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PIN1
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1F8A, 1I6C, 1I8G, 1I8H, 1NMV, 1NMW, 1PIN, 1ZCN, 2F21, 2ITK, 2KBU, 2KCF, 2LB3, 2M8I, 2M8J, 2M9E, 2M9F, 2M9I, 2M9J, 2Q5A, 2RUC, 2RUD, 2XP3, 2XP4, 2XP5, 2XP6, 2XP7, 2XP8, 2XP9, 2XPA, 2XPB, 2ZQS, 2ZQT, 2ZQU, 2ZQV, 2ZR4, 2ZR5, 2ZR6, 3I6C, 3IK8, 3IKD, 3IKG, 3JYJ, 3KAB, 3KAC, 3KAD, 3KAF, 3KAG, 3KAH, 3KAI, 3KCE, 3NTP, 3ODK, 3OOB, 3TC5, 3TCZ, 3TDB, 3WH0, 4GWT, 4GWV, 4QIB, 4TNS, 4TYO, 4U84, 4U85, 4U86, 2RUQ, 2N1O, 2RUR
Identifiers
Aliases	PIN1, DOD, UBL5, peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase, NIMA-interacting 1
External IDs	OMIM: 601052; MGI: 1346036; HomoloGene: 4531; GeneCards: PIN1; OMA:PIN1 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 19 (human)
End	9,849,689 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 9 (mouse)
End	20,577,880 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	right frontal lobe; ; frontal pole; ; prefrontal cortex; ; anterior cingulate cortex; ; right testis; ; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; ; left testis; ; right hemisphere of cerebellum; ; Brodmann area 9; ; nucleus accumbens;
	Top expressed in
	primary motor cortex; ; anterior amygdaloid area; ; somite; ; cingulate gyrus; ; medial vestibular nucleus; ; deep cerebellar nuclei; ; lateral septal nucleus; ; soleus muscle; ; prefrontal cortex; ; medial ganglionic eminence;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	GTPase activating protein binding; beta-catenin binding; isomerase activity; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity; protein binding; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase binding; cytoskeletal motor activity; phosphoserine residue binding; phosphothreonine residue binding; tau protein binding; phosphoprotein binding; cis-trans isomerase activity;
Cellular component	cytoplasm; cytosol; nuclear speck; midbody; mitochondrion; neuron projection; nucleus; nucleoplasm; glutamatergic synapse; postsynaptic cytosol;
Biological process	negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process; positive regulation of protein phosphorylation; regulation of cytokinesis; positive regulation of protein dephosphorylation; negative regulation of protein catabolic process; positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway; synapse organization; negative regulation of cell motility; protein stabilization; negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway; negative regulation of protein binding; protein peptidyl-prolyl isomerization; regulation of protein localization to nucleus; positive regulation of GTPase activity; positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process; positive regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity; neuron differentiation; negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade; cell cycle; negative regulation of type I interferon production; positive regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development; regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation; positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; regulation of mitotic nuclear division; regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator; regulation of protein phosphorylation; regulation of gene expression; positive regulation of protein binding; microtubule polymerization; response to hypoxia; regulation of protein stability; negative regulation of amyloid-beta formation;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	5300
	23988
	ENSG00000127445
	ENSMUSG00000032171
	Q13526
	Q9QUR7
	NM_006221
	NM_023371; NM_001364495
	NP_006212
	NP_075860; NP_001351424
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIN1 gene.^[5]^[6]

Pin 1, or peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase), isomerizes only phospho-Serine/Threonine-Proline motifs. The enzyme binds to a subset of proteins and thus plays a role as a post phosphorylation control in regulating protein function. Studies have shown that the deregulation of Pin1 may play a pivotal role in various diseases. Notably, the up-regulation of Pin1 is implicated in certain cancers, and the down-regulation of Pin1 is implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Inhibitors of Pin1 may have therapeutic implications for cancer^[7]^[8] and immune disorders.^[9]

Discovery

The gene encoding Pin1 was identified in 1996 as a result of a genetic/biochemical screen for proteins involved in mitotic regulation. It was found to be essential for cell division in some organisms. By 1999, however, it was apparent that Pin1 knockout mice had a surprisingly mild phenotype, indicating that the enzyme was not required for cell division per se. Further studies later found that loss of Pin1 in mice displays are not only neuronal degenerative phenotypes but also several abnormalities, similar to those of cyclin D1-null mice, suggesting the conformation changes mediated by Pin1 may be crucial for cell normal function.

