Pacification actions in German-occupied Poland

Pacification actions in German-occupied Poland
LocationGerman occupied Poland
Date1939-1945
TargetPolish people
Attack type
Genocidal massacre, summary execution, reprisal, collective punishment, mass rape
PerpetratorsNazi Germany, Wehrmacht, General Governorate for the Occupied Polish Region
MotiveReprisal, Anti-Polish sentiment, Germanisation, pacification of the Polish people to Nazi authority

Pacification actions were one of many punitive measures designed by Nazi Germany to inflict terror on the civilian population of occupied Polish villages and towns with the use of military and police force.[1] They were an integral part of the war of aggression against the Polish nation waged by Germany since September 1, 1939. The projected goal of pacification operations was to prevent and suppress the Polish resistance movement in World War II nevertheless, among the victims were children as young as 1.5 years old, women, fathers attempting to save their families, farmers rushing to rescue livestock from burning buildings, patients, victims already wounded, and hostages of many ethnicities including Poles and Jews.[1][2]

War crimes committed during pacification actions in occupied Poland were probed by the West German Central Office of Justice in Ludwigsburg in September 1959 and, in accordance with the German Criminal Code (§ 78/3 pt. 2, and § 212), ultimately thrown out as already expired due to German statutes of limitations.[1] No further investigations were conducted until June 1971 when the 1939 crimes of the 1st Panzer Division in Poland (Polenfeldzug) were also thrown out as unlikely after a statement by Major Walther Wenck, which was accepted on good faith. The inquiries by the Polish Institute of National Remembrance into massacres in specific locations are ongoing.[1] Historical data collected in Poland confirms the complete destruction of 554,000 farms valued at 6.062 million złoty (1938 level) with 8 million dead cattle and horses, on top of terrible human losses.[3] Several hundred villages were wiped off the map.[4] In just a year and a half between January 1, 1943, and July 31, 1944, the Wehrmacht army alone conducted 1,106 pacification actions in occupied Poland, independent of the killing operations by Einsatzgruppen and auxiliary forces, and the ongoing Holocaust of the Jews.[5]

Background

Polish villagers killed by the German police near Radom, occupied Poland, 1943.[6]

The so-called "pacification operations" were introduced along with all other extermination policies directed against Poland already in September 1939, and were of a large scale, resulting in the confirmed murder of approximately 20,000 villagers. Massacres were conducted in the areas of General Government, Pomorze, and in the vicinities of Białystok and Greater Poland. The number of Polish settlements targeted in these operations is approximately 825 (in modern-day Poland, see below). The regular German army conducted 760 mass executions during their march across central Poland. Material losses from wanton destruction of Polish countryside unrelated to military maneuvers are estimated at 30 million złoty in the area of General Government alone.[7]

As noted by World War II historians, the pacification actions were separate from the likes of Operation Tannenberg. They were not a part of the indiscriminate killings by the mobile Einsatzkommando death squads active during the invasion of Poland of 1939, and characterized by often deliberate targeting of civilian population by the invading forces,[8] with the active participation of the German minority living in the Second Polish Republic whose men joined the SS armed Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz battalions in West Prussia, Upper Silesia and Warthegau.[9] In total, up to 200,000 Poles lost their lives at the beginning of war regardless of the nature of the conflict.[10] Likewise, over 100,000 Poles died in the Luftwaffe's terror bombing operations.[11]

The pacification actions were conducted in west-central Poland as well in the eastern Kresy regions re-captured from the USSR in 1941, including in the Polesie Voivodeship, Nowogródek Voivodeship and others, comprising most of contemporary West Belarus. These tactics were the main local means of the Holocaust in occupied Poland. Some 627 villages were razed in eastern Poland by the SS with the help of collaborationist battalions including Belarusian, Ukrainian and others, during 60 pacification and 80 punitive operations there.[12] The battalions of Belarusian Home Defence (BKA) alone massacred some 30,000 Jews during pacification of villages.[13] Collective punishment was used during such operations to discourage offering shelter to Soviet POWs and providing aid to any guerrilla forces. Pacifications included the extermination of entire villages including women and children, expulsions, the burning of homes, confiscation of private property, and arrests. In many instances the operations of this kind conducted jointly by the Einsatzgruppen and the German Order Police battalions, were characterized by extreme brutality.[14] An example of such tactics was the burning alive of 91 hostages including 31 women and 31 children in the village of Jabłoń-Dobki in the Białystok region on March 8, 1944. Once the fire got going, a grenade was thrown in.[15]

