Founder of the Linji school of Chan Buddhism (died 866)
Japanese painting of Linji
Linji Yixuan (traditional Chinese: 臨濟義玄; simplified Chinese: 临济义玄; pinyin: Línjì Yìxuán; Wade–Giles: Lin-chi I-hsüan; Japanese: 臨済義玄Rinzai Gigen; died 866 CE) was a Tang dynasty (618-907) Chinese monk and teacher of the Hongzhou school of Chinese Chan (Zen). Linji was the leading figure of Chan Buddhism in the Tang, and the Recorded Sayings of Linji (Línjì yǔlù), which contains his teachings, is seen as a major Zen text which exemplifies the iconoclastic and antinomian spirit of Zen.[1] He is also known by the posthumous title Huizhao Chanshi (慧照禪師, “Meditation Master of Illuminating Wisdom”).[2]
Linji was a student of Huangbo Xiyun and is also considered to be the founder of the influential Linji school of Chan. This school actually developed in the Song dynasty (960-1279) among descendants of Linji, who created various mythic stories about Linji in the process of founding their new school of Zen.[3] Today he is seen as the founder of the various Linji regional traditions, including the Japanese Rinzai school, the contemporary Korean Seon schools (all which consider themselves to be of the "Imjae" line, i.e. Linji) and the Lâm Tế school of Vietnamese Zen.[4]
Biography
Sources
Information on Linji is based on the Línjì yǔlù and other sources like the Zutang ji,Jingde chuan-denglu, Song gaoseng zhuan (Song-dynasty Biographies of eminent monks), and the Tiansheng guang-denglu (Tiansheng-era Extensive record of the transmission).[5][6] However, the composition of these sources, like the Línjì yǔlù, occurred over various stages of historical development, culminating in the Song dynasty version of the Línjì yǔlù published by the Linji school.[7] This text thus includes stories and passages attributed to Linji by later authors. As such, according to Albert Welter, "the life of the historical person Linji is shrouded in legend."[7] Yanagida Seizan also writes "If we construct a chronology of the master’s life it must be a tentative one only, based for the most part upon traditional material rather than upon facts that can be substantiated with historical accuracy.[6]
Life
According to the sources, Linji was born during the Yuanhe era (806–820) into a family named Xing (邢) living in Nanhua (南華), Cao (曹) Prefecture (modern Yanzhou 兖州 in Shandong Province).[8] Little is known of his early life. According to the Guzunsu yulu (Recorded sayings of the ancient worthies), "After shaving his head and receiving the full precepts, he frequented the lecture halls; he mastered the vinaya and made a thorough study of the sutras and śāstras."[9] Yanagida Seizan writes that his teachings indicate that Linji was knowledgeable in the Mahayana sutras and also "show the influence of works of the Huayan 華嚴 (Avataṃsaka) and Weishi 唯識 (“Consciousness-only”; Yogācāra) schools."[9] Seizan also mentions that he seems to have been expert in the teachings of Yogācāra, since the Zutang ji depicts Linji's first meeting with Dayu as being a discussion on the Treatise on the stages of Yogācāra practice (Yuqie lun 瑜伽論).[9]
After this period of study however, Linji turned to meditative practice, as sermon 18 of the Record of Linji states "But later, when I realized that they were only remedies to help the world and displays of opinion, I threw them all away, and, searching for the Way, I practiced meditation."[9] Linji then traveled to Jiangnan where he met Chán master Huángbò Xīyùn (黃蘗希運), at some point between 836 and 841.[10] He likely stayed with Huangbo at Mount Huangbo for about three years until he had a great enlightenment.[10] According to sources like the Record of Linji, Linji questioned Huangbo three times about the central meaning of Buddhism and Huangbo struck him three times. Then Huangbo sent Linji to meet the reclusive monk Dàyú (大愚). After exchanging some words with this monk, Linji attained an awakening or (見性, jianxing). He then returned to Huangbo and told him what had occurred. Huangbo slapped Linji, saying “You lunatic, coming back here and pulling the tiger’s whiskers!” Then Linji responded with a loud shout.[10] After this event, Linji stayed with Huangbo for some time, or he may have traveled to practice with Dayu for a time as well. The various sources differ on this issue.[11]
Linji templeThe Chengling pagoda at Linji Temple is believed to contain the remains of Linji.[12]
In around 849 or 850 Linji, an older forty year old, left on a pilgrimage.[6] Little is known of this pilgrimage, though the Chuandeng lu mentions that he visited Bodhidharma’s memorial tower in Henan.[6] In about 851, Linji settled in Zhenzhou, Hebei where he led a small temple located southeast of the city of Zhenzhou. It was known as the Linji yuan (臨濟院, “Temple Overlooking the Ford”) since it was on the banks of the Hutuo River. It is the name of this temple which gave Linji his name.[13] Linji's temple may have been supported by the Wang family patriarch Wang Yuankui 王元逵 (d. 855) or one of his sons.[14]
