Louis Allen (April 25, 1919 – January 31, 1964) was an African-American logger in Liberty, Mississippi, who was shot and killed on his land during the civil rights era. He had previously tried to register to vote and had allegedly talked to federal officials after witnessing the 1961 murder of Herbert Lee, an NAACP member, by E. H. Hurst, a white state legislator. Civil rights activists had come to Liberty that summer to organize for voter registration, as no African-American had been allowed to vote since the state's disenfranchising constitution was passed in 1890.
Allen was harassed and jailed repeatedly by Amite County Sheriff Daniel Bryant Jones (January 3, 1930 – July 26, 2013). The day before he planned to move out of state, Allen was fatally shot on his property. Since the late 20th century, his case has been investigated by Tulane University history professor Plater Robinson. The case was reopened by the FBI beginning in 2007 as part of its review of civil rights-era cold cases. In 2011 the CBS program 60 Minutes conducted a special on his murder as well. Their work suggested that Allen was killed by Jones. However, no one has been prosecuted for the murder.[1]
Louis Allen was a native of Amite County, Mississippi, where he was born in 1919. The county's population was majority African-American, with an economy based on agriculture: cotton, dairy farming and logging. Many blacks left before World War II because of poor economic opportunities, racial violence, and social oppression under Jim Crow, decreasing the black population by 29% from 1940 to 1960, following earlier declines. More than six million blacks left the Southern United States in the Great Migration to the North, the Midwest, and, beginning in the 1940s, the West Coast.
Allen served in the United States Army during the war; he enlisted at age 23 in the service at Camp Shelby on January 12, 1943.[2] After his return to Mississippi, he worked as a logger and farm laborer. Allen and his wife Elizabeth had four children together, including a daughter and a son named Henry (called Hank). He built up his own logging business, doing well enough also to buy his own land, where he and his family raised produce and cattle.
Mississippi's state constitution, enacted in 1890, politically disfranchised African-Americans, using provisions such as poll taxes, literacy tests and grandfather clauses to raise barriers to voter registration and exclude blacks from voting. In the early 1960s, a local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded by E. W. Steptoe for the purpose of registering black voters. He was soon joined by Bob Moses of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
On September 25, 1961, a pro-segregation state legislator, E.H. Hurst, shot and killed an NAACP member and SNCC supporter named Herbert Lee at the Westbrook Cotton Gin. Louis Allen and eleven other men witnessed the murder. Hurst's side of the story made the claim that Lee attacked him with a tire iron, causing him to shoot to protect himself. When a coroner's inquest was conducted hours later, in a courtroom filled with white men, Allen and the other witnesses were pressured by the circumstances and by the local authorities into giving false testimony. They supported Hurst's claim of shooting Lee in self-defense, and this incorrect retelling of Lee's murder alongside a piece of iron being "discovered" underneath Lee's body by the same local authorities that coerced the witnesses' testimony led to Hurst being cleared of any wrongdoing. However, Allen later told fellow activists the truth behind Lee's killing. He saw that Hurst approached Lee, who had driven up in his truck, and after a limited amount of discussion, Hurst aimed and shot his pistol at an unarmed Lee. He also discussed the incident with Julian Bond, who encouraged him to tell his story to the FBI. Bond was aware that, in the racially charged atmosphere of Amite County, Allen was at high personal risk if it became known that he had talked to the Bureau. Interviewed in 2011, Bond said:
"He lied [at Hurst's inquest] because he was in fear of his life...If he had implicated a powerful white man in a murder of a black man, he was risking his life...I tried to encourage him to tell the truth, but you know, it was like saying, 'Why don't you volunteer to be killed?'"
Learning that a federal jury was to consider charges against Hurst, Allen talked to the FBI and the United States Commission on Civil Rights in Jackson, asking for protection if he testified. An FBI memo reported that Allen "expressed fear that he might be killed", but the Justice Department said it could not give him protection. Allen chose to repeat the official version of events which exonerated Hurst.
