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Route map
	Legend
	32 mi
	51 km
	73 mi
	117 km
	88 mi
	142 km
	114 mi
	183 km
	141 mi
	227 km
	151 mi
	243 km
	178 mi
	286 km
	238 mi
	383 km
	252 mi
	406 km
	286 mi
	460 km
	372 mi
	599 km
	438 mi
	705 km
	440 mi
	708 km
	465 mi
	748 km
	445 mi
	716 km
	New York, United States
	Ontario, Canada
	446 mi
	718 km
	467 mi
	752 km
	564 mi
	908 km
	673 mi
	1083 km
	Ontario, Canada
	Michigan, United States
	676 mi
	1088 km
	This diagram: view; talk; edit;

*Niagara Rainbow*
	The Niagara Rainbow at St. Thomas, Ontario in 1978
Overview
Service type	Inter-city rail
Status	Discontinued
Locale	Michigan, New York, Ontario
Predecessor	Empire State Express
First service	October 31, 1974
Last service	January 31, 1979
Former operator(s)	Amtrak
Route
Termini	New York; Detroit
Stops	16
Distance travelled	676 miles (1,088 km)
Average journey time	14 hours 50 minutes
Service frequency	Daily
Train number(s)	63, 64
Technical
Track gauge	4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
Route map
Route map
	Legend
	32 mi
	51 km
	73 mi
	117 km
	88 mi
	142 km
	114 mi
	183 km
	141 mi
	227 km
	151 mi
	243 km
	178 mi
	286 km
	238 mi
	383 km
	252 mi
	406 km
	286 mi
	460 km
	372 mi
	599 km
	438 mi
	705 km
	440 mi
	708 km
	465 mi
	748 km
	445 mi
	716 km
	New York, United States
	Ontario, Canada
	446 mi
	718 km
	467 mi
	752 km
	564 mi
	908 km
	673 mi
	1083 km
	Ontario, Canada
	Michigan, United States
	676 mi
	1088 km
	This diagram: view; talk; edit;

The Niagara Rainbow, known as the Empire State Express before 1976, was an American passenger train service operated by Amtrak between New York City and Detroit via Buffalo and Southwestern Ontario in Canada. The service ran between October 31, 1974, and January 31, 1979.^[1]

History

Prior to the formation of Amtrak in 1971, the Penn Central's Wolverine and Motor City Special had served the route, but Amtrak had truncated the Wolverine to Detroit and discontinued the Motor City Special.

The Empire State Express, as it was then known, made its first run to Detroit on October 31, 1974. Before that it was one of the trains on the Empire Corridor, making a daily run between New York's Grand Central Terminal and Buffalo. The states of New York and Michigan provided the funds to extend the train through to Detroit.^[2] A day train, the Empire State Express carried no sleeping accommodations, but did run with a baggage car and diner. At Buffalo, passengers could connect with a Penn Central/Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway/Canadian Pacific Railway service to Toronto.^[3]

Amtrak changed the name of the train to Niagara Rainbow on April 25, 1976, although Niagara Falls itself continued to be served by a bus connection. In 1978, several state governments proposed replacing the Niagara Rainbow and its Chicago—Cleveland—New York counterpart, the Lake Shore Limited, with a single train. The proposed service would have separate sections via Detroit and Cleveland west of Buffalo plus separate Boston and New York sections east of Albany.^[4] That plan was not implemented and the two trains remained separate. In October 1978 the Niagara Rainbow finally began stopping in Niagara Falls.^[5] Unlike the modern Maple Leaf which uses the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge to cross into Canada, the Niagara Rainbow used the Michigan Central Railway Bridge. From Canada the route travelled north then southwest using trackage from Canada Southern Railway with the stops at St. Thomas, Ontario and Windsor, Ontario before crossing the border again into Detroit.^[6]

Amtrak truncated the Niagara Rainbow to Niagara Falls on January 31, 1979, after Michigan and New York withdrew their support. The United States Secretary of Transportation, Brock Adams, proposed re-routing the Lake Shore Limited, which ran through Cleveland on the opposite side of Lake Erie, over the Ontario route but this plan was not adopted by Congress.^[7]^[8]

Amtrak also ran an overnight service between New York and Toronto, also named the Niagara Rainbow, from June 1994 to September 10, 1995. It operated as a once-weekly additional frequency of the Maple Leaf, departing New York on Friday night and returning on Monday morning.^[9]^[10]

In March 2019, Amtrak indicated interest in 'restoration' of a Detroit-Toronto service in its FY 2020 funding request.^[11]

Equipment

The Niagara Rainbow carried a parlor car, cafe-lounge with meal service, coaches, and a baggage car. This distinguished it from the shorter-haul Empire Service trains which used Turboliner trainsets.^[12]

References

^ "Michigan's Railroad History 1825 - 2014" (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. October 13, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
^ "States Seeking Rail Service". Beaver County Times. July 17, 1974. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
^ All-America Schedules. Amtrak. May 15, 1975. p. 36 – via Museum of Railway Timetables.
^ Wald, Martin (February 8, 1978). "New East-West Rail Plan Would Have Buffalo Hub". Schenectady Gazette. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
^ National Train Timetables. Amtrak. October 29, 1978. p. 32 – via Museum of Railway Timetables.
^ "Amtrak - Windsor, ON".
^ "Paring Down Amtrak". Toledo Blade. August 8, 1979. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
^ "Trains Will Return". Ludington Daily News. February 1, 1979. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
^ Amtrak National Timetable Fall/Winter 1994/1995. Amtrak. October 30, 1994. p. 10 – via Museum of Railway Timetables.
^ Angus, Fred F. (May–June 1996). "Twenty-Five Years of Amtrak in Canada" (PDF). Canadian Rail. No. 452. pp. 63–73. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 22, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
^ "General and Legislative Annual Report & Fiscal Year 2020 Grant Request" (PDF). Amtrak. March 2019.
^ Official Guide of the Railways. New York: National Railway Publication Co. January–February 1977. OCLC 6340864.

[1] "Michigan's Railroad History 1825 - 2014" (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. October 13, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2024.

[2] "States Seeking Rail Service". Beaver County Times. July 17, 1974. Retrieved September 11, 2010.

[3] All-America Schedules. Amtrak. May 15, 1975. p. 36 – via Museum of Railway Timetables.

[4] Wald, Martin (February 8, 1978). "New East-West Rail Plan Would Have Buffalo Hub". Schenectady Gazette. Retrieved September 11, 2010.

[5] National Train Timetables. Amtrak. October 29, 1978. p. 32 – via Museum of Railway Timetables.

[6] "Amtrak - Windsor, ON".

[7] "Paring Down Amtrak". Toledo Blade. August 8, 1979. Retrieved September 11, 2010.

[8] "Trains Will Return". Ludington Daily News. February 1, 1979. Retrieved September 11, 2010.

[9] Amtrak National Timetable Fall/Winter 1994/1995. Amtrak. October 30, 1994. p. 10 – via Museum of Railway Timetables.

[25years-10] Angus, Fred F. (May–June 1996). "Twenty-Five Years of Amtrak in Canada" (PDF). Canadian Rail. No. 452. pp. 63–73. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 22, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2018.

[11] "General and Legislative Annual Report & Fiscal Year 2020 Grant Request" (PDF). Amtrak. March 2019.

[12] Official Guide of the Railways. New York: National Railway Publication Co. January–February 1977. OCLC 6340864.

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Niagara Rainbow

History

Equipment

References

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