Linji lived and taught in this temple for about ten years. Linji's students included Zhaozhou Congshen,Puhua, Sansheng Huiran, Baoshou Yanzhao, Xinghua Cunjiang, Mayu, Longya Judun, Dajue, and Xingshan Jianhong.[15] In about 863 or 864, Linji left Linji temple to accept an invitation by Lord Jiang Shen, regional commissioner of Hezhong, who had his seat at Puzhou (蒲州).[16] From Puzhou, Linji traveled to Weifu on the invitation from Grand Marshal and President of the Grand Imperial Secretariat, Lord He. At Weifu, he stayed at Jiangxi chanyuan temple (江西禪院), of Guanyin si (觀音寺).[16] He stayed at this temple for a year, receiving visitors, until his death.[17] The Linji Lu describes his death as follows:
Suddenly one day the master, although not ill, adjusted his robes, sat erect, and when his exchange with Sansheng [Sansheng Huiran] was finished, quietly passed away. It was on the tenth day of the first month in the eighth year of Xiantong [18 February 867] of the Tang dynasty.[17]
Posthumous influence
Pavilion in memory of the shared origin of Chinese Linji and Japanese Rinzai in Jingshan Temple
After Linji's death, his disciples then cremated him and built a memorial pagoda for the master's remains in the capital of Daming Prefecture. The Chinese emperor decreed that Linji was to receive the posthumous title "Huizhao Chanshi" (慧照禪師, “Meditation Master of Illuminating Wisdom”).[2]
According to Yanagida Seizan, "Linji died probably in his early or mid-fifties, and thus did not reach the advanced age of many of the illustrious masters of his time. Nor did he leave a large body of notable disciples to disseminate his style of Chan."[18]
Of Linji's small body of disciples, only Xinghua Cunjiang's line of transmission survived.[18] Very little is known of Cunjiang's heir Nanyuan Huiyong.[18] The three succeeding figures from Nanyuan: Fengxue Yanzhao, Shoushan Shengnian, and Fenyang Shanzhao, all remained in the Yellow river area.[18] According to Albert Welter, "While the inspiration for the Linji Chan faction was, of course Linji Yixuan, the real founder of the movement was, as noted previously, Shoushan Shengnian (926-993), a fourth-generation descendant."[19]
Fenyang Shanzhao's heir, Shishuang Chuyuan, transmitted the Linji lineage to Southern China. Shishuang was instrumental in promoting and expanding the influence of the Linji school.[18] Over time, this tradition became one of the largest and most influential schools of Chan in East Asia, with branches in Japan (Rinzai), Korea and Vietnam.
Linji's students compiled and passed on his teachings in various sources, the most famous of which is the Recorded Sayings of Linji (Línjì yǔlù).[20]
The Línjì yǔlù (臨濟語錄; Japanese: Rinzai-goroku, Recorded Sayings of Linji) or Línjìlù for short, is a collection of sayings and anecdotes attributed to Linji which is traditionally considered to be the main source of Linji's teachings. The full title is Zhenzhou linji huizhao chanshi yulu (鎭州臨濟慧照禪師語錄, Recorded Sayings of Chan Master Huizhao of Linji in Zhenzhou).[21]
The standard edition of the Línjì yǔlù (c. 1120) was not completed until two hundred fifty years after Linji's death (866)."[22] Thus parts of the text likely reflects the concerns of the Song dynasty Linji school rather than that of Linji in particular.[23] The standard edition was first included within the massive Tiansheng guangdeng lu by the lay believer Li Zunxu (a student of Guyin Yuncong) in 1036 and it was independently printed in 1120 by Yuanjue Zongyan at Mount Gu in Fuzhou (present-day Fujian).[20]
Yanagida Seizan writes that "we have no way of determining exactly what the earliest version of the Linji lu was like or when it was compiled."[24] In spite of this, Yanagida Seizan still held that the main twenty two sermons in the Línjì yǔlù "provide us with an account of the man and his teaching".[25]
Furthermore, earlier passages from Linji's sermons can be found in texts compiled before the 11th century, such as the Zutang ji, the Zongjing lu, the Jingde Chuan-deng lu and the Tiansheng guang-denglu (Tiansheng-era Extensive record of the transmission).[5][6] These passages contain minor differences with the parallel passages from Linji's sermons found in the Línjì yǔlù according to Yanagida.[24]
Albert Welter also notes that the earliest fragments of Linji's teachings are found in the Zutang ji, which was compiled in 952.[22] However, regarding the contents of the Linji-lu, he writes:
Ultimately, the story of the Linji lu is the story of a movement that found its voice and identity through the image and alleged teachings of Linji. What these teachings represent are not the words of one man, which are in any case irretrievable, but the combined aspirations of the movement as a whole, projected onto the persona of Linji as founder. Linji wrote nothing himself. Our knowledge of his teachings allegedly depends on notes taken by students of his sermons, lectures, dialogues, and other interactions. The names of those who originally kept such notebooks are unknown to us. Eventually, fragments of Linji's teachings were included in Chan transmission records.[26]