German advance into Poland

The first pacification action, conducted on the ground by the Wehrmacht officers and soldiers, took place in Złoczew on September 3 and 4, 1939, in which the German soldiers murdered some 200 Poles. According to historian Alexander B. Rossino, the atrocity was committed with the participation of the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH), which was also involved in the murder of 50 Polish Jews in Błonie near Warsaw, and the shooting actions in Bolesławiec, Torzeniec, Goworowo, Mława, and Włocławek.[16] LSSAH torched villages along the road without military justification.[17]

Pacification of Michniów, July 12–13, 1943; massacre of 204 inhabitants: 102 men, 54 women and 48 children.[18]

The Polish Institute of National Remembrance has documented the use of military force with the goal of inflicting terror and suppressing Polish resistance. One example was a reprisal action by units of the 19th Panzer Corps Division taken for the operations of the Suwalska Cavalry Brigade of the Polish Army. During the evening of 13 September 1939, thirteen people from Olszewo and ten people from the nearby village of Pietkowo were killed. The victims among the villagers include women and children who were murdered in several ways, such as stabbing by bayonets, shooting, being blown apart by grenades, and being burned alive in a barn.[19]

According to article by Witold Kulesza published in Komentarze Historyczne by the Institute of National Remembrance, German Regiment SS-Leibstandarte "Adolf Hitler" of the 17th Division arrived in Złoczew on September 3, 1939 on motorcycles and on bicycles. The burning of the town and mass killings began the same night. According to eye-witness Janina Modrzewska, who survived the pacification of Złoczew, the soldiers were killing everyone they saw. Total casualties amounted to 200 dead victims.[1] From the air, Luftwaffe planes bombed the villages of Momoty Dolne, Momoty Górne, Pawłów, Tokary, Sochy and Klew. Some places were subjected to multiple pacification operations. In the town of Aleksandrów in Biłgoraj County between 1939 and 1944, German authorities murdered 290 civilians (444 according to WIEM), wounded 43, deported 434 to forced labour camps, and burned at least 113 households.

The Białystok region fell under German occupation twice. Overrun by the Wehrmacht in 1939 it was the site of mass pacification actions even before it was ceded to the Soviets two weeks later in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet pact. It was invaded again in the course of Operation Barbarossa with similar results. At least 750 villages there had at least 10 inhabitants murdered, and at least 75 villages were destroyed completely (see: table for partial list of names of villages and the number of dead victims).[a] Modern international law considers these types of actions against civilians to constitute genocide, whether conducted within national boundaries or in occupied territories.[20]

The forcible depopulation of Zamojszczyzna

Main article: Ethnic cleansing of Zamojszczyzna by Nazi Germany

Between November 1942 and March 1943 on direct orders from Heinrich Himmler,[21] 116,000 Polish men and women were expelled in just a few months during Action Zamość.[22] In Polish historiography the events surrounding the Nazi German roundups are often named alternatively as the Children of Zamojszczyzna to emphasize the apprehension of around 30,000 children at that time, snatched away from their parents who were transported from Zamojszczyzna to concentration camps.[23] The expulsions encompassed the districts of Hrubieszów, Tomaszów Lubelski, Zamość and Biłgoraj, and were completed in March 1943. In total 297 Polish villages were depopulated.[21]

Villages and dead victims

Investigations by the Polish Institute of National Remembrance into pacifications of specific villages focus on locations within contemporary Poland. They are exponentially greater within the prewar borders of the Republic.[24]

Village name Killed Village name Killed Village name Killed
Borów 232 (103 children) Cyców 111 Jamy[25] 147
Kaszyce 117 Kitów 174 Krasowo-Częstki 257 (83 children)
Krusze 148 Kulno 100 Lipniak-Majorat over 370
Łążek 187 Michniów 204 (48 children)[18] Milejów 150
Mrozy over 100 Olszanka 103 Rajsk over 143
Różaniec circa 200 Skłoby 265 Smoligów circa 200
Sochy 183 Sumin 118 Szczecyn 368 (71 children)
Wanaty 109 Zamość 470 Szczebrzeszyn 208
Łabunie 210 Krasnobród 285 (200 Jews)[26] Mokre 304
Nielisz 301 Nowa Osada 195 Radecznica 212
Skierbieszów 335 Stary Zamość 287 Suchowola 324
Sułów 252 Tereszpol 344 Wysokie 203
Zwierzyniec 412 Kitów 165 Królewiec / Szałas[27] over 100 each

