Madonna (name)

Not to be confused with Madonna (nickname).
Madonna
PronunciationEnglish: /məˈdɒnə/
Italian: [maˈdɔnna]
GenderFemale (given name)
Origin
Language(s)Old Italian
Meaning"My lady"
Other names
Alternative spellingMadona, Madonnah
Nickname(s)Maddy, Maddie, Madge, Donna

Madonna (/məˈdɒnə/) is a name from the 16th century, originally used as a respectful form of address to an Italian woman. It comes from Old Italian phrase ma donna which means "my lady". It was adopted as one of the titles for Mary, mother of Jesus in Roman Catholic tradition in the 17th century. Its usage has been present in Western Christian art and literature.

The name has also become associated in contemporary culture with American singer Madonna (full name: Madonna Louise Ciccone) since late twentieth century. She registered her name for trademark in the United States during the 1980s. Her trademark was also recognized internationally when she won a legal case in 2000 through the United Nations' arbitration at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

Etymology and title for Mary, mother of Jesus

Madonna also meant "prostitute" in early modern England, as used in Thomas Dekker's Blurt, Master Constable (1602).[1]

Madonna comes from Old Italian language words of ma ("my") and donna ("lady").[2][3] The Italian word came from the Latin phrase mea domina (or domina mea),[4][5] translated as "my mistress" in English.[6] In modern Italian, "my lady" is translated as mia donna.[7] The name is alternatively spelled as Madona, Madonnah,[8] and Madòna.[9] Its short-form nicknames include Maddy, Maddie, Madge, and Donna.[10][11]

Madonna was attested in the 16th century as a respectful form of address to an Italian woman.[2][12] It became a loanword to English language in 1584,[13] defining as "an idealized virtuous and beautiful woman" (Oxford Dictionary of English, 1998).[2] Previously, in vernacular Italian communities of the Middle Ages, such as northern Italian dialects, Madonna meant variously, including a high-born lady, a spouse's mother and the "loved woman" during the Dolce Stil Novo period.[9] Mea Domina or Madonna also signified the "ideal woman" to troubadours of Provence.[14][15] Ksana Blank, in Dostoevsky's Dialectics and the Problem of Sin (2010), refers to this precedent as the "cult of Lady", or "The European aesthetic ideal of the Madonna", an image imported from Byzantium in medieval times by pilgrims and crusaders modeled on Ma domna ("My Lady" for Occitan), and it had an impact on European prose, having influenced arts, literature and everyday life, including troubadours who Denis de Rougemont described their views as "supremely ambiguous".[16] In addition, Madonna was also used as a mock-respectful form of address to an Italian woman,[17][18][1] and according to Peruvian-Italian writer Felipe Sassone in 1953, as a sense of "pagan admiration and pride" for a man's possession of a woman.[19] Madonna was also used to mean "prostitute" in early modern England. The derogatory sense of the term is clear in Thomas Dekker's Blurt, Master Constable (1602).[1]

Madonna (1895) by Edvard Munch, or the Loving Woman, which according to Catholic University of America merges "the sacred and the profane" artistic style. It represents Mary, mother of Jesus.[20]

Although the Bible makes no mention of the word Madonna,[a] it was adopted as one of titles for Mary, mother of Jesus, in the 17th century (circa the 1640s).[7][b] The term has not been present in general Christianity, but has been particular to Roman Catholic tradition.[c] It was not used by various Protestant denominations during their dominance in the American religious cultural landscape at that time.[3] Centuries later, observers from academia to the art world, such as Robert Orsi and Stephen Knapp have referred to the word as a "Catholic term" or from the Catholic faith,[34][35][23] while it was called a symbol of purity and virginity in Catholicism by a Christian author.[36] In an article published by linguistic journal Transactions of the Philological Society in 1957, the word is defined as "essentially a term of art criticism and hardly belongs to the religious language of England".[37]

With the definite article (the Madonna), the term appeared as a complimentary term noting a likeness to Mary.[1] This designation to Mary as pointed out the International Marian Research Institute at University of Dayton, is translated into English as "Our Lady", and that term is also known in other languages as Nuestra Señora (Spanish), Notre-Dame (French), Nossa Senhora (Portuguese) or Unsere liebe Frau (German).[38]

Traditionally, the Madonna has been mostly used for "images of Mary holding the infant Jesus", although it is also referred to depictions of Mary without Jesus, according to publications ranging from 19th to 21st centuries.[39][40] The theme of the Madonna became one of the most popular subjects of Christian Western art,[25] or perhaps the most popular at some extent, popularized by painters of the Middle Ages (such as Fra Angelico), especially from the Renaissance.[41][42][43] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the term is usually restricted to Mary's devotional representations rather than narrative, showing her in a "non-historical context and to sentimental significances";[44] Diane Apostolos-Cappadona, a religious art professor from catholic studies program at Georgetown University, referred to as "one of the most popular topics in Christian art and one that had no direct scriptural basis".[45] In modern times, as reported Ginny Kubitz Moyer from Busted Halo, the term is very familiar to art historians thanks to Marian arts.[39] In the community, some have follow the distinction when it comes to Mary holding the infant or without him to apply the term,[46][47] which is also noted with the usage of the term "Madonna and Child".[48]