The Línjì yǔlù contains stories of Linji's interactions with teachers, contemporaries, and students. The recorded lectures are a mixture of the conventional and the iconoclastic; those who resented the iconoclastic nature of Linji discourse saw him as “one of the most infamous Chinese Chan masters who censored traditional Buddhist practices and doctrines.” [27] Despite the iconoclasm, however, the Línjì yǔlù reflects a thorough knowledge of the sūtras. Linji's style of teaching, as recorded in that text, exemplifies Chán development in the Hongzhou school (洪州宗) of Mazu and his successors, such as Huangbo, Linji's master.
The Linju lu presents Linji as an iconoclastic teacher who used shocking language in vernacular Chinese to disrupt the tendency of his listeners to grasp at concepts such as buddhas, patriarchs, bodhisattvas, stages of practice and levels of attainment.[28] He famously said, "If you meet a buddha, kill the buddha."[29] While Linji's language may sound extreme, it reflects an attitude which considers grasping at buddhas, bodhi, nirvana, Dharma, and other such related Buddhist concepts, as a kind of delusion. As Burton Watson observes:
The message of Lin-chi's sermons, reiterated with almost wearisome persistence, is that his followers are allowing all this talk of goals and striving, of buddhas and patriarchs, to cloud their outlook and to block the path of understanding. All such words and concepts are external and extraneous postulations, attachment to which is just as much a delusion and impediment as attachment to any crasser objective, such as sensual gratification or material gain. Again and again he exhorts them to put aside all such external concerns and to turn their gaze within, where the Buddha-nature inherent in all beings is to be found.[30]
Such sentiments can already be seen in earlier Chan sources. For example, Shenhui points out that while lust for wealth and sex is "gross falsity," activating one's intention to grasp bodhi, nirvana, emptiness, purity, and concentration is "subtle falsity."[31] Likewise, Huangbo said that to conceive of a buddha is to be obstructed by that buddha, while the Bloodstream Sermon criticized the worshipping of buddhas as holding onto appearances.[32][33]
Non-dependency
According to Linji, Zen students fail to make spiritual progress because they lack faith in themselves and are thereby "twisted and turned" by whatever environment they encounter.[34] They cling to phrases and are obstructed by words like "common mortal" and "sage," and for Linji, this is to still be dependent on something.[35] Rather than rely on buddhas, bodhisattvas, and the Chan patriarchs, Linji taught his listeners that they should be non-dependent persons of the Way:
You listening to the Dharma, if you are men of the Way who depend on nothing, then you are the mother of the buddhas. Therefore the buddhas are born from the realm that leans on nothing. If you can waken to this leaning on nothing, then there will be no Buddha to get hold of. If you can see things in this way, this is a true and proper understanding.[35]
True person
Although we may be "twisted and turned" by dependencies and externals, Linji taught that the true person who "has the ability to speak dharma and listen to it" is a "solitary brightness"[36] (or the one "shining alone", Ch: gū míng, 孤明)[37] which is not swayed by various situations or environments:
Followers of the Way, this lone brightness before my eyes now, this person plainly listening to me—this person is unimpeded at any point but penetrates the ten directions, free to do as he pleases in the threefold world. No matter what environment he may encounter, with its peculiarities and differences, he cannot be swayed or pulled awry.[38][note 1]
Similarly, Linji described the mind as a "single bright essence" (or "one pure radiance", Ch: 一精明) which is formless and penetrates all directions.[40] According to Linji, because this mind is formless, it is everywhere emancipated, and thus there was no need to go "rushing around everywhere looking for something."[41] Instead, Linji advised his listeners to stop and take a good look at themselves.[42]
Another way in which Linji referred to the true person was "the true man with no rank" (wúwèi zhēnrén, 無位真人). According to Welter, all early sources agree that the notion of "the true man with no-rank" (which can also mean "a sage without any location") was a major teaching of Linji.[43] In what is perhaps the earliest source of this teaching, the Zutang ji, it is presented as follows:[43]
On one occasion, the Master (Linji) addressed the assembly: "I, a mountain monk, tell you clearly—within the body-field of the five skandhas there is a true man with no-rank, always present, not even a hair's breadth away. Why don't you recognize him?"