The list of pacified villages within the borders of postwar Poland was arranged by the IPN according to one of Poland's eleven present-day voivodeships (administrative regions) which were not a part of Nazi Germany upon the 1939 invasion of Poland. Likewise, all settlements presently within the borders of post-Soviet Ukraine and Belarus are excluded from the list. They belonged to Poland's prewar Lwów Voivodeship, Nowogródek Voivodeship (1919–39), Polesie Voivodeship, Stanisławów Voivodeship, Tarnopol Voivodeship, Wilno Voivodeship (1926–39), and Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–39). The number of pacified villages for each of the present-day voivodeships is as follows.[28]

Poland's prewar and postwar borders, 1939–1945. The Institute of National Remembrance, which has prosecution powers in post-communist Poland, limits its own inquiries into German atrocities committed within the present-day borders of the country
  1. Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship: 29
  2. Lubelskie Voivodeship: 103
  3. Łódzkie Voivodeship: 26
  4. Małopolskie Voivodeship: 24
  5. Podkarpackie Voivodeship: 21
  6. Podlaskie Voivodeship: 34
  7. Pomorskie Voivodeship: 6
  8. Śląskie Voivodeship: 15
  9. Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship: 53
  10. Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship: 2
  11. Wielkopolskie Voivodeship: 26

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Marcin Markiewicz, OBEP IPN Białystok (2003–2004), Represje Hitlerowskie wobec Wsi Białostockiej. Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, NR 12–1 (35–36). In his article for the Biuletyn IPN journal published by the Institute of National Remembrance Markiewicz wrote that in September 1939 alone, with no connection with military manoeuvres, Wehrmacht razed to the ground 30 villages in Bielsk County, Wysokie Mazowieckie County, Suwałki County and Łomża County, while 19 villages were pacified and burned in the Bialystok Voivodeship alone. The most brutal were the pacifications and killings in the villages of Wyliny-Ruś, Drogoszewo, Rutki and Pietraszki, where the Germans were shooting children and the elderly.[1]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f Witold Kulesza, Vice-president of GKBZPNP – IPN (February 2007). "Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu w Polsce – Wrzesień 1939" [Crimes of the Wehrmacht in Poland]. Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance 08-09 / 2004. Archived from the original (PDF file, direct download 1.02 MB, Internet Archive) on June 3, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
  2. ^ "Aneks do Informacji o działalności Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu" (PDF). Załączniki. IPN, Warsaw. February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF file, direct download 1.48 MB) on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  3. ^ Antoni Kura, Główna Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu (2014). "Prawne aspekty ścigania sprawców zbrodni dokonanych na mieszkańcach wsi polskich w latach II wojny światowej". Zbrodnie bez przedawnienia (War crimes without statute of limitation). Martyrologia wsi polskich.pl. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2014. Source: IPN, Muzeum Wsi Kieleckiej.
  4. ^ Jan Owsinski, Piotr Eberhardt (2003). The Ethnic Structure of Poland. M.E. Sharpe. p. 126. ISBN 0-7656-1833-8. Retrieved 19 January 2015. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1998). Nazi Terror. McFarland. p. 23. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3. Retrieved 19 January 2015. These atrocities continued throughout the war. From January 1, 1943, to July 31, 1944, the Wehrmacht conducted 1,106 pacification actions. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Józef Fajkowski, Jan Religa (1981). Zbrodnie hitlerowskie na wsi polskiej 1939-1945. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Książka i Wiedza.
  7. ^ Jerzy Gapys, Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach (2014). "Pacyfikacje i eksterminacja wsi polskiej na terenie Generalnego Gubernatorstwa". Eksterminacja wsi. Martyrologia wsi polskich.pl. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2014. Source: IPN, Muzeum Wsi Kieleckiej.