Throughout history, the name has acquired other meanings; the word was later used to mean by others all sorts of things about women.[49][50] The term Madonna–whore complex, also known as "the virgin/whore complex", has been used as a teaching about sexuality and the female body,[51][52] in some Christian communities. Others have interpreted the term to mean "virgin" as an original Italian word,[53] and motherhood.[14] In other cultures, like modern Japan, historically, the word Madonna "has little to do with Mary" according to the International Comparative Literature Association. The popularity of the word in that country was attributed to novelist Natsume Sōseki in the early 20th century, when he used it as a nickname for a character in one of his publications.[49] In the mid-1980s, the term "Madonna" or "Madonna Boom" was popularized again in the country, after Doi Takako's emergence as the first woman in the political history of Japan to become the leader of a political party.[54] The American singer Madonna (born 1958), also had a slight effect on that catchphrase, according to Ardath W. Burks from Rutgers University.[55]

Late 20th-century effects

19th-century English Italian-based writer Thomas Adolphus Trollope described the term "Madonna", as in extenso "appropriated exclusively to the Holy Virgin".[56] The in extenso association to Mary was affected after the advent of Madonna (born Madonna Louise Ciccone, 1958), an American singer whose given name and middle name were taken from her mother, Madonna Louise (née Fortin).[57] A Brigham Young University professor explored how the ambiguation of the word "Madonna" had already begun before "Internet algorithms".[58] The American singer became part of word's definition in some reference works,[59] both printed and online, including Oxford Dictionary of English (2010),[2] and Encyclopædia Britannica since 2002,[60] among others.[61][62] Although the illustration for the word "Madonna" in some references works such as Microsoft Encarta with the image of the American singer also generated certain criticism.[63]

According to authors in Governing Codes (2005), the association with Mary still popular in literature, although the American singer's figure was "much more familiar to contemporary audiences".[64] Semiotician Victorino Zecchetto agreed that in the Western system of meanings, "Madonna" evoked "only" the Virgin Mary, but after the emergence of the singer, the semantic field favored other interpretations.[65] Author Michael Campbell similarly claimed that the term acquired a more contemporary image: "The pop star whose given name was enough to identify her to the world at large".[48]

Common association with American singer Madonna (b. 1958)

Since the 1980s, the name has been particularly associated with the American pop star Madonna Ciccone.

Lexicographer and corpus linguist Patrick Hanks, et alii (Oxford University Press, 2006.;[66] 2013 updated[67])

Various publications have attributed a dominant association of the name to the American singer Madonna Ciccone since her debut in the 1980s.[68][69][70][71] Explorations vary. For instance, anthologist Bruce Lansky, as reported The Canberra Times in 1991, said: "Madonna Ciccone already has out stripped the Virgin Mother as the archetype for her name." Lansky noted Madonna as a perfect example of someone shaped by her name or, in her case, the rejection of it.[22] In an article published by the New Theatre Quarterly in 1996, Mark Watts wrote that "the persona (Ciccone) can be said to be signified of the word 'Madonna'. It embodies the indescribable combination of ideas that enters our mind when we think 'Madonna' —singer, star, exhibitionist, whataever".[72]

American singer's influence is noted on the Internet age landscape, notoriously in simplified results on websites and search engines of general wide use. For example, art museum Castagnino+macro concurred that the viewpoints of the word "Madonna" has been changed since its origin, and Google results, for instance, are virtually limited the singer.[50] On the same plain, a contributor from art institution MoMA PS1 said that "Madonna as Mary doesn't even show up on the first five pages of a simple Google search".[73] Musician turned-writer Alina Simone also noted singer's influence, by saying in Madonnaland (2016), "Google Madonna's name and the mother of Jesus is nowhere in sight".[74] Speaking about the point, authors of Constantly Consume (2007), explained that unlike AltaVista, the dominant search engine when Google surfaced and required "labyrinthic" searches, such as "Madonna and not singer", Google simplified the query process by analyzing how often web sites are linked to other highly ranked sites.[75]

Reactions and commentary

The American singer frequently played and explored various female roles/stereotypes such as the whore complex, and often employed religious imagery in provocative and challenged ways. Maury Dean documented how the singer was noted for her "morality and name coincidence".[76]

In 1997, Finnish religious studies magazine Temenos commented that "several Christian critics" insisted on calling her by her second name, as Madonna is "anything but Madonna-like".[77] According to the magazine, critics like Godwin (1988) or Ahrnroth (1991), claimed that Madonna was her pseudonym.[77] Occasionally, the American singer parallelly faced mistranslations and misinterpretations of some international sources, as reported an article published in Yahoo! on 2024.[78] Traditional Catholic activist, Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira used her name with "quotation marks",[79] while Italian name expert, Enzo La Stella, whom also assumed Madonna as her stage name, named her as born "Luisa Veronica Ciccone".[7] According to author Adam Sexton (1993), in the souvenir program book from her 1987 tour, the singer is quoted as saying: "Madonna is my real name. It means a lot of things. It means virgin, mother, mother of earth. Someone who is very pure and innocent but someone who's very strong".[80] She was also quoted, according to Arrington, defining Madonna as a "strange name [...] I felt there was a reason. I felt like I had to live up to my name".[81] Biographer Andrew Morton, in Madonna (2001), defined that before fame, her name was "a curse rather than a blessing" and when she ventured into the New York scene, "her name automatically defined her as Catholic, ethnic and regional".[82]