Then, a monk asked: "What is this true man with no rank?"
The Master struck him, and said: "The true man with no-rank—what an impure thing."
Other sources contain similar statements. In the Chuandenglu, for example, Linji says, "within your lump of red flesh there is a true man with no rank, constantly entering and exiting the openings of your face." When a monk asks who the true man is, Linji responds by saying, "The true man with no rank—what a dried lump of shit!"[44][note 2]
Faith
Linji criticized relying on methods and practices in order to realize this true person. He said that to engage in religious practice was to generate karma keeping one bound to the realm of birth and death, while "the real person," "this person who is right now listening to the Dharma," was without any adornments or practices.[47] Instead of reliance on practices to see our innate nature, Linji taught that we should simply have faith (xìn, 信) in it: "Just have faith in this thing that is operating in you right now. Outside of it, nothing else exists."[48][note 3]
According to Buswell, faith for Linji was not blind acceptance, but an inherent faculty emanating constantly from the enlightened nature, and was thus equivalent to the "innate functioning" of the mind-essence.[50] Buswell also notes the striking difference between Linji's teachings, in which faith plays a prominent role, and the teachings of the later Linji School master, Dahui, who valued doubt over faith.[51]
Nothing to do
In addition to faith, Linji also emphasized non-seeking and "wú shì" (無事), a term often translated as "nothing-to-do," but which also has the meaning of no affairs, no concerns, no matters, and no business.[52] He says:
Followers of the Way, as I look at it, we're no different from Shakyamuni. In all our various activities each day, is there anything we lack? The wonderful light of the six faculties has never for a moment ceased to shine. If you could just look at it this way, then you'd be the kind of person who has nothing to do for the rest of his life.[53]
Accordingly, Linji taught that there was no need to make any special effort. Instead, we have simply to be ordinary: "Followers of the Way, as to buddhadharma, no effort is necessary. You have only to be ordinary, with nothing to do—defecating, urinating, wearing clothes, eating food, and lying down when tired."[54] As Jinhua Jia points out, this recognition of the fundamental value of the human being echoes the teachings of Mazu Daoyi, for whom everyday ordinary activities were the function of buddha-nature.[55]
Linji further connects non-doing with "turning one's light around" (Ch. fǎn zhào 返照), a term that occurs throughout various Chan texts, such as Zongmi'sSub-commentary to the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment (where it refers to recognizing one's original enlightenment).[56] According to Linji, when we stop our seeking and turn our own light in upon ourselves, we will on that very instant have nothing to do.[57][note 4]
However, "turning one's light around" does not necessarily imply anything like staring at the mind or concentrating within. Linji quotes Shenhui's well-known criticism of such things as arresting the mind, staring at silence, summoning the mind to focus it on externals, controlling the mind to make it clear within, and concentrating the mind to enter into meditation.[59] Moreover, Linji says that looking for something within is just as wrong as seeking externally, since there's nothing within that can be grasped: "Outside the mind there is no Dharma, and even inside the mind it can't be grasped. So what is there to seek for?"[59]
^Japanese commentators associate solitary brightness with "mind," "original nature," "natural face," "original source of all the buddhas," "the ārya knowledge of awakening on one's own," "the dharma substance of the mind ground," and "The thing 'you let loose to fill up the dharmadhātu and roll up so that it is not enough to stand up a single strand of hair'."[39]
^Japanese commentators on the Linji lu associate the lump of red flesh, or the "red-meatball," with the first of the four types of mind in Zongmi'sChan Prolegomenon; and the true man, or true person, with Zongmi's "real mind."[45] Regarding the four types of mind, Zongmi says: "The first is helituoye. This means the mind that is a lump of flesh. This is the mind in each of the five viscera in the body. [...] The second is the pondering-of-objective-supports mind. This is the eight consciousnesses [vijñāna], because all [eight] are capable of pondering as objective supports their own sense objects. [...] The third is zhiduoye [citta]. This means the mind that accumulates and produces, because only the eighth consciousness accumulates [karmic] seeds and produces the [seven] active [consciousnesses]. [...] The fourth is ganlituoye. This means real mind or true mind. This is the true mind."[46]
