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Messier 99
Messier 99
	Galaxy Messier 99, Schulman Telescope
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation	Coma Berenices
Right ascension	12h 18m 49.625s
Declination	+14° 24′ 59.36″
Redshift	0.008029
Heliocentric radial velocity	2,404 km/s
Distance	45.2 Mly (13.87 Mpc)
Group or cluster	Virgo Cluster
Apparent magnitude (V)	9.9
Characteristics
Type	SA(s)c
Apparent size (V)	5.4′ × 4.7′
Other designations
	Coma Pinwheel Galaxy, Virgo Cluster Pinwheel, M99, NGC 4254, PGC 39578, UGC 7345

Messier 99 or M99, also known as NGC 4254 or St. Catherine's Wheel, is a grand design spiral galaxy in the northern constellation Coma Berenices approximately 15,000,000 parsecs (49,000,000 light-years) from the Milky Way.^[5] It was discovered by Pierre Méchain on 17 March 1781. The discovery was then reported to Charles Messier, who included the object in the Messier Catalogue of comet-like objects. It was one of the first galaxies in which a spiral pattern was seen. This pattern was first identified by Lord Rosse in the spring of 1846.^[10]^[11]

This galaxy has a morphological classification of SA(s)c,^[8] indicating a pure spiral shape with loosely wound arms. It has a peculiar shape with one normal looking arm and an extended arm that is less tightly wound. The galaxy is inclined by 42° to the line-of-sight with a major axis position angle of 68°.^[6]

A bridge of neutral hydrogen gas links NGC 4254 with VIRGOHI21, an HI region and a possible dark galaxy. The gravity from the latter may have distorted M99 and drawn out the gas bridge, as the two galaxy-sized objects may have had a close encounter before parting greatly. However, VIRGOHI21 may instead be tidal debris from an interaction with the lenticular galaxy NGC 4262 some 280 million years ago.^[6] It is expected that the drawn out arm will relax to match the normal arm once the encounter is over.

While not classified as a starburst galaxy, M99 has a star formation activity three times larger than other galaxies of similar Hubble type that may have been triggered by the encounter.^[12] M99 is likely entering the Virgo Cluster for the first time bound to the periphery of the cluster at a projected separation of 3.7°, or around one megaparsec, from the cluster center at Messier 87. The galaxy is undergoing ram-pressure stripping of much of its interstellar medium as it moves through the intracluster medium.^[6]

Supernovae

Four supernovae have been observed in M99:

SN 1967H (type II, mag. 14.0) was discovered by Fritz Zwicky on 1 July 1967.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]
SN 1972Q (type unknown, mag. 15.8) was discovered by Leonida Rosino on 14 December 1972.^[17]
SN 1986I (type II, mag. 14) was discovered by Carlton Pennypacker et al. on 17 May 1986.^[18]^[19]^[20]
SN 2014L (type Ic, mag. 17.2) was discovered by the THU-NAOC Transient Survey (TNTS) on 26 January 2014.^[21]^[22]^[23]

References

^ "The Schulman Telescope". www.as.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
^ Dreyer, J. L. E. (1988). Sinnott, R. W. (ed.). The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters. Sky Publishing Corporation/Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-933346-51-2.
^ ^a ^b Skrutskie, Michael F.; Cutri, Roc M.; Stiening, Rae; Weinberg, Martin D.; Schneider, Stephen E.; Carpenter, John M.; Beichman, Charles A.; Capps, Richard W.; Chester, Thomas; Elias, Jonathan H.; Huchra, John P.; Liebert, James W.; Lonsdale, Carol J.; Monet, David G.; Price, Stephan; Seitzer, Patrick; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gizis, John E.; Howard, Elizabeth V.; Evans, Tracey E.; Fowler, John W.; Fullmer, Linda; Hurt, Robert L.; Light, Robert M.; Kopan, Eugene L.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; McCallon, Howard L.; Tam, Robert; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Wheelock, Sherry L. (1 February 2006). "The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)". The Astronomical Journal. 131 (2): 1163–1183. Bibcode:2006AJ....131.1163S. doi:10.1086/498708. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 18913331.
^ ^a ^b "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4254. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c Tully, R. Brent; et al. (August 2016), "Cosmicflows-3", The Astronomical Journal, 152 (2): 21, arXiv:1605.01765, Bibcode:2016AJ....152...50T, doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/50, S2CID 250737862, 50.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Vollmer, B.; Huchtmeier, W.; van Driel, W. (September 2005). "NGC 4254: a spiral galaxy entering the Virgo cluster". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 439 (3): 921–933. arXiv:astro-ph/0505021. Bibcode:2005A&A...439..921V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041350. S2CID 17414818.
^ "Messier 99". SEDS Messier Catalog. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b de Vaucouleurs, G.; et al. (1991), Third reference catalogue of bright galaxies, 9, New York: Springer-Verlag.
^ "M 99". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
^ Jones, K. G. (1991). Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37079-0.
^ Rosse, The Earl Of (1850). "Observations on the Nebulae". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series I. 140: 499–514.
^ Chyży, K. T.; Ehle, M.; Beck, R. (September 2007). "Magnetic fields and gas in the cluster-influenced spiral galaxy NGC 4254. I. Radio and X-rays observations". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 415–429. arXiv:0708.1533. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..415C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077497. S2CID 16273521.
^ Gingerich, Owen (5 July 1967). "Circular No. 2021". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
^ Zwicky, F. (1968). "The 1967 Palomar Supernova Search". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 80: 462. Bibcode:1968PASP...80..462Z. doi:10.1086/128660.
^ "SN 1967H". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
^ Fairall, A. P. (August 1975), "The spectrum of the type II supernova 1967h in NGC 4254", Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa, 34 (7–8): 94–98
^ "SN 1972Q". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
^ Pennypacker, C.; Burns, S.; Crawford, F.; Friedman, P.; Muller, J.; Perlmutter, S.; Smith, C.; Treffers, R.; Williamson, A.; Junkkarinen, V.; Filippenko, A. V.; McCarthy, P. J.; Rosino, L.; Iijima, T.; Wilson, I.; Horine, E. (1986). "Supernovae". International Astronomical Union Circular (4219): 1. Bibcode:1986IAUC.4219....1P.
^ "SN 1986I". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
^ Penhallow, W. S.; et al. (June 1986), Marsden, B. G. (ed.), "Supernova 1986I in NGC 4254", IAU Circular, 4225 (2): 2, Bibcode:1986IAUC.4225....2P
^ Zhang, Tianmeng; Wang, Xiaofeng; Mo, Jun; Chen, Juncheng (2014). "Supernova 2014L in M99 = PSN J12184868+1424435". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams. 3795: 1. Bibcode:2014CBET.3795....1Z.
^ Bishop, David. "Supernovae 2014L in M99". Rochester Astronomy. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
^ "SN 2014L". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 2 December 2024.