Messier 18

Messier 18
Open cluster Messier 18 in Sagittarius
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
Right ascension18h 19m 58.0s[1]
Declination–17° 06′ 06″[1]
Distance4.23 kly (1.296 kpc)[2]
Apparent magnitude (V)7.5[3]
Apparent dimensions (V)9.8′[4]
Physical characteristics
Mass186+161
−86[5] M☉
Radius26.2 light-years[5]
Estimated age33×106 years[6]
Other designationsMessier 18, NGC 6613, Cr 376, OCl 40[7]
Associations
See also: Open cluster, List of open clusters

Messier 18 or M18, also designated NGC 6613 and sometimes known as the Black Swan Cluster, is an open cluster of stars in the constellation Sagittarius. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1764 and included in his list of comet-like objects.[8] From the perspective of Earth, M18 is situated between the Omega Nebula (M17) and the Small Sagittarius Star Cloud (M24).[3]

This is a sparse[9] cluster with a linear diameter of 8.04 pc,[5] a tidal radius of 7.3 pc,[6] and is centrally concentrated with core radius of 0.012 pc.[10] It has a Trumpler class of II 3 p.[4] The cluster is 33[6] million years old with an estimated mass of 188 M☉.[5] It has one definite Be star and 29 B-type stars in total.[9] There are three supergiant stars, all of class A or earlier.[11] The brightest component (lucida), designated HD 168352, is a B-type giant star with a class of B2 III and a visual magnitude of 8.65.[4]

Messier 18 is 1,296 kpc[2] from the Earth and 6,830 kpc from the Galactic Center.[5] It is orbiting the Milky Way core with a period of 186.5 million years and an eccentricity of 0.02. This carries it to as close as 6.5 kpc to, and as far as 6.8 kpc from the galactic core. It passes vertically through the galactic plane once every 27.4 million years, ranging no more than 80 pc above or below.[1]

As of January 2022, Messier 18 is one of the few remaining objects within the Messier Catalog to not have been photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope. [12]

  • M18 photo from the 2MASS project
    M18 photo from the 2MASS project
  • Map showing location of M18 (Roberto Mura)
    Map showing location of M18 (Roberto Mura)
  • Star cluster Messier 18 (upper left) and its surroundings, taken by the OmegaCAM.
    Star cluster Messier 18 (upper left) and its surroundings, taken by the OmegaCAM[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Wu, Zhen-Yu; et al. (November 2009), "The orbits of open clusters in the Galaxy", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 399 (4): 2146–2164, arXiv:0909.3737, Bibcode:2009MNRAS.399.2146W, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15416.x, S2CID 6066790.
  2. ^ a b Kharchenko, N. V.; et al. (2005), "Astrophysical parameters of Galactic open clusters", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 438 (3): 1163–1173, arXiv:astro-ph/0501674, Bibcode:2005A&A...438.1163K, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042523, S2CID 9079873.
  3. ^ a b Frommert, Hartmut; Kronberg, Christine (August 21, 2007), Messier 18, Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS), retrieved 2018-11-11.
  4. ^ a b c Lindoff, U. (December 1971), "The open clusters NGC 6613 (M 18) and NGC 6716", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 15: 439–449, Bibcode:1971A&A....15..439L.
  5. ^ a b c d e Joshi, Y. C.; et al. (October 2016), "Study of open clusters within 1.8 kpc and understanding the Galactic structure", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 593: 13, arXiv:1606.06425, Bibcode:2016A&A...593A.116J, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628944, S2CID 118610932, A116.
  6. ^ a b c Piskunov, A. E.; et al. (January 2008), "Tidal radii and masses of open clusters", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 477 (1): 165–172, Bibcode:2008A&A...477..165P, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078525.
  7. ^ "M 18". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
  8. ^ Adam, Len (2018), Imaging the Messier Objects Remotely from Your Laptop, The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series, Springer, pp. 117–120, Bibcode:2018imor.book.....A, ISBN 978-3319653853.
  9. ^ a b McSwain, M. Virginia; Gies, Douglas R. (November 2005), "The Evolutionary Status of Be Stars: Results from a Photometric Study of Southern Open Clusters", The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 161 (1): 118–146, arXiv:astro-ph/0505032, Bibcode:2005ApJS..161..118M, doi:10.1086/432757, S2CID 14498164.
  10. ^ Santos-Silva, T.; Gregorio-Hetem, J. (November 6, 2012), "Characterisation of young stellar clusters", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 547: A107, arXiv:1209.1585, Bibcode:2012A&A...547A.107S, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219695, S2CID 119213441.
  11. ^ Eggenberger, P.; et al. (May 2002), "The blue to red supergiant ratio in young clusters at various metallicities", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 386 (2): 576–582, arXiv:astro-ph/0202478, Bibcode:2002A&A...386..576E, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020262, S2CID 14373322.
  12. ^ "Explore - the Night Sky | Hubble's Messier Catalog". 28 August 2017.
  13. ^ "Stellar Lab in Sagittarius", www.eso.org, retrieved 11 August 2016.
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