James Cameron (February 25, 1914 – June 11, 2006) was an American civil rights activist. In the 1940s, he founded three chapters of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Indiana.[1] He also served as Indiana's State Director of the Office of Civil Liberties from 1942 to 1950.
In the 1950s he moved with his family to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he continued as an activist and started speaking on African-American history. In 1988 he founded America's Black Holocaust Museum in the city, devoted to African-American history from slavery to the present.
Cameron was a survivor of a lynching attempt, which occurred when he was a 16-year-old suspect in a murder/robbery case in Marion, Indiana; two older teenagers were killed by the mob.[1]
Cameron was born February 25, 1914, in La Crosse, Wisconsin, to James Herbert Cameron and Vera Carter. After his father left the family, they moved to Birmingham, Alabama, and then to Marion, Indiana. When James was 14, his mother remarried.
In August 1930, when Cameron was 16 years old, he had gone out with two older teenage African-American friends, Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith. People said they attempted to rob a young white man, Claude Deeter, and killed him. Initial reports said that Shipp and Smith raped Deeter's girlfriend, Mary Ball, who was with him at the time, although she later denied it.[2] Cameron said he ran away before the man was killed.[1][3]
The three youths were caught quickly, arrested, and charged the same night with robbery, murder and rape. A lynch mob broke into the jail where Cameron and his two friends were being held. According to Cameron's account, a lynch mob of 12,000–15,000 at the Grant County Courthouse Square took all three youths from the jail. The lynch mob killed the older two first: they took Shipp out of the cell and beat him, and hanged him from the bars of his jail window; Smith was dead from beating before the mob hanged both the boys from a tree in the square.[1][3] The mob beat Cameron and put a noose around his neck; before he was hanged, the voice of an unidentified woman intervened, saying that he was innocent. Frank Faunce, a local sports hero and football All-American from Indiana University, intervened and removed the noose from Cameron's neck, saying he deserved a fair trial. Faunce escorted the young man to a return to the jail. The rope scarred Cameron's neck; years later, he bought a piece of it.[2]
Flossie Bailey, a local NAACP official, and the State Attorney General worked to gain indictments against leaders of the mob in the lynchings but were unsuccessful. No one was ever charged in the murders of Shipp and Smith, nor the assault on Cameron.[4]
Cameron was convicted at trial in 1931 as an accessory before the fact to the murder of Deeter, and served four years of his sentence in a state prison. After he was paroled, he moved to Detroit, Michigan, where he worked at Stroh Brewery Company and attended Wayne State University.[5]
In 1991, Cameron was pardoned by the state of Indiana.[5]
Cameron studied at Wayne State University to become a boiler engineer and worked in that field until he was 65. At the same time, he continued to study lynchings, race, and civil rights in America and trying to teach others.
Because of his personal experience, Cameron dedicated his life to promoting civil rights, racial unity, and equality. While he worked in a variety of jobs in Indiana during the 1940s, he founded three chapters of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). This was a period when the Ku Klux Klan was still active in the Midwest, although its numbers had decreased since its peak in the 1920s. Cameron established and became the first president of the NAACP Madison County chapter in Anderson, Indiana.[1]
He also served as the Indiana State Director of Civil Liberties from 1942 to 1950. In this capacity, Cameron reported to Governor of Indiana Henry Schricker on violations of the "equal accommodations" laws designed to end segregation. During his eight-year tenure, Cameron investigated more than 25 incidents of civil rights infractions. He faced violence and death threats because of his work.
By the early 1950s, the emotional toll of threats led Cameron to search for a safer home for his wife and five children. Planning to move to Canada, they decided on Milwaukee when he found work there. There Cameron continued his work in civil rights by assisting in protests to end segregated housing in the city. He also participated in two marches on Washington in the 1960s, the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the 1968 Solidarity Day, part of the Poor People's Campaign.