^Compare with Foyan: "I always tell you that what is inherent in you is presently active and presently functioning, and need not be sought after, need not be put in order, need not be practiced or proven. All that is required is to trust it once and for all. This saves a lot of energy."[49]
^The Zen Teachings of Master Lin-chi, translated by Burton Watson, pages xxi-xxii, Columbia University Press, 1999
^McRae, John R., Robson, James, Sharf, Robert H., Vries, Fedde de and Buswell, Robert E.. Zen Evangelist: Shenhui, Sudden Enlightenment, and the Southern School of Chan Buddhism, page 54, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2023
^The Zen Teaching of Huang-po on the Transmission of Mind, translated by John Blofeld, page 71, Grove Press, Inc. New York, 1958
^Pine, Red. The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma, p. 25. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Nov 1, 2009.
^The Record of Linji: A New Translation of the Linjilu in the Light of Ten Japanese Zen Commentaries, translated by Jeffrey L. Broughton with Elise Yoko Watanabe, page 163, note 52; page 179, note 131; page 252, note 604; Oxford University Press 2013
^The Record of Linji: A New Translation of the Linjilu in the Light of Ten Japanese Zen Commentaries, translated by Jeffrey L. Broughton with Elise Yoko Watanabe, pages 145-146, notes 31 & 32, Oxford University Press 2013
^Jeffrey L. Broughton, Zongmi on Chan, page 117, Columbia University Press, 2009
^Instant Zen: Waking Up in the Present, translated by Thomas Cleary, page 8, North Atlantic Books, 1994
^Robert E. Buswell, Jr., page 342, in Sudden and Gradual Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, edited by Peter Gregory, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1987, 1991
^Robert E. Buswell, Jr., page 354, in Sudden and Gradual Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, edited by Peter Gregory, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1987, 1991
^Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, Rinzai on Zen, page 15, note 7, in Rinzai On Zen, And Meditation In The Woods, Chicago Review V12, No. 2, Summer, 1958
Broughton, Jeffrey; Watanabe, Elise Yoko (2013), The Record of Linji: A New Translation of the Linjilu in the Light of Ten Japanese Zen Commentaries, New York: Oxford Academic, ISBN978-0199936434
McRae, John (2003), Seeing Through Zen. Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism, The University Press Group Ltd, ISBN978-0-520-23798-8
Sasaki, Ruth Fuller (2009), Kirchner, Thomas Yuho (ed.), The Record of Linji, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, ISBN978-0824833190
Watson, Burton (1999). The Zen Teachings of Master Lin-chi. Columbia University Press.
Welter, Albert (2008), The Linji Lu and the Creation of Chan Orthodoxy: The Development of Chan's Records of Sayings Literature, Oxford University Press, ISBN9780195329575
Further reading
Lowenstein, Tom (2002), The Vision of the Buddha: Buddhism: The Path to Spiritual Enlightenment, Duncan Baird, ISBN1-903296-91-9
McMahan, David L. (2008), The Making of Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-518327-6
Schloegl, Irmgard (1976), The Zen Teaching of Rinzai, Berkeley: Shambhala Publications, ISBN0-87773-087-3
Schlütter, Morten (2008), How Zen became Zen: The Dispute over Enlightenment and the Formation of Chan Buddhism in Song-Dynasty China, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, ISBN978-0-8248-3508-8
Watson, Burton (1999), The Zen Teachings of Master Lin-Chi: A Translation of the Lin-chi lu, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN0-231-11485-0
Welter, Albert (2006), Monks, Rulers, and Literati: The Political Ascendancy of Chan Buddhism, Wisdom Books[ISBN missing]
Yixuan, Linji (1976), The Zen Teaching of Rinzai: The Record of Rinzai, The Clear Light Series, translated by Irmgard Schloegel, Berkeley: Shambhala, ISBN978-0394731766
Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 47, No. 1985 The Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association online Chinese character text of The Record of Linji (臨濟録 Linji Lu)
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Men's pole vaultat the Games of the XIV OlympiadOlympic stadium (opening ceremony)VenueWembley StadiumDatesJuly 31 (qualifying)August 2 (final)Competitors19 from 10 nationsWinning height4.30Medalists Guinn Smith United States Erkki Kataja Finland Bob Richards United States← 19361952 → Video on YouTube Official VideoPole Vault competition starts @ 26:10 Athletics at the1948 Summer OlympicsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmen800 mmen1500 ...