Some authors were critical or concerned about a cultural illiteracy step. In an article published in 1991 for Irish Catholic periodical The Furrow, catechist Stephanie Walsh explored about a generational gap in a fast-changing Irish society.[83] In The Authority of Women in the Catholic Church (2015), Catholic theologian Monica Migliorino Miller from the Madonna University recognized the psyche associated to the singer, but lamented: "When the word Madonna is mentioned, it's not Mary who comes to mind but someone arguably her antithesis. [She] has managed to rise to the center of consciousness when the word is used in the public square. It's not Christ's mother who comes to mind but a crude and irreverent vocalist".[84] Other commentators claimed that "once it was a name spoken with reverence, but now people have a whole new attitude toward the name",[85] to describe: "Madonna has appropriated the word and turned the intended insult to her advantage".[86]

On the other hand, Canadian academic Linda Hutcheon in Irony's Edge, remarks on singer's irony but added that Madonna as the medieval title given to a woman, and that in Italian-speaking discurse community, the added "subliminal" idea of "ma donna" (my woman), in terms of either possessiveness or material/sexual posseion, "is likely ironizable, no matter what stand you take on her personal politics".[87]

Popularity

A French-language placard displaying singer's name prior her Sticky & Sweet Tour. Lexicographers such as Iseabail Macleod, have claimed she "made [the name] famous".[88][89]

Some international observers agreed that Madonna is a rare name for babies, even among Catholic population, including authors of The Italian Heritage: A Companion to Literature and Arts (1998).[90][91] It was not used as a given name in Italy and was first used as a name by Italian Americans. The oldest Madonna in the United States census is Madonna Klotz (born 1843), daughter of John and Julianna in Philadelphia.[7] The US Social Security's yearly baby name lists started in 1880, but Madonna only began entering the top-1,000 position in 1909.[7] The name was mildly popular through most of the first half of the 20th century.[92] It reached an all-time peak at 536th in 1933 and made its last appearance within the top 1,000 in 1968. The American singer's early popularity helped give a slight increase in the 1980s, but it did not last long. Since 1992 fewer than 20 newly-born babies named Madonna in the United States every year.[7] In Finland, according to a report by the Population Register Centre in 2012, thirty babies were named Madonna, most of them since singer's emergence.[93]

The singer herself claimed to have never met anyone else with the name other than her mother while growing up.[90] Janaya Wecker from entertainment magazine Men's Health, wrote "Not many new parents have dared to name their kid after the Queen of Pop..."[94] Writing for Omaha World-Herald in 2016, Cleveland Evans, a Bellevue University psychology professor said that Madonna still so rare as a name because "it's the premier example of a rare name so identified with one super-celebrity", further adding that "Madonna won't have many namesakes until parents of newborns no longer think only of the 'high priestess of pop' when they hear or see 'Madonna'".[7]

Beyond its usage, lexicographers such as Iseabail Macleod stated that the name was "made famous" by the American singer.[88] As documents British linguist, David Crystal, she is a "well-known" example of a single-name.[95] The New Zealand Herald's Charlie Gowans-Eglinton said in 2020, the woman became "so globally famous by her mononym that I'd forgotten her surname (Ciccone)".[96] According to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2008, "Madonna is one of the most recognizable names in the world – and not just the world of music."[97]

Trademark

The American singer became one of the earliest celebrities to register her name for trademark in the United States in the 1980s.[98] Her trademark for the name Madonna was also recognized internationally when she won a legal case in 2000 through the United Nations' arbitration at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). In comparison, her fellow British singer Sting's case was denied by WIPO in the same year, because sting was considered "a common English word".[99]

JD Supra Business Advisor, explored a "scandalous" case in the 1930s after an intent to register the "Madonna Wine", with complainers arguing the word has been recognized in several English-speaking countries as an associated with Mary; in contrast, website further adds in the post 1979-years, the "singer altered and distracted from the previous and exclusive reference to the Virgin Mary".[100] In 1993, The Trademark Reporter mentioned another case by saying "apparently, the term 'Madonna' was still believed to be generally understood as referring to the Virgin Mary in 1959. Whether that might be found true in 1993 is another question".[101]