Activation

Phosphorylation of Ser/Thr-Pro motifs in substrates is required for recognition by Pin1. Pin is a small protein at 18 kDa and does not have a nuclear localization or export signal. However, 2009, Lufei et al. reported that Pin1 has putative novel nuclear localization signal (NLS) and Pin1 interacts with importin α5 (KPNA1).^[10] Substrate interactions and a WW domain determine subcellular distribution. Expression is induced by growth signals from E2F transcription factors. Expression levels fluctuate in normal, but not in cancerous cells. Expression is often associated with cell proliferation. Postranslational modifications such as phosphorylation on Ser16 inhibit the ability of Pin1 to bind substrate, and this inhibitory process may be altered during oncogenesis. It is hypothesized, but not proven, that Pin1 might also be regulated by proteolytic pathways.

Function

Pin1 activity regulates the outcome of proline-directed kinase (e.g. MAPK, CDK or GSK3) signalling and consequently regulates cell proliferation (in part through control of cyclin D1 levels and stability) and cell survival. The precise effects of Pin1 depend upon the system: Pin1 accelerates dephosphorylation of Cdc25 and Tau, but protects phosphorylated cyclin D from ubiquitination and proteolysis. Recent data also implicate Pin1 as playing an important role in immune responses, at least in part by increasing the stability of cytokine mRNAs by influencing the protein complexes to which they bind. Pin1 has been hypothesized to act as a molecular timer.^[11]

Inhibition

PIN1 has been widely investigated as an interesting molecular target for the inhibition of cancer cell lines,^[12]^[13] such as breast, cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers.^[14] Studies have demonstrated that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a natural compound derivative from Vitamin A is involved with PIN1 inhibition.^[15] Furthermore, ATRA has also been reported to synergistically enhanced the ability of sorafenib to reduce Pin1 and inhibit cancer growth.^[16] Some elemonic acid derivatives have also been reported with inhibitory activity against PIN1.^[17] Some computational evidence has also demonstrated that some triterpenoids from neem could also inhibit PIN1 in a similar manner to elemonic acid derivatives^[12]

Interactions

PIN1 has been shown to interact with:

