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Northern United States
Northern United States
Region
	Historically, especially in the time the American Civil War the states in red were known as "the North"; settlement expansion to the Pacific (upper left) extended the Northern United States all along the Canada–United States border
Country	United States
States	Connecticut; Illinois; Indiana; Iowa; Kansas; Maine; Massachusetts; Michigan; Minnesota; New Hampshire; New Jersey; New York; Ohio; Pennsylvania; Rhode Island; Vermont; Wisconsin; Missouri; Nebraska; North Dakota; South Dakota
Subregions	Northeastern United States; Midwestern United States
Area
• Total	625,897.06 sq mi (1,621,065.9 km2)
• Land	540,298.08 sq mi (1,399,365.6 km2)
Population (2019 est.)
• Total	111,736,936
• Density	180/sq mi (69/km2)
Demonym	Northerner

The Northern United States, commonly referred to as the American North, the Northern States, or simply the North, is a geographical and historical region of the United States.

History

Early history

Before the 19th century westward expansion, the "Northern United States" corresponded to the present day New England region. By the 1830s it corresponded to the present day Northeast and Great Lakes region.

Before 1865, the North was distinguished from the South on the issue of slavery. In Southern states, slavery was legal until the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865. Northern states had all passed some form of legislation to abolish slavery by 1804. However, abolition did not mean freedom for some existing slaves. Due to gradual abolition laws, slaves would still appear in some Northern states as far as the 1840 United States Census.^[4] New Jersey was the last Northern state to end slavery when the 13th Amendment was ratified in 1865.^[5]

American Civil War

During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Northern states comprised the U.S. states that supported the United States of America, referred to as the Union. In this context, "the North" is synonymous with the Union, while "the South" refers to the states that seceded from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America.

There is, however, some historical disagreement as to exactly which states comprised the North in the context of the Civil War as five slave-holding states largely remained with the Union: the southern border states of Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware, along with the disputed Indian Territory, though Missouri and Kentucky had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments with the Confederate government of Kentucky and the Confederate government of Missouri and the Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri early in the war. The Confederacy largely lost control in both states after 1862; depending on the source, some of these states and territories may be included in either region.^[6]

Geography

Geographically, the term includes the U.S. states and regions of the United States of America that are located across the northernmost part of the country. It includes states along the Canada–United States border.

Census Bureau

The United States Census Bureau divides some of the northernmost United States into the Midwest Region and the Northeast Region.^[7] The U.S. Census Bureau also includes the northernmost states of the Northwest, that are within the West Region.^[7]

Urban centers

Among the larger cities by population in the Northern United States are: New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, Pittsburgh, Columbus, Indianapolis, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Omaha, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, St. Paul, Wichita, Buffalo, Milwaukee, Detroit, and Des Moines.

The Northern United States also comprises most of the Northeast megalopolis, which is the most populated and urbanized megalopolis in the United States. The Great Lakes megalopolis is also located in the Northern United States, largely in the Great Lakes region and Midwest.

Climate

The Northern United States has a humid continental climate. Most of the Northern states have warm to hot summers and significant snowfall during the winter.