Pendejo Cave

32°25′N 105°55′W / 32.417°N 105.917°W / 32.417; -105.917 Pendejo Cave is a geological feature and archaeological site located in southern New Mexico about 20 miles east of Orogrande. Archaeologist Richard S. MacNeish claimed that human occupation of the cave pre-dates by tens of thousands of years the Clovis Culture, traditionally believed to be one of the oldest if not the oldest culture in the Americas.

Description

Pendejo is a relatively small cave, only 5 meters wide, 12 meters deep, and having a maximum height of 3 meters. It is below the rim of an escarpment, facing north, and about 50 metres (160 ft) above the canyon floor. The cave is located at an elevation of 1,490 metres (4,890 ft) amidst the sparse desert vegetation of the Chihuahua Desert. A slightly more mesic habitat is found at the foot of the cliffs.[1]

Pendejo is a Spanish word and literally means "a pubic hair", but in Mexico it can also be a vulgar insult to someone's intelligence.

Archaeological history

Pendejo Cave was discovered in 1978, and twelve years later, in early 1990, the first archaeological expedition headed by MacNeish excavated the site. Another excavation occurred one year later, in late winter and early spring of 1991. Clovis (c. 11,000 BCE) tools were found in the cave, along with tools from later Native societies. Unifacial shavers, utilized flakes, and other artifacts were uncovered and attributed to various eras, along with several examples of worked bone, including a bone awl made from the scapula of a horse, and a knife made from a rib bone.

MacNeish claimed to have found even earlier Native American artifacts in the cave. A total of 111 chipped tools was found throughout the formation in three complexes. He estimated the oldest may date back as far as 75,000 years.[2]

According to MacNeish, he found 3 pre-Clovis strata in the cave that he named, from oldest to youngest, the Orogrande, the McGregor, and the North Mesa.

As of 2004, the early dating of the discoveries at Pendejo Cave has been discounted by many archaeologists. Faunal remains in the cave had been dated to possibly as old as 55,000 years, but the manufacture and dating of the chipped stones and other alleged artifacts of human origin was disputed.[3]

In 2005, William Farrand, in his review of MacNeish and Libby's 2004 book,[2] noted the abundance and integrity of the data as provided by the authors. According to Farrand, "it is difficult to avoid accepting the hypothesis of pre-Clovis Paleoamericans in the American Southwest prior to 37,000 or 55,000 B.P."[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Pendejo Cave". www.utep.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
  2. ^ a b MacNeish, Richard; Libby, Jane, eds. (2004). Pendejo Cave. University of New Mexico. p. 67. ISBN 978-0826324054. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  3. ^ Fiedel, Stuart F. (Autumn 2004) "Reviewed Works: Pendejo Cave", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 416-417. Downloaded from JSTOR.; "Pendejo Cave", https://www.utep.edu/leb/pleistnm/sites/pendejocave.htm, accessed 9 Mar 2017
  4. ^ Farrand, William R. (2015). "BOOK REVIEW". KIVA. 70 (3): 309–315. doi:10.1179/kiv.2005.70.3.006. ISSN 0023-1940. S2CID 218767660.

Read other articles:

Bukit Dami

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Bukit DamiJenisTempat wisata alamLokasiDesa Tigasan Wetan, Kecamatan Leces, Kabupaten Probolinggo Bukit Dami (bahasa Madura: Nong Demmih) adalah sebuah bukit wisata yang berada di Desa Tigasan Wetan, Kecamatan Leces, Kabupaten Probolinggo. Bukit ini di...

 

 

Five Nights at Freddy's 2

Five Nights at Freddy's 2 Header etelase SteamPublikasiWindows10 November 2014Android12 November 2014iOS20 November 2014Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One29 November 2019GenreHoror kesintasan, point-and-clickKarakterJeremy Fitzgerald (en), Fritz Smith (en), Toy Freddy (en), Toy Bonnie (en), Toy Chica (en), Mangle (en), Freddy Fazbear (en), Bonnie (en), Chica (en), Foxy (en) dan Golden Freddy (en) Latar tempatFive Nights at Freddy's universe (en) Bahasa Daftar Belanda, Inggris, Jepang, Portugis ...

 

 

Coriandrum

Coriandrum Coriandrum sativum Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae Upakerajaan: Trachaeophyta Divisi: Magnoliophyta Kelas: Magnoliopsida Ordo: Apiales Famili: Apiaceae Subfamili: Apioideae Tribus: Coriandreae Genus: CoriandrumL. Spesies Coriandrum sativum L. Coriandrum tordylium (Fenzl) Bornm. Coriandrum adalah sebuah genus dalam tribus Coriandreae, famili Apiaceae.[1] Genus tumbuhan ini hanya terdiri dari dua spesies tumbuhan saja, yakni Coriandrum sativum (ketumbar) dan spesies lia...