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000127445 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000032171 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Lu KP, Hanes SD, Hunter T (Apr 1996). "A human peptidyl-prolyl isomerase essential for regulation of mitosis". Nature. 380 (6574): 544–7. Bibcode:1996Natur.380..544P. doi:10.1038/380544a0. PMID 8606777. S2CID 4258406.
^ "Entrez Gene: PIN1 Protein (peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase) NIMA-interacting 1".
^ da Costa KS, Galúcio JM, de Jesus DA, Gomes GC, Lima e Lima AH, Taube PS, dos Santos AM, Lameira J (2019-10-25). "Targeting Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1: A Structure-based Virtual Screening Approach to Find Novel Inhibitors". Current Computer-Aided Drug Design. 15 (5): 605–617. doi:10.2174/1573409915666191025114009. PMID 31654518. S2CID 204907887.
^ Campaner E, Rustighi A, Zannini A, Cristiani A, Piazza S, Ciani Y, Kalid O, Golan G, Baloglu E, Shacham S, Valsasina B (August 2017). "A covalent PIN1 inhibitor selectively targets cancer cells by a dual mechanism of action". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 15772. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815772C. doi:10.1038/ncomms15772. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5472749. PMID 28598431.
^ Rudrabhatla P, Albers W, Pant HC (2009-11-25). "Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase 1 Regulates Protein Phosphatase 2A-Mediated Topographic Phosphorylation of Neurofilament Proteins". Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (47): 14869–14880. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4469-09.2009. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 3849796. PMID 19940183.
^ Lufei C, Cao X (2009). "Nuclear import of Pin1 is mediated by a novel sequence in the PPIase domain". FEBS Letters. 583 (2): 271–276. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2008.12.011. PMID 19084525. S2CID 23995242.
^ Lu KP, Finn G, Lee TH, Nicholson LK (Oct 2007). "Prolyl cis-trans isomerization as a molecular timer". Nature Chemical Biology. 3 (10): 619–29. doi:10.1038/nchembio.2007.35. PMID 17876319.
^ ^a ^b da Costa KS, Galúcio JM, de Jesus DA, Gomes GC, Lima E, Lima AH, et al. (2020-11-09). "Targeting Peptidyl-prolyl Cis-trans Isomerase NIMA-interacting 1: A Structure-based Virtual Screening Approach to Find Novel Inhibitors". Current Computer-Aided Drug Design. 16 (5): 605–617. doi:10.2174/1573409915666191025114009. PMID 31654518. S2CID 204907887.
^ Russo Spena C, De Stefano L, Poli G, Granchi C, El Boustani M, Ecca F, et al. (January 2019). "Virtual screening identifies a PIN1 inhibitor with possible antiovarian cancer effects". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 234 (9): 15708–15716. doi:10.1002/jcp.28224. hdl:10278/3711934. PMID 30697729. S2CID 59412053.
^ Kim G, Bhattarai PY, Choi HS (February 2019). "Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 as a molecular target in breast cancer: a therapeutic perspective of gynecological cancer". Archives of Pharmacal Research. 42 (2): 128–139. doi:10.1007/s12272-019-01122-3. PMID 30684192. S2CID 59274466.
^ Wei S, Kozono S, Kats L, Nechama M, Li W, Guarnerio J, et al. (May 2015). "Active Pin1 is a key target of all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia and breast cancer". Nature Medicine. 21 (5): 457–66. doi:10.1038/nm.3839. PMC 4425616. PMID 25849135.
^ Zheng M, Xu H, Liao XH, Chen CP, Zhang AL, Lu W, et al. (May 2017). "Inhibition of the prolyl isomerase Pin1 enhances the ability of sorafenib to induce cell death and inhibit tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma". Oncotarget. 8 (18): 29771–29784. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.15967. PMC 5444702. PMID 28404959.
^ Li X, Li L, Zhou Q, Zhang N, Zhang S, Zhao R, et al. (December 2014). "Synthesis of the novel elemonic acid derivatives as Pin1 inhibitors". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 24 (24): 5612–5615. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.087. PMID 25466185.
^ Wulf GM, Ryo A, Wulf GG, Lee SW, Niu T, Petkova V, Lu KP (Jul 2001). "Pin1 is overexpressed in breast cancer and cooperates with Ras signaling in increasing the transcriptional activity of c-Jun towards cyclin D1". The EMBO Journal. 20 (13): 3459–72. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.13.3459. PMC 125530. PMID 11432833.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Shen M, Stukenberg PT, Kirschner MW, Lu KP (Mar 1998). "The essential mitotic peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 binds and regulates mitosis-specific phosphoproteins". Genes & Development. 12 (5): 706–20. doi:10.1101/gad.12.5.706. PMC 316589. PMID 9499405.
