King of Thessalonica

King of Thessalonica
Rex Thessalonicae
Coat of arms per The Lord Marshal's Roll (1295)
Details
First monarchBoniface I
Last monarchDemetrius
(ruling)
Philip II
(titular)
Formation16 May 1204
AbolitionDecember 1224
(loss of the kingdom)
26 December 1331
(last use of title)
AppointerHereditary, vassal of the Latin Emperor

The King of Thessalonica was the ruler of the Kingdom of Thessalonica, one of the crusader states founded in Greece in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade (1202–1204). The King of Thessalonica was not an independent ruler; the Kingdom of Thessalonica was one of several vassal states created by the crusaders, subservient to the new Latin Empire of Constantinople, which had supplanted the Byzantine Empire.

The kingdom proved to be short-lived, with Thessalonica being captured by Theodore Komnenos Doukas of Epirus in 1224, just twenty years after the kingdom had been founded. The last king, Demetrius of Montferrat, escaped into exile and upon his death ceded the title to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, who some years later ceded it back to Demetrius's family. Their line of titular Kings of Thessalonica ended with the marriage of Yolande of Montferrat to Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos in 1284, at which point titular ownership of Thessalonica passed back to the Byzantine emperors.

Other lines of titular kings of Thessalonica originated in that Baldwin II, titular Latin Emperor of Constantinople, perceived Frederick II's use of the title as invalid as he was excommunicated and had been denounced as a heretic. At two points, Baldwin granted the title to nobles in Western Europe, first to Hugh IV of Burgundy and then to Philip of Sicily. Claims to the title did not cease until the 1330s, more than a century after the kingdom's fall.

Kings of Thessalonica, 1204–1224

House of Aleramici (1204–1224)

See also: Aleramici
Portrait Name Reign Arms Succession and Notes Ref
Boniface I
of Montferrat 		16 May 1204 – 4 September 1207 Leader of the Fourth Crusade. Due to already being a figure of influence, the Republic of Venice opposed Boniface becoming Emperor of Constantinople. Despite conflicting with the elected emperor, Baldwin I, Boniface was made the King of Thessalonica in 1204. Killed in battle by Kaloyan of Bulgaria in 1207. [1]
Demetrius
of Montferrat 		4 September 1207 – December 1224 Son and heir of Boniface I of Montferrat. The Kingdom of Thessalonica fell in 1224, when Thessalonica was captured by Theodore Komnenos Doukas of Epirus. [2][3]

Titular Kings of Thessalonica, 1224–1331

House of Aleramici (1224–1230)

Portrait Name Reign Arms Succession and Notes Ref
Demetrius
of Montferrat 		December 1224 – 1230
(previously ruling king 1207–1224) 		Previously the ruling King of Thessalonica. Escaped into exile after losing Thessalonica, fleeing to the court of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in Italy. [3]

After Demetrius's death, the succession to the defunct kingdom was contested, with three separate, conflicting, lines of titular 'kings of Thessalonica' forming in the 13th century.[4] Demetrius's own preferred heir was Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, who he ceded his titles to.[3]

Montferrat line (1230–1284)

House of Hohenstaufen (1230–1239)

See also: Hohenstaufen
Portrait Name Reign Arms Succession and Notes Ref
Frederick
of Hohenstaufen 		1230 – 1239 Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1220–1250). Demetrius lacked heirs of his own and ceded the title 'King of Thessalonica' to Frederick. The reason for Frederick's interest in the title is unclear; acquiring it might have been part of wider ambitions in the Levant. [5]

House of Aleramici (1239–1284)

Portrait Name Reign Arms Succession and Notes Ref
Boniface II
of Montferrat 		1239 – 12 June 1253 Marquis of Montferrat (r. 1225–1253). Son of William VI of Montferrat and grandson of Boniface I. Granted the title by Frederick. [4]
William
of Montferrat 		12 June 1253 – 1284 Marquis of Montferrat (r. 1253–1292). Son of Boniface II. [4]

William's daughter Yolande married the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282–1328) in 1284. As her dowry, William abandoned the title 'King of Thessalonica', with his titular claim to the city and region surrounding it returning to its actual owners, the Byzantine Empire.[4]

Burgundian line (1266–1320/1321)

In 1266, the titular Emperor of Constantinople, Baldwin II, sold the title 'King of Thessalonica' to Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy. Baldwin considered the rights of the Montferrat line of titular kings to be void as they had been granted the title by Frederick II, who was excommunicated and condemned as a heretic.[4]

House of Burgundy (1266–1320)