Cameron studied history on his own and lectured on the African-American experience. From 1955 to 1989 he published hundreds of articles and booklets detailing civil rights and occurrences of racial injustices, including "What is Equality in American Life?"; "The Lingering Problem of Reconstruction in American Life: Black Suffrage"; and "The Second Civil Rights Bill".[6] In 1982 he published his memoir, A Time of Terror: A Survivor's Story.
After being inspired by a visit with his wife to the Yad Vashem memorial in Israel, Cameron founded America's Black Holocaust Museum in 1988. He used material from his collections to document the struggles of African Americans in the United States, from slavery through lynchings, and the 20th-century civil rights movement. When he first started collecting materials about slavery, he kept it in his basement. Working with others to build support for the museum,[1] he was aided by philanthropist Daniel Bader.[5]
The museum started as a grassroots effort and became one of the largest African-American museums in the country.[citation needed] In 2008, the museum closed because of financial problems. It reopened on Cameron's birthday, February 25, 2012, as a virtual museum. It reopened as a physical museum on February 25, 2022.
Cameron and his wife, Virginia Hamilton, had five children. He died on June 11, 2006, at the age of 92, from congestive heart failure.[1] He was a devout Catholic and is buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Milwaukee.[7][8] Two sons, David and James, had died before him.[8][9] He was survived by his wife Virginia and three children: Virgil, Walter, and Dolores Cameron, and numerous grandchildren and great-grandchildren.[1]
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Infusion of coca plant leaves Two cups of coca tea Coca tea, also called mate de coca, is an herbal tea (infusion) made using the raw or dried leaves of the coca plant, which is native to South America. It is made either by submerging the coca leaf or dipping a tea bag in hot water. The tea is most commonly consumed in the Andes mountain range, particularly Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and especially in Peru, where it is consumed all around the country. It is greenish yellow in color an…
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Unter Dichte oder Densität versteht man in der Fototechnik das Ausmaß der Umwandlung eines lichtempfindlichen Materials in sichtbares Grau/Schwarz (Schwärzung) oder in Farbe infolge der Belichtung und Entwicklung: für transparente fotografische Materialien ist das die optische Dichte (Extinktion) für reflektierendes Material (Papierbild) wird die Größe entsprechend angegeben. Mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen der Belichtung und der erzielten Dichte, der durch den Dichteumfang und die Dichteku…
『ザ・レスト・オブ・ニュー・オーダー』ニュー・オーダー の ベスト・アルバムリリース 1995年8月21日ジャンル オルタナティヴ・ロック、エレクトロニカ、ハウス時間 79分59秒レーベル ロンドン・レコードプロデュース ニュー・オーダー、ステファン・ヘイグ、アーサー・ベイカー専門評論家によるレビュー Allmusic [1]ニュー・オーダー アルバム 年表 ザ・ベスト・オブ
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This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (May 2020) China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy at Huazhong University of Science & Technology (CE-ICARE or ICARE)华中科技大学中欧清洁与可再生能源学院EstablishedMarch 2012DeanProfessor HUANG ShuHong (HUST) Professor Michel FARINE (ParisTech)LocationWuhan, Hubei, ChinaAffiliationsHuazhong University of Sci…
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) حارة السلفادور - حارة - تقسيم إداري البلد اليمن المحافظة محافظة عدن المديرية مديرية خور مكس…
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Este artigo não cita fontes confiáveis. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW • CAPES • Google (N • L • A) (Abril de 2020) Loja Brasão Bandeira Região geográfica Sierra Capital Loja População 404.835 habitantes Censo 2001 Área 10.994,9 km² Densidade 36,82 hab/km² Cantões 16 Paróquias Urbanas 29 Paróquias Rurais 78 Mapa Loja é uma província do Equador locali…
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Location of Adams County in Wisconsin This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Adams County, Wisconsin, United States. It is intended to provide a comprehensive listing of entries in the National Register of Historic Places that are located in Adams County, Wisconsin. The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below may be seen in a map.[1] There are 3 properties and districts listed on the Nat…
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