Yarımburgaz Cave

Yarimburgaz Cave
Yarımburgaz Mağarası
A view of Yarımburgaz Cave.
Map showing the location of Yarimburgaz Cave
Map showing the location of Yarimburgaz Cave
Location of Yarımburgaz Cave in Istanbul
LocationYarımburgaz, Altınşehir, Başakşehir, Istanbul, Turkey
Coordinates41°04′31″N 28°44′29″E / 41.07528°N 28.74139°E / 41.07528; 28.74139
Length500 m (1,600 ft) (lower cave)
52 m (171 ft) (upper cave)
Elevation11.5 m (38 ft) (lower cave)
18.5 m (61 ft) (upper cave)
EntrancesTwo

Yarimburgaz Cave (Turkish: Yarımburgaz Mağarası) is a cave of significant archaeological and paleontological importance, located within Istanbul Province, Turkey.

Location

A view to the Sazlıdere Valley and Lake Küçükçekmece seen from the cave.

Yarımburgaz Cave is approximately 20 km (12 mi) west of the city of Istanbul, and about 1.5 km (0.93 mi) north of Lake Küçükçekmece and south of Sazlıdere Dam. It is situated in a locality known today as Altınşehir, within the neighborhood of Güvercintepe in Başakşehir district.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Geology and formation

The cave was formed as a result of a subterranean river eroding an ancient limestone formation.[2] It has two entrances, one above the other. The lower entrance is at an altitude of 11.5 m (38 ft) AMSL, which the upper entrance is situated 7 m (23 ft) above. The cave is on the eastern bank of the Sazlıdere creek, which empties into Lake Küçükçekmece.[2] The entrances face southwards overlooking Sazlıdere Valley. Whereas the lower cave has a length of 500 m (1,600 ft), the upper is only 52 m (171 ft) long. After about 25 m (82 ft) inside, a short, sloping passage connects both caves.[1] The lower cave is in the form of a meandering tunnel, forking into two at a distance of 240 m (790 ft) from the mouth. The upper cave's chamber is 15 m (49 ft) wide and 10 m (33 ft) in height.[2]

Scientific research

Artifacts from Yarımburgaz Cave displayed at Istanbul Archaeology Museums.

The cave is an important fossil site which has been researched by archeologists, paleontologists, geoarchaeologists and biospeleologists. Scientific exploration of the cave began in the mid-19th century.[3][7] Excavation attempts made in 1920 were followed by systematic archaeological work in the 1980s financially supported by the National Geographic Society.[1][6][8][9]

In the Byzantine era, a cave-church was carved into the walls of the upper cave,[10] and a monastery was built outside the cave mouth. Although these alterations may have resulted in the loss of prehistoric material, some artefacts remain in the cave. In the upper cave, traces of settlements were found dating back to the Upper Paleolithic subdivision of the Stone Age up until the Chalcolithic period of the Bronze Age. These traces were lying on beach sand from the last interglacial period and beneath debris from Byzantine and later times. The beach sand covers sediments with Lower Paleolithic artifacts. The upper cave was destroyed by treasure hunting and illicit diggings, which left 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft)-deep pits.[2] Unlike the prehistoric deposits found in the lower cave, the upper cave lacks any evidence of debris from that era.[1]

The existence of paleontological and archaeological findings point towards the use of the cave as a human and an animal habitat, alternatively.[9][11][12][13] The finds include bones of herbivore and carnivore mammals,[14] marine and freshwater molluscs,[15] microfauna as well as artifacts like potsherds, knives on flint, oldowans, choppers and hammerstones on quartzite, as well as manuports. The wide variety of prehistoric faunal specimens belong to bones of herbivore mammals such as cave bears (Ursus deningeri), horses (Equus caballus), wild boars (Sus scrofa), fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), deer (Megaloceros), cattle (Bos/Bison), antilopes (Gazella), goats (Capra), and carnivores such as wolves and dogs (Canis), foxes (Vulpes), tigers (Panthera), cats (Felis) and hyenas (Crocuta).[1] Findings of "more than 5000 fossil bones and teeth of cave and brown bears", which provide some chronological indicators, led to their extensive scientific study.[11][15][16][17][18] Another subject of such extensive study were the fossils of several species of Middle Pleistocene bats (Chiroptera), including horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus), mouse-eared bats (Myotis), long-eared bats (Plecotus) and bent-winged bats (Miniopterus).[19]