Although Allen had not cooperated with the Justice Department, rumors of his visit in Jackson quickly spread among Liberty's white community. Local whites shunned Allen and cut off customers for his logging business.[3] In August 1962, as Allen and two other black men tried to register to vote at Amite County Courthouse, they were shot at by an unknown assailant.[4] (No black person had been allowed to vote in Amite County since 1890.)[5] Following this incident, a white businessman threatened Allen, saying, "Louis, the best thing you can do is leave. Your little family—they're innocent people—and your house could get burned down. All of you could get killed."[4]
When Allen reported the death threats, the FBI – which had limited jurisdiction over civil rights cases at the time – referred the matter to Sheriff Jones's office. The FBI did so despite an agent acknowledging in a 1961 memo that, "Allen was to be killed and the local sheriff was involved in the plot to kill him."[1] Allen then allegedly became a target of harassment by Jones. In a later interview, Hank Allen described Jones as "mean", recounting how he arrested his father on trumped-up charges and beat him outside his home. On one such occasion in September 1962, Jones broke Allen's jaw with a flashlight.[6] Moses wrote to Assistant Attorney General John Doar about Allen, making reference to "a plot by the sheriff and seven other men."[1] Jones' father was a high-ranking Exalted Cyclops in Liberty's chapter of the Ku Klux Klan. FBI documentation from the 1960s claimed that Jones was also a Klan member.[1]
When Allen was released from jail, he filed an assault complaint with the FBI against Jones. He summarily testified before an all-white federal grand jury; as blacks had been prevented from registering and voting, they could not serve on juries. The jury dismissed his complaint.[1] Allen stayed in Liberty because he was caring for his elderly parents.[7] Among his associates was Leo McKnight, who had worked with him and twice tried registering to vote with him. In February 1963, McKnight and his family died in a suspicious fire that local blacks believed was a murder.[4] In November 1963, Jones arrested Allen again, falsely charging him with bouncing a check and having a concealed weapon. Law enforcement officials threatened Allen with three to five years in prison; after three weeks, the NAACP raised the bail for Allen.[4]
In January 1964, after his mother died, Allen arranged to leave Liberty and move in with his brother in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, as he feared for his life.[7] On January 31, the night before his planned departure, Allen was ambushed at the cattle grid at the border of his property. He was killed by two shotgun blasts to the head. His body was found by his son Hank.[4] Hank disclosed in a 2011 interview that Jones told Hank's mother, Allen's widow, that “If Louis had just shut his mouth, he wouldn’t be layin’ there on the ground."[3]
Allen's death is mentioned in the first memoir of civil rights activist Anne Moody titled Coming of Age in Mississippi. When Moody writes about reasons she should stay away from her family, she mentions Allen's murder.[8]
No thorough investigation into Allen's murder was conducted until 1994. That year, Plater Robinson, a history professor at Tulane University, began examining the case files. Robinson's research in the following years pointed to Jones as a likely suspect in the killing. In 1998, Robinson conducted a tape-recorded interview with Rev. Alfred Knox Sr., an elderly black preacher in Liberty, who reported that Jones had recruited his son-in-law, Archie Lee Weatherspoon, to kill Louis Allen. When Weatherspoon refused Jones' request to pull the trigger, Jones allegedly killed Allen himself.
In 2007, the FBI reopened Allen's case as one of a number of civil rights-era cold cases it was examining. Its staff identified Jones as the prime suspect. As of 2011[update], the FBI has been unable to collect enough evidence to prosecute.[1] In April 2011, the CBS newsmagazine 60 Minutes broadcast a report about the Allen case. Correspondent Steve Kroft had traveled to Liberty to interview local residents and was largely met with silence. Kroft interviewed Jones on his property; the elderly man denied killing Allen, and he invoked the Fifth Amendment when asked about his alleged Klan membership.[1]
