jelinek, dibesarkan, dan berpengaruh untuk buku seperti Die Klavierspielerin dan Lust. Mürzzuschlag terletak di selatan Wina. Merupakan kota wisata ski terkenal di antara para wisatawan dari seluruh dunia, b...
German braking system manufacturer Knorr-Bremse AGTypeAktiengesellschaftTraded asFWB: KBXMDAX ComponentIndustryManufacturingPredecessorSüddeutsche Bremsen-AG Founded1905; 118 years ago (1905)Berlin, GermanyHeadquartersMunich, GermanyKey peopleMarc Llistosella, Chief Executive Officer (CEO); Dr. Reinhard Ploss, Chairman of the Supervisory BoardProductsbraking systems (rail and road)Revenue€7.15 billion (2022)[1]Net income€506 million (2022)[1]Nu...
Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada.Este aviso fue puesto el 23 de octubre de 2020. Lago de Chalco Vista del lago de ChalcoUbicación geográficaCoordenadas 19°16′01″N 98°58′59″O / 19.267, -98.983Ubicación administrativaPaís México MéxicoDivisión Ciudad de México, Estado de MéxicoMapa de localización Lago de Chalco Ubicación (Estado de México). Lago de Chalco Ubicación (México).[editar datos en ...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Disney Magicboard Online – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2007 video gameDeveloper(s)ShandaPublisher(s)The Walt Disney CompanyPlatform(s)Microsoft WindowsReleaseCHN: December 10, 2007G...
President of Cyprus since 2023 Christodoulides redirects here. For the Cypriot judoka, see Christodoulos Christodoulides. His ExcellencyNikos ChristodoulidesΝίκος ΧριστοδουλίδηςChristodoulides in 20238th President of CyprusIncumbentAssumed office 28 February 2023Preceded byNicos AnastasiadesMinister of Foreign AffairsIn office1 March 2018 – 11 January 2022PresidentNicos AnastasiadesPreceded byIoannis KasoulidisSucceeded byIoannis KasoulidisSpokesman of the Go...
1929 novel The Three Couriers First edition (US)AuthorCompton MackenzieCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishGenreComedy thrillerPublisherCassell (UK)Doubleday, DoranPublication date1929Media typePrintPreceded byExtremes Meet The Three Couriers is a 1929 comedy thriller novel by the British writer Compton Mackenzie. It was inspired by his own experiences working for British intelligence during the First World War.[1] It is set in Southeastern Europe, and features the fic...
2021 single by Doja Cat featuring SZA Not to be confused with Miss Me More. Kiss Me MoreSingle by Doja Cat featuring SZAfrom the album Planet Her ReleasedApril 9, 2021 (2021-04-09)RecordedSeptember 2020 (2020-09)[1]Genre Pop pop rap bubblegum pop dance-pop R&B Length3:28Label Kemosabe RCA Songwriter(s) Amala Dlamini Solána Rowe David Sprecher Rogét Chahayed Gerard A. Powell Carter Lang Lukasz Gottwald Stephen Kipner Terry Shaddick Producer(s) Yeti Beats ...
Street in southeast Cambridge, England Mill RoadIndependent shops on Mill RoadShown within CambridgeCoordinates52°12′00″N 0°08′15″E / 52.1999°N 0.1376°E / 52.1999; 0.1376 Mill Road is a street in southeast Cambridge, England.[1] It runs southeast from near to Parker's Piece, at the junction with Gonville Place, East Road, and Parkside. It crosses the main railway line and links to the city's ring road (the A1134). It passes through the wards of Pete...
Torbay CouncilCoat of armsCouncil logoTypeTypeUnitary authority HistoryFounded1 April 1968LeadershipMayorMark Spacagna, Conservative since 16 May 2023 LeaderDavid Thomas, Conservative since 16 May 2023[1] Chief ExecutiveAnne-Marie Bond since 2021[2] StructureSeats36 councillorsPolitical groups Administration (17) Conservative (17) Other parties (19) Liberal Democrats (15) Independent (4) Length of termWhole council elected every four yearsElections...
Style of jazz music Kansas City jazzStylistic originsBlues, Dixieland, ragtime, big band, swing, strideCultural origins1920sTypical instrumentsBanjopianosaxophoneclarinettrumpetdouble bassdrumsDerivative formsBebop Towns which are popular with Kansas City jazz Kansas City jazz is a style of jazz that developed in Kansas City, Missouri during the 1920s and 1930s, which marked the transition from the structured big band style to the much more improvisational style of bebop. The hard-swinging, b...
1972 film This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Proud and Damned – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Proud and DamnedTheatrical release posterDirected byFerde Grofé Jr.Written byFerde Grofé Jr.Produced byMichael Du Pont (associa...
Logo seit 2015 Logo der GfK Dutch Charts 2013 Die Dutch Charts, bis 2014 GfK Dutch Charts, sind niederländische Musikcharts, die von GfK Entertainment für die NVPI ermittelt und in Zusammenarbeit mit Hung Medien online veröffentlicht werden. Sie umfassen im Wesentlichen die Single Top 100 und die Album Top 100. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Geschichte 1.1 Entwicklung Singlecharts 1.2 Entwicklung Albumcharts 2 Aktuelle Charts 3 Literatur 4 Weblinks 5 Belege Geschichte Die heutigen Single Top 100 wur...
.svg){kind=logo}