List of people

Given name

Surname

Alias and stage name

Notes

  1. ^ Some authors have linked and referred the word "Madonna" as a Biblical name.[21][22] However, the Bible makes no mention of the word Madonna,[23] neither in its native language.
  2. ^ Its religious/devotional usage for Mary has been associated to the Renaissance, although her artistic representations have existed before throughout the early Middle Ages (Sistine Madonna and Golden Madonna of Essen are examples). Generic depictions of Mary, according to sources like Chambers's Encyclopaedia, proliferated in the 5th century when she was declared to be the "Mother of God" (Council of Ephesus).[24][25] In the religious magazine, The Monthly Packet (1875), the origins and usage of the word Madonna is defined as an "usual address to a woman" but "when Madonna began to be used especially for the Blessed Virgin, we cannot say".[26] According to an University of Oxford scholar, "its use is very common in early Italian texts", and is in fact "earlier than its devotional use as a term for 'Mother of Christ'".[9]
  3. ^ Marian theological-dogmatic and devotional perspectives could vary in Christianity and outside, though it could be contested and ambiguous. For instance, author Spencer L. Allen explains in The Splintered Divine (2015) that some scholars "have been tempted to discuss the treatment of Mary [...] in Roman Catholic lay tradition", including British classical scholar Hugh Lloyd-Jones with Marian titles (including Madonna).[27] In this root, the term "Madonna" was according to some authors, derived from terms domina/mistress, and mater/donna, used prominently for Egyptian antiquity mother goddess, Isis, and allegedly adopted by Catholic priests for Mary (Mother of Jesus).[28][29] Historians like Will Durant noted the similar correlations, including Nostra Domina ("Our Lady") previously used for Cybele, known in Ancient Rome as "The Great Mother of God".[30][31] These correlations, according to authors like Felix R. Paturi in Prehistoric Heritage (1979), were arguably "strongly" rooted within the concept of "Mother of God" (divine mother figure, the dea Madre, the great mother or the Magna Mater) that appeared constantly in rock paintings of prehistoric times in the southern Europe, "especially in Italy".[32] Authors like Judith Taylor (Monsters and Madonnas, 1999), sees figures of madonnas as early as primitive religions of ancient man, calling Mary, the "Madonna of contemporary times".[14] Egyptologist Flinders Petrie goes far as having claimed, "We may even say, that but for the presence of Egypt we should never have seen a Madonna".[33]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Findlay, Alison (2010). Women in Shakespeare. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 241. ISBN 9780826458896.
  2. ^ a b c d Stevenson, Angus (1998). Oxford Dictionary of English. OUP Oxford. p. 1063. ISBN 978-0-19-957112-3. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
  3. ^ a b Darowski, Joseph J. (2014). The Ages of the Avengers: Essays on the Earth's Mightiest Heroes in Changing. McFarland & Company. p. 47. ISBN 978-0786474585. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  4. ^ As per Italian or Latin-language sources. Examples:
  5. ^ As per English-language sources. Examples:
  6. ^ As per Italian-English-language sources:
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Evans, Cleveland (August 16, 2016). "'Madonna' as a name is never in vogue". Omaha World-Herald. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
  8. ^ Thomas, Siobhan (2020). Best Baby Names 2021. Ebury Publishing. ISBN 978-1473578623. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  9. ^ a b c Sciama, Lidia (2003). A Venetian Island: Environment, History and Change in Burano. Berghahn Books. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-1-78238-614-8. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
  10. ^ Fergusson, Rosalind (May 27, 2009). Perfect Babies' Names. Random House. ISBN 9781409063223. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  11. ^ Wattenberg, Laura (July 7, 2009). The Baby Name Wizard: A Magical Method for Finding the Perfect Name for Your Baby. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 9780767931595. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  12. ^ "Madonna". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  13. ^ Freeborn, Dennis (1998). From Old English to Standard English. University of Ottawa Press. p. 319. ISBN 9780776604695.
  14. ^ a b c Gold, Judith Taylor; Gold, Joseph (1999). Monsters and Madonnas. Syracuse University Press. pp. 5, 40. ISBN 978-0-8156-0583-6. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  15. ^ Wachtel, Michael (1999). A Commentary to Pushkin's Lyric Poetry, 1826–1836. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-299-28543-2. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  16. ^ Blank, Ksana (2010). Dostoevsky's Dialectics and the Problem of Sin. Northwestern University Press. pp. 82–84. ISBN 978-0810126930. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
  17. ^ Cresswell, Julia (2010). Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins. Oxford University Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-0199547937. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  18. ^ "Bulletin of the American Association of Teachers of Italian". Italica: 193. 1936. Retrieved July 5, 2024. Madonna " is a mock - polite title
  19. ^ Sassone, Felipe (1953). "La casa sin hombre". Editorial Tecnos. p. 9.
  20. ^ "Munch's Madonna: Sacred or Profane?". Catholic University of America. Retrieved October 27, 2024.
  21. ^ "Madonna: Name Meaning, Popularity and Info on BabyNames.com". BabyNames.com. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  22. ^ a b Rubin, Neal (March 12, 1991). "Some names are good, others are Gertrude". The Canberra Times. p. 14. Retrieved August 1, 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  23. ^ a b Sparrow, Rita; Ya'akova, Uzi Miera (2021). Truthful: Reaching Back... Moving Forward. Balboa Press. p. 157. ISBN 9781982267155.
  24. ^ "Madison—Madras". Chambers's Encyclopaedia. W. & R. Chambers. 1886. p. 250.
  25. ^ a b "The Virgin Mary: Why is the Madonna so popular in art?". ArtHistoryProject. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  26. ^ H.F. (1875). "Notices to Correspondents". The Monthly Packet. p. 3.