Some artifacts found in Yarımburgaz Cave are exhibited in the Istanbul Archaeology Museums.[20]

In 2001, Yarımburgaz Cave was declared an archaeological-nature reserve of first grade.[3][5] It is also listed as "Cultural Property under Enhanced Protection".[21]

Human impact

Barred main entrance of lower cave.
A view of the cave inside at the main entrance of lower cave.

During the last two decades, the cave suffered serious, irreversible damage caused by the external interactions of humans.[22] Following scientific excavations inside the cave, and the related publications in the 1990s, the cave gained wide popularity. For this reason, it was brought to the attention of several picnickers, treasure hunters,[7] illegal explorers, amateur speleologists and archaeologists due to its past use as a historic cave-church and its proximity to the city center.[2] In order to prevent further damage, the cave was closed off with iron bar gates during the scientific excavations between 1988 and 1990.[2] However, because of neglect by the respective authorities, the gates lost their function in later years, and the cave would inevitably become a shelter frequented by drug users and prostitutes, who littered it.[4][7][9][20] Currently, the cave walls are painted and scratched with graffiti.[10]

To establish a mushroom farm inside the cave, the cave grounds were leveled by a grader.[2] The mouth of the cave was enlarged even to enable the grader's entry.[7]

The cave was also used several times as a setting in filmmaking and television productions that left permanent modifications inside the cave.[2] The cave featured in the 1971 movie Ali Baba ve Kırk Haramiler (English: "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves"), based on the folk tale Ali Baba, with a role as the treasure cave that opens with the magic words "open sesame" and closes off with "close sesame", respectively. For the filming of an episode of the television series Küçük Ağa (English: "Little Agha"), historic frescos on the cave walls were scratched off and removed, and some of them were painted over with exit signs. During the filming of the science-fiction movie Yorr’un Öyküsü (English: "The Story of Yorr"), a large pool was built inside the cave, which was then detonated by explosives according to the scenario. The cave also became a setting for the television comedy series Leyla ile Mecnun produced by the state-owned Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT), in which fire was set to depict hell. The filming of some episodes of the television series Muhteşem Yüzyıl (English: "The Magnificent Century"), a prime-time historical soap opera, inside the cave without proper permission allegedly caused damage to the cave.[21] As such, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism filed a complaint against the producers.[4][5][7][8][22][23][24][25]