^ Goldstrohm AC, Albrecht TR, Suñé C, Bedford MT, Garcia-Blanco MA (Nov 2001). "The transcription elongation factor CA150 interacts with RNA polymerase II and the pre-mRNA splicing factor SF1". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (22): 7617–28. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.22.7617-7628.2001. PMC 99933. PMID 11604498.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lu PJ, Zhou XZ, Shen M, Lu KP (Feb 1999). "Function of WW domains as phosphoserine- or phosphothreonine-binding modules". Science. 283 (5406): 1325–8. Bibcode:1999Sci...283.1325L. doi:10.1126/science.283.5406.1325. PMID 10037602.
^ ^a ^b Messenger MM, Saulnier RB, Gilchrist AD, Diamond P, Gorbsky GJ, Litchfield DW (Jun 2002). "Interactions between protein kinase CK2 and Pin1. Evidence for phosphorylation-dependent interactions". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (25): 23054–64. doi:10.1074/jbc.M200111200. PMID 11940573.
^ He J, Xu J, Xu XX, Hall RA (Jul 2003). "Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of Disabled-2 by cdc2". Oncogene. 22 (29): 4524–30. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206767. PMID 12881709. S2CID 1086352.
^ Ruan L, Torres CM, Qian J, Chen F, Mintz JD, Stepp DW, Fulton D, Venema RC (Feb 2011). "Pin1 prolyl isomerase regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 31 (2): 392–8. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.213181. PMC 3075952. PMID 21051667.
^ Brenkman AB, de Keizer PL, van den Broek NJ, van der Groep P, van Diest PJ, van der Horst A, Smits AM, Burgering BM (Sep 2008). "The peptidyl-isomerase Pin1 regulates p27kip1 expression through inhibition of Forkhead box O tumor suppressors". Cancer Research. 68 (18): 7597–605. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1059. PMID 18794148.
^ Kamimoto T, Zama T, Aoki R, Muro Y, Hagiwara M (Oct 2001). "Identification of a novel kinesin-related protein, KRMP1, as a target for mitotic peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (40): 37520–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106207200. PMID 11470801.
^ Wells NJ, Watanabe N, Tokusumi T, Jiang W, Verdecia MA, Hunter T (Oct 1999). "The C-terminal domain of the Cdc2 inhibitory kinase Myt1 interacts with Cdc2 complexes and is required for inhibition of G(2)/M progression". Journal of Cell Science. 112 (19): 3361–71. doi:10.1242/jcs.112.19.3361. PMID 10504341.
^ ^a ^b Nakano A, Koinuma D, Miyazawa K, Uchida T, Saitoh M, Kawabata M, Hanai J, Akiyama H, Abe M, Miyazono K, Matsumoto T, Imamura T (Mar 2009). "Pin1 down-regulates transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling by inducing degradation of Smad proteins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (10): 6109–15. doi:10.1074/jbc.M804659200. PMID 19122240.
^ Wulf GM, Liou YC, Ryo A, Lee SW, Lu KP (Dec 2002). "Role of Pin1 in the regulation of p53 stability and p21 transactivation, and cell cycle checkpoints in response to DNA damage". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (50): 47976–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.C200538200. PMID 12388558.
^ Zacchi P, Gostissa M, Uchida T, Salvagno C, Avolio F, Volinia S, Ronai Z, Blandino G, Schneider C, Del Sal G (Oct 2002). "The prolyl isomerase Pin1 reveals a mechanism to control p53 functions after genotoxic insults". Nature. 419 (6909): 853–7. Bibcode:2002Natur.419..853Z. doi:10.1038/nature01120. PMID 12397362. S2CID 4311658.
^ Lavoie SB, Albert AL, Handa H, Vincent M, Bensaude O (Sep 2001). "The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 interacts with hSpt5 phosphorylated by Cdk9". Journal of Molecular Biology. 312 (4): 675–85. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.4991. PMID 11575923.
^ Lee TH, Tun-Kyi A, Shi R, Lim J, Soohoo C, Finn G, Balastik M, Pastorino L, Wulf G, Zhou XZ, Lu KP (2009). "Essential role of Pin1 in the regulation of TRF1 stability and telomere maintenance". Nature Cell Biology. 11 (1): 97–105. doi:10.1038/ncb1818. PMC 2699942. PMID 19060891.

External links

Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q13526 (Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1) at the PDBe-KB.