Private Catholic college near Terre Haute, Indiana, US For Saint Mary-of-the-Woods (the town), see Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana. This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (June 2022) (Lear...
1968 song by Otis Redding This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Hard to Handle song – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Hard to HandleSong by Otis Reddingfrom the album The Immortal Otis Redding ReleasedJune 1968Record...
ГородБад-ЛангензальцаBad Langensalza Герб 51°06′29″ с. ш. 10°38′48″ в. д.HGЯO Страна Германия Земля Тюрингия Район Унструт-Хайних (район) Внутреннее деление городской центр и 12 городских районов Глава Бернхард Шёнау История и география Площадь 123,11 км² Высота центра 185-220...
2006 promotional single by Arctic MonkeysThe View from the AfternoonPromotional single by Arctic Monkeysfrom the album Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not Released23 January 2006 (2006-01-23)RecordedSeptember 2005Length3:38LabelDominoComposer(s) Jamie Cook Matt Helders Andy Nicholson Alex Turner[1] Lyricist(s)Alex TurnerProducer(s) Jim Abbiss Alan Smyth Arctic Monkeys singles chronology When the Sun Goes Down (2006) The View from the Afternoon (2006) Fake Tale...
Potret Penginjil Markus Codex Corbeiensis I, diberi kode ff1 atau 9 (menurut sistem Beuron), adalah naskah Perjanjian Baru bahasa Latin dari abad ke-8, ke-9, atau ke-10. Teks ditulis di atas vellum (kertas kulit) merupakan versi Vetus Latina. Naskah berisi 39 perkamen folio dengan teks dari empat Injil, Kisah Para Rasul, dan Surat-surat Am.[1] Teks Teks bahasa Latin Injil Matius pada kodeks ini tergolong Vetus Latina dalam resensi Itala. Teks sisa buku Perjanjian Baru terutama adalah ...
В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с именем Иоганн Адольф. Иоганн Адольф I Саксен-Вейсенфельскийнем. Johann Adolf I. von Sachsen-Weißenfels герцог Саксен-Вейсенфельский 4 июня 1680 — 24 мая 1697 Предшественник Август Саксен-Вейсенфельский Преемник Иоганн Георг Рождение 2 ноября 1649(1649...
XCH-62 HLH Role Heavy-lift helicopterType of aircraft Manufacturer Boeing Vertol Status Program terminated Primary user United States Army Number built 1 (never completed) The Boeing Vertol XCH-62 (Model 301) was a triple-turbine, heavy-lift helicopter project designed for the United States Army by Boeing Vertol. Approved in 1971, one prototype reached 95% completion before it was canceled in 1975. The prototype was scrapped in 2005. Development While the CH-47 Chinook is a large helicop...
Markus Schiffner Markus Schiffner a Hinzenbach nel 2017 Nazionalità Austria Salto con gli sci Squadra UVB Hinzenbach Palmarès Competizione Ori Argenti Bronzi Mondiali juniores 1 0 0 Per maggiori dettagli vedi qui Statistiche aggiornate al 27 marzo 2022 Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Markus Schiffner (Linz, 5 giugno 1992) è un saltatore con gli sci austriaco. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Palmarès 2.1 Mondiali juniores 2.2 Coppa del Mondo 2.2.1 Coppa del Mondo - vittorie 2.3 Ca...
Human Nature Human Nature (canção de Madonna) Single de Madonnado álbum Bedtime Stories Lado B Sanctuary La Isla Bonita(Japão) Lançamento 6 de Junho de 1995 Formato(s) CD single Cassete single Vinil single Gravação 1994 Gênero(s) Pop R&B Duração 4:51 Gravadora(s) Maverick Warner Bros. Composição Madonna Dave Hall Shawn McKenzie Kevin McKenzie Milo Deering Produção Madonna Dave Hall Cronologia de singles de Madonna Bedtime Story (1995) I Want You (1995) Lista de faixas de Bed...