  27. ^ Allen, Spencer L. (2015). The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-1614512363. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  28. ^ Watson, Thomas Edward (1911). "The Roman Catholic Hierarchy". Watson's Magazine. 13. Jeffersonian Publishing Company: 105. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
  29. ^ Seligmann, Kurt (1948). The Mirror of Magic: A History of Magic in the Western World. Inner Traditions – Bear & Company. ISBN 9781620557914. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  30. ^ Guillaumier, John (November 19, 2005). "The mother goddess". Times of Malta. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  31. ^ Guillaumier, John (October 13, 2019). "Mariolatry". The Malta Independent. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  32. ^ Paturi, Felix R. (1979). Prehistoric Heritage. Scribner. ISBN 9780684162799. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  33. ^ Petrie, Flinders (2007). Religion and Conscience in Ancient Egypt: Lectures Delivered at University College, London. Methuen Publishing. p. 24. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
  34. ^ Orsi, Robert A. (2002). The Madonna of 115th Street. Yale University Press. p. vx. ISBN 0300091354. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  35. ^ Knapp, Stephen (2000). Proof of Vedic Culture's Global Existence. World Relief Network. p. 205. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  36. ^ Spence, H. T. (2002). Confronting Contemporary Christian Music: A Plain Account of Its History, Philosophy, and Future. Foundations Bible College. p. 105. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  37. ^ "Philological Society (Great Britain)". Transactions of the Philological Society. Philological Society: 82. 1957. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  38. ^ "Madonna, Origins of Title". University of Dayton. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  39. ^ a b Moyer, Ginny Kubitz (January 11, 2010). "Where did the title "Madonna" come from for Mary?". Busted Halo. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  40. ^ Loomis, Lafayette Charles (1882). The Index Guide to Travel and Art-study in Europe: A Compendium of Geographical, Historical, and Artistic Information for the Use of Americans. Alphabetically Arranged. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 207–208. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
  41. ^ Williams, Linda (December 30, 1980). "Gallery Houses 400 'Masters in Miniature'". Oxnard Press-Courier. p. 4. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  42. ^ Williams, Walton (December 16, 1912). "The Madonna". Oxnard Press-Courier. p. 6. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  43. ^ F. Potter, Thomas (December 27, 1980). "The style changes, but the theme endures". Record-Journal. p. 4. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  44. ^ "Madonna". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on April 3, 2024. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  45. ^ Apostolos-Cappadona, Diane (1996). Encyclopedia of Women in Religious Art. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-8264-0915-7. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  46. ^ "Madonna". The American Philatelist. 79. American Philatelic Association: 700. 1965. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  47. ^ Brooke, James T. (1977). A Viewer's Guide to Looking at Photographs: The Art of Analyzing, Understanding, and Judging Photographs. Aurelian Press. p. 69. ISBN 0918844029. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  48. ^ a b Campbell, Michael (2012). Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On. Cengage. ISBN 978-1133712602. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
  49. ^ a b International Comparative Literature Association (1995). "The "Madonna" Figure in Modern Japanese". The Force of Vision. 13. University of Tokyo Press: 617–618. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  50. ^ a b "De madonna a Madonna". Museo Castagnino+macro. 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  51. ^ Powers, Karen Vieira (2005). Women in the Crucible of Conquest. University of New Mexico Press. p. 124. ISBN 0826335195. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  52. ^ Gay, Volney P. (2001). Joy and the Objects of Psychoanalysis: Literature, Belief, and Neurosis. SUNY Press. p. 109. ISBN 0791450996. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  53. ^ Serrano, Beatriz (October 28, 2022). "Madonna enseñando canalillo o por qué sigue siendo tabú la sexualidad femenina a partir de los 60". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  54. ^ Gelb, Joyce (2002). Gender Policies in Japan and the United States. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 21. ISBN 1403976783. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
  55. ^ Burks, Ardath W. (2019). Japan: A Postindustrial Power. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0429718953. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
  56. ^ Trollope, Thomas Adolphus (1862). La Beata. Now 1st pr, Volume 42. Chapman & Hall. p. 273. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
  57. ^ Janosik, MaryAnn (2006). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History. Greenwood Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-313-32943-2. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  58. ^ Talbot, John (2022). The Alcaic Metre in the English Imagination. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 148. ISBN 978-1350232501. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
  59. ^ Guilbert, Georges-Claude (2002). Madonna as Postmodern Myth. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0786480718. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  60. ^ "Madonna included in encyclopaedia". Irish Examiner. March 17, 2002. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  61. ^ "madonna (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  62. ^ "Definition of 'Madonna'". CollinsDictionary.com. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  63. ^ Nevaer, Louis E.V. (2002). The dot-com debacle and the return to reason. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 0739155709. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  64. ^ Anderson, Karrin Vasby; Sheeler, Kristina Horn (2005). Governing Codes: Gender, Metaphor, and Political Identity. Lexington Books. ISBN 0739155709. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