提示:此条目的主题不是中意關係。 中華民國與義大利關係 義大利 中華民國 代表機構義大利經濟貿易文化推廣辦事處駐義大利台北代表處代表代表 紀大為[1]Davide Giglio代表 蔡允中 大使[註 1][5] 中華民國與義大利關係是指中華民國與義大利共和國之間的關係。1913-1970年,兩國有官方外交關係但曾經因第二次世界大戰中斷,二次斷交後直至1990年代,
ИсламСтолпы ислама Свидетельство веры Молитва Пост Милостыня Паломничество Столпы веры Аллах (Единобожие) Ангелы Пророки Писания Судный день Предопределение История и представители Мухаммед Халифы Сахаба Ансары Мухаджиры Саляфы 12 имамов Основные течения Сунниты Ши
BagansiapiapiIbu kota kabupatenNegara IndonesiaProvinsiRiauKabupatenRokan HilirKecamatanBangkoLuas[1] • Total475,26 km2 (183,50 sq mi)Populasi (30-06-2013)[2] • Total73,360 • Kepadatan150/km2 (400/sq mi)Kode area telepon+62 767 BagansiapiapiBagansiapiapiLetak Bagansiapiapi di Provinsi RiauTampilkan peta Indonesia RiauBagansiapiapiBagansiapiapi (Sumatra)Tampilkan peta SumatraKoordinat: 2°9′28.08″N 100°48′58.…
Robert Glasper (2013) Robert Glasper (* 5. April 1978 in Houston, Texas[1]) ist ein US-amerikanischer Jazz-Pianist. Er kultiviert laut.de zufolge „eine einzigartige Symbiose aus Jazz und Hip-Hop“. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben und Wirken 2 Preise und Auszeichnungen 3 Diskografische Hinweise 4 Einzelnachweise 5 Weblinks Leben und Wirken Glasper wurde musikalisch stark durch seine Mutter geprägt, die Gospelsängerin war, aber auch eine Band leitete und mit ihr in den regionalen Blues- un…
For the 2000 season of the same TV series, see The Real World: New Orleans (2000 season). Season of television series The Real World: New OrleansSeason 24The cast of The Real World: New OrleansStarring Ashlee Feldman Eric Patrick Jemmye Carroll McKenzie Coburn Preston O'Neil Roberson-Charles Ryan Knight Ryan Leslie Sahar Dika Country of originUnited StatesNo. of episodes12ReleaseOriginal networkMTVOriginal releaseJune 30 (2010-06-30) –September 22, 2010 (2010-09-22)Season chrono…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (نوفمبر 2021) رواية برية الغرب المتوحش التي صدرت لأول مرة عام 1908 رواية الخيال الغربي هي نوع من الأدب الذي تكون أحداثه محصورة في نطاق ولايات الغرب الأمريكية، وعادة ما ينتمي …
Charlie McCreevy Charlie McCreevy [ˈtʃɑɹli məˈkɹiːvi] (irisch Cathal Mac Riabhaigh, * 30. September 1949 in Sallins, Grafschaft Kildare, Irland) ist ein irischer Politiker und ehemaliger EU-Kommissar für den Binnenmarkt und den Dienstleistungssektor. Politik Er ist Mitglied der Partei Fianna Fáil und hat für diese seit 1977 den Wahlkreis Kildare bzw. Kildare North im Unterhaus des irischen Parlaments (Dáil Éireann) vertreten. Im Februar 1992 wurde McCreevy Sozialminister Irlands und…
Sampeyan Muslim?Genre Drama Roman Religi Komedi PembuatMD EntertainmentSutradaraRudi WitantoPemeran Adly Fairuz David Chalik Tubagus Indra Indah Permatasari Chairul Yusuf Nuri Maulida Attar Syah Ferdian Ida Bagus Oka Aty Cancer Zein Della Puspita Zacky Zimah George Rudy Willy Siung Jejen Rita Hamzah Bemby Putuanda Putri Una Voke Victoria Ray Nineball Syahreza Mpok Atiek Sumaisy Djaitov Yanda MAX Jehan Sienna Penggubah lagu temaTebeLagu pembukaSampeyan Muslim — TebeLagu penutupSampeyan Muslim
Jari tanganRincianPengidentifikasiBahasa LatinDigiti manusMeSHD005385TA98A01.1.00.030TA2150FMA9666Daftar istilah anatomi[sunting di Wikidata] Jari tangan Jari tangan adalah anggota gerak tubuh dan salah satu dari dua jenis jari, selain jari kaki, yang merupakan organ manipulasi (keterampilan) dan sensasi (peraba) yang bisa ditemukan pada tangan manusia dan hewan-hewan primata.[1][2] Manusia umumnya memiliki 5 buah jari,[3] meskipun kadang beberapa orang bisa memiliki …
Fencing at the Olympics Men's épéeat the Games of the X OlympiadGold medalist Giancarlo Cornaggia-MediciVenue160th Regiment State ArmoryDates8–9 AugustCompetitors28 from 12 nationsMedalists Giancarlo Cornaggia-Medici Italy Georges Buchard France Carlo Agostoni Italy← 19281936 → Fencing at the1932 Summer OlympicsÉpéemenTeam épéemenFoilmenwomenTeam foilmenSabremenTeam sabremenvte The men's épée was one of seven fencing events on the fencing …