A group of local politicians inspected the cave in February 2015, and reported that the cave's protection is still neglected despite its importance and status.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Farrand, William R.; Jill P. McMahon. "History of the Sedimentary Infilling of Yarimburgaz Cave, Turkey" (PDF). Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Retrieved 2015-06-23. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "The Archaeological Settlements of Turkey - TAY Project - Yarimburgaz Magarasi". TAY Project. 2000-05-27. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  3. ^ a b c "Yarımburgaz Mağaraları" (in Turkish). Başakşehir Belediyesi. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  4. ^ a b c d "400 Bin Yıllık Yarımburgaz Mağaraları Harabeye Dönmüş!". Arkeoloji Haber (in Turkish). 2015-02-02. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  5. ^ a b c "Artık İçeri Zor Girerler!". Arkeoloji Haber (in Turkish). 2012-05-31. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  6. ^ a b "Saklı Hazine: Yarımburgaz Mağaraları". Arkeoloji Haber (in Turkish). 2012-05-31. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
  7. ^ a b c d e Özer, Yiğit (2012-03-03). "Film Sektörü ve Arkeolojik Tahribat". Arkeoloji Gazetesi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  8. ^ a b Bayram, Tolunay (2015-02-04). "Yarımburgaz Mağarası'nın Çilesi Bitmiyor" (in Turkish). Arkeofili. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  9. ^ a b c Dalton, Rex (2010-07-07). "Palaeoanthropology: Disputed ground". Nature. 466 (7303): 176–178. doi:10.1038/466176a. PMID 20613816.
  10. ^ a b "Yarımburgaz Mağaraları Tahrip Ediliyor!". Arkeoloji Haber (in Turkish). 2012-05-31. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  11. ^ a b Stiner, Mary C. "Cave Bear Ecology and Interactions with Pleistocene Human" (PDF). Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson. Retrieved 2015-06-23. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ Stiner, Mary (2010-08-18). "Cave bears and Neanderthals". Institute of Archaeology, University College London. Retrieved 2015-06-23. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ "İstanbul'un Neolitik Dönemi". Arkeoloji Haber (in Turkish). 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  14. ^ Choi, Charles Q. (2008-01-07). "Newfound carnivores of the caveman era". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  15. ^ a b Meriç, Engin; Mehmet Sakınç; Mehmet Özdoğan; F. Açkurt (1991). "Mollusc Shells Found at the Yarımburgaz Cave" (PDF). Med J Islamic World Acad Sci. 4: 6–9. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  16. ^ Stiner, Mary C.; Güven Arsebük; F. Clark Howell (1996). "Cave Bears and Paleolithic Artifacts in Yarimburgaz Cave, Turkey: Dissecting a Palimpsest" (PDF). Geoarchaeology. 11 (4). Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona: 279–327. doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6548(199607)11:4<279::aid-gea1>3.3.co;2-x. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  17. ^ Kuhn, Steven L. & Mary C. Stiner. "Yarimburgaz Cave - Chapter 9: Culture and Biology in Transition: Summary of Findings and Conclusion". Academia. Retrieved 2015-06-23. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ^ Stiner, Mary C.; Hema Achyuthan; Güven Arsebük; F. Clark Howell; Steven C. Josephson; Kenneth E. Juell; Jeffrey Pigati; Jay Quade (1998). "Reconstructing cave bear paleoecology from skeletons: a cross-disciplinary study of middle Pleistocne bears from Yarimburgaz Cave, Turkey" (PDF). Paleobiology. 24 (1): 74–98. doi:10.1017/S0094837300019989. S2CID 132868166. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  19. ^ Lindenau, Christa (2005). "Middle Pleistocene bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from the Yarimburgaz Cave in Turkish Thrace (Turkey" (PDF). Eiszeitalter und Gegenwar (in German). 55. Hannover: 122–148. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  20. ^ a b "Yarımburgaz Mağaraları Tarih Olmak Üzere". Arkeoloji Haber (in Turkish). 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  21. ^ a b "TV series in hot water over destruction of historical cave". Today's Zaman. 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  22. ^ a b Erbil, Ömer (2012-05-31). "Pargalı gelse giremez!". Radikal (in Turkish). Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  23. ^ "Hit TV show allegedly damaged ancient sites". Hürriyet Daily News. 2012-03-12. Retrieved 2013-06-23.
  24. ^ "Muhteşem Yüzyıl'a Soruşturma Açıldı". Arkeoloji Haber (in Turkish). 2012-05-31. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
  25. ^ Erbil, Ömer (2012-05-25). "Paleolitik mağaraya dizi seti rötuşu!". Radikal (in Turkish). Retrieved 2015-06-23.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yarımburgaz Cave.
  • F. Clark Howell (31 December 2010). Culture and Biology at a Crossroads: The Middle Pleistocene Record of Yarimburgaz Cave (Thrace, Turkey). Istanbul: Ege Yayinlari. p. 400. ISBN 978-6055607265.