Shum Laka

Shum Laka
Shum Laka is located in Cameroon
Shum Laka
Shum Laka Archaeological Site
LocationBamenda, Cameroon
Coordinates5°51′31″N 10°4′40″E / 5.85861°N 10.07778°E / 5.85861; 10.07778

The archaeological site of Shum Laka is the most prominent rockshelter site in the Grasslands region of the Laka Valley, northwest Cameroon. Occupations at this rockshelter date to the Later Stone Age.[1] This region is important to investigations of the development and subsequent diffusion of Bantu-speaking peoples.[2] The site of Shum Laka is located approximately 15 kilometers from the town of Bamenda, and it resides on the inner wall of the Bafochu Mbu caldera.[3] The deposits at Shum Laka include each phase of cultural development in the Grasslands.[2]

Archaeology

Geoarchaeology of Shum Laka

The rockshelter itself at Shum Laka is approximately 50 meters wide at its greatest point and 20 meters deep.[4] Stratigraphic dating of surface and near surface deposits support occupations as early as 30,000 BP.[5] Geomorphological analysis determined that the rockshelter had been subjected to alluvial depositional events during the Holocene, but archaeological deposits remained mostly intact and in situ.[6] Fluvial erosional processes at the site were determined to have had their greatest impact laterally, and thus not damaged contextual integrity between cultural occupations.[4] The importance of geoarchaeological investigations conducted at Shum Laka includes the construction of a reliable cultural chronology of the area, and an emphasis on the need to critically evaluate other rockshelter sites in the region.[4]

Archaeological deposits

At Shum Laka, over 1,000 ceramic sherds, nearly 500,000 pieces of lithic materials, and 18 human skeletons were recovered.[2] Radiocarbon dating of the bone and plant remains recovered demonstrated multiple occupations spanning from 30,000 BP to around 400 BP.[2][5] Bone preservation from the early occupations is poor, with only a few surviving faunal remains and no bone tools.[1] Later occupations depict common exploitation of medium-sized fauna from the forest.[7] These remains include those from several gorillas and chimpanzees, and various artiodactyla.[7] Based upon the small amounts of materials found in individual strata, it is proposed that the site was occupied for numerous short periods of time.[2] Macrobotanical remains recovered were originally claimed to include both savanna grasses and forest trees, but the source wrongly cited a montane forest herb, Hypericum, as a savanna grass.[2] These were interpreted as meaning that for a period of occupation during the Holocene, Shum Laka was located within an ecotone.[2] Ceramic assemblages recovered from the site date from 7000 BP onward and are indicative of continued longer occupation by semi-agricultural populations.[2] Additionally, these ceramic assemblages indicate the use of the rockshelter by different groups of peoples and that these people interacted with various western African states.[2]

Lithic assemblage and environmental variability

The lithic assemblage in some of the late Pleistocene occupations at Shum Laka are unique in the presence of a quartz industry early than most other sites in the region.[5] The presence of a microlithic quartz industry at Shum Laka, when combined with supporting evidence from other rockshelter and late Pleistocene sites in the Grasslands, is indicative of a more mobile population that exploited a variety of resources in the ecotonal landscape.[5] This behavioral strategy is ascribed as an adaptation to common regional environmental changes during the late Pleistocene.[5] It is well established that the late Pleistocene in northern Cameroon and the surrounding area was highly variable climatically.[1] Particularly during the Last Glacial Maximum, refuge occupations by people would have been short-term and highly variable based on rapid, localized changes.[1] Similar lithic assemblages and strategies as those found at Shum Laka have been delineated at other rockshelter sites in the area dating to the same period.[1]

Genetics

Ancient DNA

Further information: Shum Laka foragers

Geneticists sequenced genome-wide DNA data from four Shum Laka foragers buried at the site of Shum Laka in Cameroon between 8000–3000 years ago.[8] One individual 2/SEII carried the deeply divergent haplogroup A00 found at low frequencies among some present-day Niger-Congo speakers, but the genome-wide ancestry profiles for all four individuals are very different from the majority of West Africans today and instead are more similar to West-Central African hunter-gatherers.[8] Despite the geographic proximity of Shum Laka to the hypothesized birthplace of Bantu languages and the temporal range of the samples bookending the initial Bantu expansion, these individuals are not representative of a Bantu source population.[8] Phylogenetic model including Shum Laka features three major radiations within Africa: one phase early in the history of modern humans, one close to the time of the migration giving rise to non-Africans, and one in the past several thousand years.[8] Present-day West Africans and some East Africans, in addition to Central and Southern African hunter-gatherers, retain ancestry from the first phase, which is therefore still represented throughout the majority of human diversity in Africa today.[8]

World Heritage status

This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on February 2, 2018 in the Cultural category.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Cornelissen, Els (September 2002). "Human Responses to Changing Environments in Central Africa Between 40,000 and 12,000 B.P". Journal of World Prehistory. 16 (3): 197–235. doi:10.1023/A:1020949501304. ISSN 0892-7537. JSTOR 25801191. OCLC 5649135210. S2CID 162003745.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lavachery, Philippe (December 2001). "The Holocene Archaeological Sequence of Shum Laka Rock Shelter (Grasslands, Western Cameroon)". African Archaeological Review. 18 (4): 213–247. doi:10.1023/A:1013114008855. ISSN 0263-0338. JSTOR 25130728. OCLC 5547076309. S2CID 128543496.
  3. ^ Willoughby, Pamela R. (Dec 28, 2006). "The Archaeological Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa I". The Evolution of Modern Humans in Africa: A Comprehensive Guide. Vol. 45. Rowman Altamira. p. 272. doi:10.5860/choice.45-0950. ISBN 978-0-7591-0119-7. OCLC 70775645. S2CID 128239787. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  4. ^ a b c Lavachery, Philippe; Cornelissen, Els (2000). "Natural and Cultural Spatial Patterning in the Late Holocene Deposits of Shum Laka Rock Shelter, Cameroon". Journal of Field Archaeology. 27 (2): 153–168. doi:10.1179/jfa.2000.27.2.153. ISSN 0093-4690. JSTOR 530590. OCLC 5548783048. S2CID 129802714.
  5. ^ a b c d e Cornelissen, Els (March 2003). "On Microlithic Quartz Industries at the End of the Pleistocene in Central Africa: The Evidence from Shum Laka (NW Cameroon)". African Archaeological Review. 20 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1023/A:1022830321377. ISSN 0263-0338. JSTOR 25130759. OCLC 5649155686. S2CID 162074445.
  6. ^ Moeyersons, Jan (September 1997). "Geomorphological Processes and their Palaeoenvironmental Significance at the Shum Laka cave (Bamenda, Western Cameroon)" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 133 (1–2): 103–116. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00148-4. ISSN 0031-0182. OCLC 4925838132. S2CID 128889890.
  7. ^ a b Maret, Pierre; Clist, Bernard; Van Neer, Wim (1987). "Resultats des premieres fouilles dans les abris de Shum Laka et D'Abeke au nord-ouest du Cameroun" (PDF). L'Anthropologie. 91 (2): 559–584. hdl:1854/LU-3118740. ISSN 0003-5521. S2CID 134546717.
  8. ^ a b c d e Lipson, Mark; et al. (January 22, 2020). "Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history" (PDF). Nature. 577 (7792): 665–670. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..665L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1. ISSN 0028-0836. OCLC 8545173694. PMC 8386425. PMID 31969706. S2CID 210862788.
  9. ^ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (February 2, 2018). "Le Site archéologique de Shum Laka". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.