  8. ^ Shaw, Martin (2003). War and genocide: organized killing in modern society. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-7456-1907-1. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  9. ^ Śląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa (2013). "Digital version of the Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen" [Special Prosecution Book-Poland]. Katowice, Poland: Silesian Digital Library. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  10. ^ Piotrowski 2007, p. 301.
  11. ^ Dariusz Tyminski & Grzegorz Slizewski (1998-08-08). "Poland 1939 - The Diary of the Luftwaffe Atrocities". WW II Ace Stories. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  12. ^ Eugeniusz Mironowicz (2014). "Idea sojuszu niemiecko-białoruskiego" [Nazi German and Belorussian alliance during occupation of Belarus]. Okupacja niemiecka na Białorusi (in Polish and Belarusian). Związek Białoruski w RP, Katedra Kultury Białoruskiej Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku (Internet Archive). Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2014. History of Belarus, mid 18th century until the 20th century (Historia Białorusi od połowy XVIII do XX w.)
  13. ^ Andrew Wilson (2011). Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship. Yale University Press. pp. 109, 110, 113. ISBN 978-0-300-13435-3. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  14. ^ Heinz Peter Longerich (2013). "The Systematic Character of the National Socialist Policy for the Extermination of the Jews". Irving V. Lipstadt Defense Documents. Emory University: a. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  15. ^ Staff writer (11 March 2013). "69 Rocznica Pacyfikacji wsi Jabłoń Dobki" [69 Anniversary of Pacification of Jabłoń Dobki]. Aktualności. Gmina Nowe Piekuty. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  16. ^ Alexander B. Rossino (2003). Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology & Atrocity. University Press of Kansas. pp. 114, 159–161. ISBN 0-7006-1234-3.
  17. ^ Butler, Rupert (2001). SS-Leibstandarte: The History of the First SS Division, 1934–45. Staplehurst: Spellmount. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-86227-117-3.
  18. ^ a b Pacification of Michnów at the Muzeum Wsi Kieleckiej (Kielce Regional Folk Museum) (in Polish)
  19. ^ Marcin Markiewicz (2004), Represje hitlerowskie wobec wsi Bialostockiej. Archived 2014-01-06 at the Wayback Machine Polish IPN Bulletin Nr. 35-36, p. 67. (in Polish)
  20. ^ See: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Definition.
  21. ^ a b Grzegorz Motyka; Zygmunt Mańkowski; Tadeusz Pieronek; Andrzej Friszke; Thomas Urban (2003). "Polacy wypędzeni" [The Expulsion of Poles]. Wojenne dzieciństwo. Losy dzieci polskich pod okupacją hitlerowską" OBEP IPN Łódź. Zamość: Institute of National Remembrance, Biuro Edukacji Publicznej: 1–24. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015. Source: Bulletin of IPN issue 05/2004.
  22. ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998). Poland's Holocaust. McFarland. pp. 299. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3. Retrieved 18 August 2015. Zamojszczyzna 116,000.
  23. ^ Dzieci Zamojszczyzny (Children of Zamojszczyzna) on YouTube produced by Telewizja Polska S.A., Lublin, Dział Form Dokumentalnych, for Program 2, TVP S.A., 1999 (42 min. in colour and black-and-white).
  24. ^ IPN (2014). "Miejsca związane z martyrologią wsi polskich (Places of Martyrology in Polish Villages)". Rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni. Martyrologia wsi polskich.pl. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2014. Map of Martyrology per each Voivodeship. {{cite web}}: External link in |quote= (help)
  25. ^ "Pacification of Jamy". www.ostrowlubelski.pl.
  26. ^ Lucyna Cabaj, Wydawnictwo Fotpress w Zamościu (2013). Krasnobród: Dzieje Miasta (PDF). Miejsko-Gminna Biblioteka Publiczna w Krasnobrodzie. pp. 8–9. Archived from the original (PDF file, direct download) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-09-13.
  27. ^ "Gmina Smyków". March 30, 2022.
  28. ^ IPN (2014). "Miejsca związane z martyrologią wsi polskich (Places of Martyrology in Polish Villages)". Rejestr miejsc i faktów zbrodni. Martyrologia wsi polskich.pl. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2014. Number of points of Martyrology per each Voivodeship. {{cite web}}: External link in |quote= (help)

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