  65. ^ Zecchetto, Victorino (2003). La danza de los signos: nociones de semiótica general (in Spanish). La Crujía. p. 100. ISBN 9871004192. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
  66. ^ Hanks, Patrick; Hodges, Flavia; Hardcastle, Kate (2006). A Dictionary of First Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0470056436. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  67. ^ Hanks, Patrick; Hardcastle, Kate (2013). An A-Z of Baby Names. Oxford University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0199669851. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
  68. ^ Cheung, Ruthie; Cole, Rosie (2011). Perfect Baby Names: A Parent's Guide to the Most Important Gift Ever Given. Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1409114505. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  69. ^ Baher, Paddington (2010). Unusual Baby Names: From Apple, Brooklyn and Chevy to Xanthe, Yorick and Zafira. Summersdale Publishers. ISBN 978-0857656582. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  70. ^ Cox, Jeanine (2004). The Perfect Name: A Step-by-step Guide to Naming Your Baby. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 0760742952. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  71. ^ Joynes, Ella (2018). Baby Names 2019. Crimson Publishing. ISBN 978-1910336533. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  72. ^ Watts, Mark (1996). "Madonna, Persona, Aura". New Theatre Quarterly. 12: 100. ISBN 0521565022. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  73. ^ Lee, Izzy (August 23, 2016). "On the 25th Anniversary of Madonna: Truth or Dare". MoMA PS1. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
  74. ^ Simone, Alina (March 1, 2016). "Why Does Madonna's Hometown Hate Her?". Literary Hub. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  75. ^ Verklin, David; Kanner, Bernice (2007). Watch This, Listen Up, Click Here. Wiley. ISBN 978-0470056431. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
  76. ^ Dean, Maury (2003). Rock N Roll Gold Rush: A Singles Un-Cyclopedia. Algora Publishing. p. 524. ISBN 0875862276. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  77. ^ a b Häger, Andreas (1997). "The Interpretation of Religious Symbols". Temenos. 33–34. Suomen Uskontotieteellinen Seura: 58. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  78. ^ Dobrin, Nikki (April 8, 2024). "Fact Check: Rumors Have Claimed Madonna's Birth Name Is Something Other Than Madonna for Years. Here's the Truth". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on May 7, 2024. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  79. ^ Corrêa de Oliveira, Plinio (November–December 1993). ""Madonna" Is Rebuffed in Argentina". Tradition, Family, Property (TFP). pp. 9–10. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
  80. ^ Bego, Mark (November–December 1993). Madonna: Blonde Ambition. Cooper Square Press. p. 12. ISBN 1461741521. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
  81. ^ Wilson, Janelle L; Markly, Gerald E. (2008). "Justify my ideology: Madonna and traditional values". Popular Music and Society. 16 (2): 75–84. doi:10.1080/03007769208591477. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  82. ^ Morton, Andrew (2001). Madonna. St. Martin's Press. p. 32. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  83. ^ Walsh, Stephanie (1991). "Madonna Madness". The Furrow. 42 (12): 711–715. JSTOR 27662097. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
  84. ^ Migliorino Miller, Monica (2015). "6, The Authority of Women". The Authority of Women in the Catholic Church. Emmaus Road Publishing. ISBN 978-1941447178. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
  85. ^ Wilen, Lydia (2011). The Perfect Name for the Perfect Baby. Random House Publishing Group. p. 232. ISBN 978-0307775078. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  86. ^ Selzer, Jack L. (1996). Conversations: Readings for Writing: Examination Copy. Allyn & Bacon. p. 254. ISBN 0205264417. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  87. ^ Hutcheon, Linda (2003). Risky Business. Taylor & Francis. p. 32. ISBN 1134937547. Retrieved June 5, 2024. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  88. ^ a b MacLeod, Iseabail; Freedman, Terry (1995). Dictionary of First Names. Wordsworth Editions. p. 142. ISBN 1853263664. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
  89. ^ Pickering, David (2005). The Penguin Pocket Dictionary of Babies' Names. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-191639-2. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
  90. ^ a b Simone, Alina (2016). Madonnaland: And Other Detours into Fame and Fandom. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-75946-6. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  91. ^ D'Acierno, Pellegrino (1998). The Italian American heritage: A companion to literature and arts. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0815303807. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  92. ^ Rose, Margaret (2011). Baby Names For Dummies. Wiley. ISBN 978-1118069004. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
  93. ^ "Elvis, Brooke, Madonna... Näiden julkkisten mukaan suomalaislapsia on nimetty". Iltalehti (in Finnish). February 25, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
  94. ^ Wecker, Janaya (May 22, 2022). "40 Celebrities So Iconic They Go By a Single Name". Men's Health. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  95. ^ Crystal, David (2019). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-1108423595. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
  96. ^ Gowans-Eglinton, Charlie (August 16, 2020). "The Lessons Learned From Madonna's Unapologetic Style". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
  97. ^ "Madonna Biography". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2008. Archived from the original on March 29, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  98. ^ Tiffany, Kaitlyn (April 19, 2019). "Why celebrities try to trademark their catchphrases and baby names". Vox. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
  99. ^ "Madonna wins domain name battle". CNN. October 16, 2000. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  100. ^ Baird, Steve (May 17, 2016). "Madonna Not Scandalous for Wine Anymore". JD Supra. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  101. ^ "Vol. 83 TMR". The Trademark Reporter. 83. International Trademark Association: 709. 1993. Retrieved September 25, 2022.