Neuroendocrine cell

Type of glandular cell found in brain This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Neuroendocrine cell – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Neuroendocrine cells are cells that receive neuronal input (through neurotransmitters rel...

 

 

Teori flogiston

teori flogiston adalah teori pembakaran yang salah Teori flogiston atau Teori phlogiston adalah sebuah teori ilmiah usang (teori ilmiah yang sudah dipalsukan) pada bidang kimia yang mendalilkan bahwa unsur mirip api yang disebut flogiston terdapat di dalam benda yang mudah terbakar dan dilepaskan saat pembakaran [1]. Nama itu berasal dari bahasa Yunani Kuno φλογιστόν phlogistón (terbakar), dari φλόξ phlóx (nyala api). Teori ini pertama kali dinyatakan pada tahun 1667 ol...

 

 

Forward (association football)

Association football position played near the opponent's goal The forward (no. 10, in red) is past the defender (no. 16, in white) and is about to take a shot at the goal. The goalkeeper will try to stop the forward from scoring a goal by preventing the ball from passing the goal line. In the sport of association football, a forward (or attacker) is an outfield position which primarily plays further up the pitch than midfielders and defenders. As with any attacking player, the role of the for...

Министерство природных ресурсов и экологии Российской Федерации

Министерство природных ресурсов и экологии Российской Федерациисокращённо: Минприроды России Общая информация Страна  Россия Юрисдикция Россия Дата создания 12 мая 2008 Предшественники Министерство природных ресурсов Российской Федерации (1996—1998)Министерство охраны...

 

 

祖基菲里阿末

这是马来族人名，“阿末”是父名，不是姓氏，提及此人时应以其自身的名“祖基菲里”为主。 尊敬的拿督斯里哈芝祖基菲里·阿末Dzulkefly bin Ahmad国会议员、DGSM博士 马来西亚卫生部部长现任就任日期2023年12月12日君主最高元首苏丹阿都拉最高元首苏丹依布拉欣·依斯迈首相安华·依布拉欣副职卡尼斯曼（英语：Lukanisman Awang Sauni）前任扎丽哈·慕斯达法任期2018年5月21日—2...

 

 

Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia

Grand Duchess of Russia For other people with the same name, see Grand Duchess Olga of Russia. In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Nikolaevna and the family name is Romanova. Grand Duchess Olga NikolaevnaPhoto, c. 1914Born15 November [O.S. 3 November] 1895Alexander Palace, Tsarskoye Selo, Saint Petersburg Governorate, Russian EmpireDied17 July 1918(1918-07-17) (aged 22)Ipatiev House, Yekaterinburg, Russian Soviet RepublicBurial...

Indonesia's Next Top Model (musim 2)

Indonesia's Next Top ModelMusim 2Kontestan Indonesia's Next Top Model (siklus 2)PresenterLuna MayaJuri Luna Maya Panca Makmun Ivan Gunawan Ayu Gani Jum. peserta18PemenangSarah TumiwaTempat keduaHelen HiuTempat ketigaFaradina Amalia Negara asalIndonesiaJml. episode40RilisJaringan asliTanggal disiarkan4 November 2021 (2021-11-04)[1] –18 Maret 2022 (2022-3-18)Kronologi Musim← SebelumnyaMusim 1 Berikutnya →Musim 3 Siklus kedua Indonesia's Next Top Model (dis...

 

 

Daftar Comte Champagne

Lambang Champagne. Comte Champagne memerintah wilayah Champagne dari tahun 950 sampai dengan 1316. Champagne berkembang dari provinsi Troyes pada akhir abad ke-11 dan Hugues I merupakan tokoh pertama yang secara resmi bergelar Comte Champagne. Ketika Louis menjadi Raja Prancis pada tahun 1314, setelah kematian ayahandanya Philippe IV, Champagne menjadi bagian wilayah Mahkota. Para Comte yang bergelar di Champagne juga mewarisi jabatan seneschal di Prancis. Daftar Comte dan Adipati Champagne, ...

 

 

The Astronauts (company)

Polish video game developer The AstronautsCompany typePrivateIndustryVideo gamesFoundedOctober 2012; 11 years ago (2012-10)FounderAdrian ChmielarzMichał KosieradzkiAndrzej PoznańskiHeadquartersWarsaw, PolandProductsThe Vanishing of Ethan CarterWebsitetheastronauts.com The Astronauts is an independent Polish video game developer based in Warsaw. It was formed in October 2012 by Adrian Chmielarz, Michał Kosieradzki and Andrzej Poznański, who had founded People Can Fly...