Brucella suis PenyakitBrucella suis brucellosis (en) Pewarnaan GramGram-negatif TaksonomiSuperdomainBiotaDomainBacteriaSubkerajaanNegibacteriaFilumPseudomonadotaKelasAlphaproteobacteriaOrdoRhizobialesFamiliBrucellaceaeGenusBrucellaSpesiesBrucella suis Distribusi lbs Brucella suis adalah bakteri yang menyebabkan bruselosis pada babi. Penyakit ini bersifat zoonotik yang ditandai dengan radang kronis pada organ reproduksi hewan peka, orchitis, dan terkadang memengaruhi persendian dan organ lain. …
South Korean actor In this Korean name, the family name is Song. Song Seung-heonBorn (1976-10-05) October 5, 1976 (age 47)Seoul, South KoreaEducationHankyong National UniversityKyonggi UniversityOccupationActorYears active1995–presentAgentKing Kong by StarshipKorean nameHangul송승헌Hanja宋承憲Revised RomanizationSong Seung-heonMcCune–ReischauerSong Sŭnghŏn Song Seung-heon (Korean: 송승헌; born October 5, 1976) is a South Korean model and actor. He has acted in v…
Kunda Plaats in Estland Situering Provincie Lääne-Virumaa Gemeente Viru-Nigula Coördinaten 59° 29′ NB, 26° 34′ OL Algemeen Inwoners (2023) 3057 Foto's De cementfabriek van Kunda Portaal Baltische staten Kunda is een stad en was tot in 2017 ook een stadsgemeente in de Estische provincie Lääne-Virumaa. De stad telt 3057 inwoners (2023);[1] de gemeente had een oppervlakte van 10,0 km². In 2017 werd Kunda bij de buurgemeente Viru-Nigula gevoegd. Kunda is…
The Dory Fishing Fleet and Market is a beachside fishing cooperative located in the city of Newport Beach, California. It was founded in 1891 at the base of what was then McFadden Wharf, now known as the Newport Pier. The Dory Fleet, a registered historical landmark, is considered the last beachside cooperative of its kind in the United States.[1] The Dory Fleet Market was founded in late 1891 when an enterprising fisherman started marketing his catch directly to the public rather than g…
Tax on corporations This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the…
2015 documentary film about the events of 1964 1964Written byStephen IvesDirected byStephen IvesNarrated byOliver PlattMusic byPeter RundquistCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionProducerAmanda PollakCinematographyAndrew Young Haskell WexlerEditorsGeorge O’Donnell Amy FooteRunning time120 minutesProduction companyInsignia FilmsOriginal releaseRelease January 2015 (2015-01) 1964 is a documentary film produced by Insignia Films for the American Experience ser…
Japanese manga series Fairy Tail: 100 Years QuestCover of the first tankōbon volume of Fairy Tail: 100 Years QuestGenreAdventure, fantasy[1] MangaWritten byHiro Mashima[a]Illustrated byAtsuo UedaPublished byKodanshaEnglish publisherNA: Kodansha USAImprintShōnen Magazine ComicsMagazineMagazine PocketDemographicShōnenOriginal runJuly 25, 2018 – presentVolumes16 (List of volumes) Anime television series Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest is a Japanese manga series writt…
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Shopping mall in Metro Manila, PhilippinesSM City MarikinaLocationMarikina, Metro Manila, PhilippinesCoordinates14°37′39″N 121°05′04″E / 14.6275181°N 121.0843778°E / 14.6275181; 121.0843778AddressMarcos Highway, C…
Overview of slavery in Malta Painting of a Turkish slave kadi in Malta by Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe Ducros, 1778 Part of a series onSlavery Contemporary Child labour Child soldiers Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Child marriage Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Contemporary Africa 21st-century jihadism Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical Antiquity Egypt Babylonia Greece Rome Medieval Europe Ancillae Balkan slave trade Byzantine Empire Kholop S…
1997 video game This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1997 video gameByzantine: The BetrayalDeveloper(s)Discovery Channel Mu…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.129.42.99