Read other articles:

Hussein, Putra Mahkota Yordania

Hussein bin AbdullahPutra Mahkota YordaniaPutra Mahkota Hussein pada tahun 2015.Kelahiran28 Juni 1994 (umur 29)Amman, YordaniaWangsaHashemiteAyahAbdullah IIIbuRania al-AbdullahPasanganRajwa Al Hussein ​(m. 2024)​AgamaIslamAlmamaterKing's Academy, YordaniaUniversitas GeorgetownAkademi Militer Kerajaan Sandhurst Keluarga Kerajaan Yordania Baginda Sang RajaBaginda Sang Ratu Paduka Sang Putra Mahkota Paduka Putri Iman binti Abdullah Al - Hussein dari Yordania Pad...

 

Kereta api Matarmaja

Kereta api MatarmajaKereta api Matarmaja di areal persawahanInformasi umumJenis layananKereta api antarkotaStatusBeroperasiDaerah operasiDaerah Operasi VIII SurabayaPendahuluMaja dan Tatar (1976–1983)Mulai beroperasi28 September 1983Lintas pelayananStasiun awalMalangJumlah pemberhentianLihatlah di bawah.Stasiun akhirPasar SenenJarak tempuh880 kmWaktu tempuh rerata15 jam 43 menitFrekuensi perjalananSatu kali keberangkatan tiap hariJenis relRel beratPelayanan penumpangKelasEkonomiPengaturan t...

 

Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play

Honor presented at the Tony Awards Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play2023 Recipient: Sean Hayes, Good Night, OscarAwarded forBest Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a PlayLocationNew York CityPresented byAmerican Theatre Wing The Broadway LeagueCurrently held bySean Hayes for Good Night, Oscar (2023)WebsiteTonyAwards.com The Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play is an honor presented at the Tony Awards, a ceremony established in 1947 as the Antoinette Perry A...

Tehran County

County in Tehran province, Iran For the city, see Tehran. County in Tehran, IranTehran County Persian: شهرستان تهرانCountyLocation of Tehran County in Tehran province (top, yellow)Location of Tehran province in IranCoordinates: 35°45′N 51°25′E / 35.750°N 51.417°E / 35.750; 51.417[1]CountryIranProvinceTehranCapitalTehranDistrictsCentral, Aftab, KanArea • Total1,300.3 km2 (502.0 sq mi)Population&#...

 

James Lawson (pendeta)

James LawsonKnox meninggalkan St Giles setelah melantik Lawson[1]Informasi pribadiLahir1538Wafat1584 pendeta Katedral St MacharMasa jabatan1569 – 9 November 1572[2]pendeta Katedral St GilesMasa jabatan9 November 1572 – 1584[3]Moderator Sidang Umum Gereja SkotlandiaMasa jabatan12 Juli 1580 di Dundee[4] – close James Lawson adalah pendeta Gereja Skotlandia yang menggantikan John Knox di Katedral St Giles di Edinburgh. Pencapaian L...

 

Black Dahlia

American murder victim (1924–1947) This article is about the murder victim. For other uses, see Black Dahlia (disambiguation). Black DahliaShort in 1946BornElizabeth Short(1924-07-29)July 29, 1924Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.DisappearedJanuary 9, 1947Diedc. January 14–15, 1947 (aged 22)Los Angeles, CaliforniaCause of deathHomicide (cerebral hemorrhage)[1]Resting placeMountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)37°50′07″N 122°14′13″W / 37.835...

Tarui, Gifu

Town in Chūbu, JapanTarui 垂井町TownClockwise from top: Shigekado Takenaka's Jinya, Nangu Taisha, Tairyo Shrine, Site of Morichika Chosokabe's Jinya, Mineral Spring in Tarui, Picture of Tarui Traditional Inn in Edo Period FlagSealLocation of Tarui in Gifu PrefectureTarui Coordinates: 35°22′12.9″N 136°32′37.4″E / 35.370250°N 136.543722°E / 35.370250; 136.543722CountryJapanRegionChūbuPrefectureGifuDistrictFuwaGovernment • MayorMitsuya N...

 

Gustavo I di Svezia

Gustavo I di SveziaJacob Binck, ritratto di Gustavo I Vasa, 1542. Collezione dell'Università di Uppsala.Re di SveziaStemma In carica6 giugno 1523 –29 settembre 1560 PredecessoreCristiano II SuccessoreErik XIV Nome completo(SV) Gustav Eriksson Vasa NascitaStoccolma, 12 maggio 1496 MorteStoccolma, 29 settembre 1560 (64 anni) Luogo di sepolturaCattedrale di Uppsala Casa realeVasa PadreErik Johansson Vasa MadreCecilia Månsdotter ConsortiCaterina di Sassonia-LauenburgMargherita...

 

Bathurst (Nouveau-Brunswick)

Bathurst Administration Pays Canada Province Nouveau-Brunswick Région Région Chaleur Subdivision régionale Gloucester Statut municipal gouvernement local Mairesse Mandat Kim Chamberlain 2021-2025 FondateurDate de fondation Acadiens1619 Constitution 1er janvier 1966 Démographie Gentilé Bathurstien, Bathurstienne Population 12 157 hab. (2021 ) Densité 133 hab./km2 Géographie Coordonnées 47° 37′ 12″ nord, 65° 39′ 00″ ouest Superfici...