Applecross

Peninsula in Scotland This article is about the peninsula in Scotland. For the Perth suburb, see Applecross, Western Australia. Human settlement in ScotlandApplecrossScottish Gaelic: A' ChomraichEarly evening to Skye, from Milltown, ApplecrossApplecrossLocation within the Ross and Cromarty areaPopulation544 OS grid referenceNG714444Council areaHighlandCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townSTRATHCARRONPostcode districtIV54PoliceScotlandFireScottishA...

 

 

SK-105 Kürassier

SK-105 KürassierDescrizioneTipocarro armato leggero Equipaggio3 CostruttoreÖsterreichische Saurerwerke Data primo collaudo1967 Data entrata in servizio1971 Utilizzatore principale Austria Altri utilizzatoriVedi utilizzatori Esemplari>700 Dimensioni e pesoLunghezza7,76 m con cannone avanti Larghezza2,5 m Altezza2,88 m Peso17,7 t Propulsione e tecnicaMotoreSteyr 7FA, 6 cilindri diesel Potenza320 hp Sospensionibarre di torsione PrestazioniVelocità70 km/h Autonomia500 km Armamento...

 

 

American Crime Story

American true crime anthology television series This article is about the FX TV series. Not to be confused with American Crime (TV series) or Crime Story (American TV series). American Crime StoryGenre True crime Anthology Based on The Run of His Life: The People v. O. J. Simpsonby Jeffrey Toobin (s. 1) Vulgar Favors: Andrew Cunanan, Gianni Versace, and the Largest Failed Manhunt in U.S. Historyby Maureen Orth (s. 2) A Vast Conspiracy: The Real Story of the Sex Scandal That Nearly Brought Dow...

1951 FA Cup final

Football match1951 FA Cup finalEvent1950–51 FA Cup Newcastle United Blackpool 2 0 Date28 April 1951VenueWembley Stadium, LondonRefereeBill Ling (Stapleford)Attendance100,000← 1950 1952 → The 1951 FA Cup final was contested by Newcastle United and Blackpool at Wembley on 28 April 1951. Newcastle won 2–0, with both goals scored by Jackie Milburn. Bill Slater, who played at inside left for losers Blackpool, was the last surviving player to have appeared in the final. He died in ...

 

 

Military police

Police organization part of the military of a state Not to be confused with Paramilitary police or Militarization of police. An American military policeman checks a driver's license at Fort Liberty, North Carolina Members of the British Royal Military Police on a 2019 exercise Military police (MP) are law enforcement agencies connected with, or part of, the military of a state. In wartime operations, the military police may support the main fighting force with force protection, convoy securit...

 

 

Intensive pig farming

Method of animal husbandry Gestation crates are one of the typical characteristics of intensive pig farming. Agriculture History Prehistory Neolithic Revolution Agriculture in Mesoamerica Austronesian expansion Ancient history Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Post-classical Agriculture in the Middle Ages Arab Agricultural Revolution Columbian exchange Modern history British Agricultural Revolution Green Revolution Organic Monoculture On land Agrivoltaic Animal husbandry cattle pigs p...

Game Gear

Handheld game console by Sega Game GearManufacturerSegaTypeHandheld game consoleGenerationFourthRelease dateJP: October 6, 1990NA/EU: April 1991[1]AU: 1992Introductory price¥19,800 (equivalent to ¥22,000 in 2019)US$149.99 (equivalent to $340 in 2023)[2]£99.99 (equivalent to £270 in 2023)DiscontinuedWW: April 30, 1997 (Sega)NA: 2002 (Majesco Entertainment)[3]Units sold10.62 millionMediaROM cartridgeCPUZ80 @ 3.5 MHzMemory8 KB RAM, 16 KB VRAMDisplay3.2-inc...

 

 

Maxime Monfort

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Monfort. Maxime MonfortMaxime Monfort lors du Tour du Pays basque 2013.InformationsNaissance 14 janvier 1983 (41 ans)BastogneNationalité belgeÉquipe actuelle Lotto-Soudal (directeur sportif)Spécialité Courses par étapesContre-la-montre[1]Équipes amateurs 2000Go Pass2001Bikeland Bornem2002-2003Go Pass-ABXÉquipes professionnelles 09.2003-12.2003Landbouwkrediet-Colnago (stagiaire)2004-2005Landbouwkrediet-Colnago2006-2008Cofidis01.2009-06.2009[n 1]Co...