Philippine Daily Inquirer

Philippine Daily InquirerTipeSurat kabar harianFormatLembar lebarPemilikPhilippine Daily Inquirer, Inc.PendiriEugenia D. ApostolPenerbitRaul C. PangalananPresidenAlexandra Rufino Prieto-RomualdezRedaksiJose Ma. D. NolascoRedaksi beritaArtemio T. Engracia Jr.Redaksi opiniRosario R. GarcellanoRedaksi olahragaTeddyvic S. Melendres / Francis T.J. OchoaDidirikan9 Desember 1985Pandangan politikKiri tengahBahasaInggrisPusat1098 Chino Roces Ave. cor Yague and Mascardo Sts. 1204, Makati, Metro Manila,...

 

Larus vegae

Questa voce sull'argomento charadriiformes è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Come leggere il tassoboxGabbiano di Vega Larus vegae mongolicus Classificazione scientifica Dominio Eukaryota Regno Animalia Phylum Chordata Classe Aves Ordine Charadriiformes Famiglia Laridae Genere Larus Specie L. vegae Nomenclatura binomiale Larus vegaePalmén, 1887 Il gabbiano di Vega (Larus vegae, Palmén 1887) è un uccello della famiglia dei Laridi. Indic...

 

Campionato Primavera 2014-2015

Campionato Primavera 2014-2015Campionato Primavera TIM 2014-2015 Competizione Campionato Primavera Sport Calcio Edizione 53ª Organizzatore Lega Serie A Date dal 31 agosto 2014al 16 giugno 2015 Luogo  Italia Partecipanti 42 Risultati Vincitore  Torino (Serie A-B)(9º titolo) Secondo  Lazio (Serie A-B) Cronologia della competizione 2013-2014 2015-2016 Manuale Il Campionato Primavera TIM - Trofeo Giacinto Facchetti 2014-2015 è stata la 53ª edizione del Campionato Prima...

American Historical Association

American Historical AssociationSegel American Historical AssociationTanggal pendirian1884; 139 tahun lalu (1884)Kantor pusatWashington, D.C.Situs webwww.historians.org American Historical Association (AHA) adalah perhimpunan sejarawan dan profesor sejarah tertua dan terbesar di Amerika Serikat. Didirikan pada 1884, asosiasi tersebut mempromosikan kajian sejarah, pengajaran sejarah, dan penyajian dan akses material sejarah. Daftar pustaka pilihan Alonso, Harriet Hyman. Slammin' at the AHA...

 

1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Selection of the Democratic Party nominee This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: 1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries ← 1940 March 14 t...

 

Patricia Hewitt

British Labour politician Not to be confused with Patricia Hewitt (Shortland Street character). The Right HonourablePatricia HewittOfficial portrait, 2006Secretary of State for HealthIn office6 May 2005 – 28 June 2007Prime MinisterTony BlairPreceded byJohn ReidSucceeded byAlan JohnsonSecretary of State for Trade and IndustryPresident of the Board of TradeIn office8 June 2001 – 6 May 2005Prime MinisterTony BlairPreceded byStephen ByersSucceeded byAlan JohnsonMinister for ...

Shin Heike Monogatari (film)

1955 Japanese filmShin Heike Monogatari新・平家物語Theatrical release posterDirected byKenji MizoguchiProduced byMasaichi NagataStarringIchikawa Raizō VIIIYoshiko KugaMichiyo KogureCinematographyKazuo MiyagawaKôhei SugiyamaEdited byKanji SuganumaMusic byFumio HayasakaMasaru SatôDistributed byDaiei FilmRelease date September 21, 1955 (1955-09-21) (Japan) Running time108 minutesCountryJapanLanguageJapanese Shin Heike Monogatari (新・平家物語, lit. New Tale of t...

 

Corporazioni di arti e mestieri di Milano

Gli statuti dei mercanti dell'oro, dell'argento e della seta di Milano (Statuta mercatorum auri, argenti et serici Mediolani), 1610 La vita economica di Milano, durante l'età comunale e soprattutto all'epoca del Ducato di Milano, è stata dominata dalle corporazioni di arti e mestieri. Alcune vie della città conservano tuttora il nome della corporazione che vi svolgeva la propria attività, come via Spadari, via Armorari, via Speronari, via Mercanti, via Orefici, via Cappellari e via Pattar...

 

Martha Vickers

American actress (1925–1971) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Martha Vickers – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Martha VickersMartha Vickers in 1947BornMartha MacVicar(1925-05-28)May 28, 1925Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.DiedNo...

Jeroen Bleekemolen

Dutch racing driver (born 1981) Jeroen BleekemolenBleekemolen at the Brands Hatch round of the 2014 Blancpain Sprint Series season.Nationality DutchBorn (1981-10-23) 23 October 1981 (age 42)Heemstede, NetherlandsRelated toMichael Bleekemolen (father)Sebastiaan Bleekemolen (brother)Racing licence FIA GoldPrevious series20112010–11201020102009–102009–1020092008, 20102008–092008–09200820082007, 20092007–082007–082007–082007–082007–0820072006–102006, 20102006–07200620...

 

Foot Ball Club Torino 1911-1912

Voce principale: Torino Football Club. FBC TorinoStagione 1911-1912Sport calcio Squadra Torino Presidente Guido Castoldi Prima Categoria5º nel girone ligure-lombardo-piemontese Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Morando I, Morelli di Popolo (18) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Bachmann II (9) StadioCampo Piazza d'Armi (Crocetta) 1910-1911 1912-1913 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti il Foot Ball Club Torino nelle competizioni ufficiali della...