See also: House of Burgundy
Portrait Name Reign Arms Succession and Notes Ref
Hugh I
of Burgundy 		1266 – 27/30 October 1272 Duke of Burgundy (r. 1218–1272). Sold the title 'King of Thessalonica' by Baldwin II, titular Emperor of Constantinople, in 1266. [4]
Robert
of Burgundy 		27/30 October 1272 – 21 March 1306 Duke of Burgundy (r. 1272–1306). Son and heir of Hugh I. [4]
Hugh II
of Burgundy 		21 March 1306 – 1313 Duke of Burgundy (r. 1306–1315). Son and heir of Robert. [4]
Louis I
of Burgundy 		1313 – 2 August 1316 Prince of Achaea (r. 1313–1316). Son of Robert. Granted the title by his brother Hugh II in exchange for his own rights to Burgundy. [4]
Odo
of Burgundy 		2 August 1316 – 14 April 1320 Duke of Burgundy (r. 1315–1349). Son of Robert. Inherited the title upon the death of his brother Louis I. Recorded as complaining to Pope John XXII about the "usurpation" by the Angevins of the Principality of Achaea. [6]

House of Bourbon (1320–1320/1321)

See also: House of Bourbon
Portrait Name Reign Arms Succession and Notes Ref
Louis II
of Bourbon 		14 April 1320 – 1320/1321 Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis (r. 1317–1342) and Duke of Bourbon (r. 1327–1342). Odo sold his claims to the titles 'King of Thessalonica' and 'Prince of Achaea' to Louis in 1320. [6]

During Louis of Bourbon's purchase of the titles,[6] Philip of Taranto, Angevin pretender to the title,[7] intervened and offered the same sum to purchase them. Through his purchase of the titles, Philip acquired the Burgundian claim to the titles as well, ensuring that there was now only a single line of pretenders. Louis of Bourbon likely only agreed to selling the titles because of the 1321 engagement between Philip's son of the same name and Louis's daughter Beatrice.[8]

Angevin line (1274–1331)

In the 1267 Treaty of Viterbo, signed by Baldwin II, Charles I of Sicily, and William II Villehardouin, Prince of Achaea, it was agreed that Baldwin's sale of the title 'King of Thessalonica' to Hugh IV of Burgundy would only be considered valid if Hugh supported Baldwin (and his heir, Philip of Courtenay) in recapturing Constantinople. If this were to not occur, it was agreed among the signatories that the title should be transferred to Charles I and his heirs.[9]

House of Anjou (1274–1331)

See also: Capetian House of Anjou
Portrait Name Reign Arms Succession and Notes Ref
Philip I
of Anjou 		1274 – 1277 Son of Charles I of Sicily. Granted the title by Baldwin II in 1274, as per the agreement reached in the Treaty of Viterbo. [10]
Charles I
of Anjou 		1277 – 7 January 1285 King of Sicily (r. 1266–1285) and Prince of Achaea (r. 1278–1285). Father of Philip of Anjou, inherited the title upon Philip's early death. [11]
Charles II
of Naples 		7 January 1285 – 5 May 1309 King of Naples (r. 1285–1309) and Prince of Achaea (r. 1285–1289). Son of Charles I. [7][11]
Philip II
of Taranto 		5 May 1309 – 26 December 1331 Prince of Taranto (r. 1294–1331), Prince of Achaea (r. 1307–1313) and titular Emperor of Constantinople (r. 1313–1331). Younger son of Charles II and heir to his claims in Greece. Also bought the claims of the Burgundian line of claimants in 1320/1321. Though he had heirs, who among other titles claimed the imperial one, Philip was the last person to claim the title 'King of Thessalonica'. [7][8]

Table of rival successions

Montferrat Burgundian Angevin
Boniface I (1204–1207) —
Demetrius (1207–1230)
Frederick (1230–1239)
Boniface II (1239–1253)
William (1253–1284) Hugh I (1266–1272) —
— Robert (1272–1306) Philip I (1274–1277)
Hugh II (1306–1313) Charles I (1277–1285)
Louis I (1313–1316)
Odo (1316–1320) Charles II (1285–1309)
Louis II (1320–1320/21)
Philip I or II (1309/20/21–1331)

References

  1. ^ Nishimura 2006, pp. 199–200, 204.
  2. ^ Nishimura 2006, p. 200.
  3. ^ a b c Burkhardt 2017, p. 304.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Burkhardt 2017, p. 316.
  5. ^ Burkhardt 2017, pp. 304, 309, 316.
  6. ^ a b c Topping 1975, p. 115.
  7. ^ a b c Mariani 2005.
  8. ^ a b Topping 1975, pp. 115–116.
  9. ^ Burkhardt 2017, p. 317.
  10. ^ Burkhardt 2017, pp. 316–317.
  11. ^ a b Burkhardt 2017, pp. 317–318.

Bibliography

  • Burkhardt, Stefan (2017). "Intoxication with Virtuality: French Princes and Aegean Titles". In Scholl, Christian; Gebhardt, Torben R.; Clauß, Jan (eds.). Transcultural Approaches to the Concept of Imperial Rule in the Middle Ages. Peter Lang AG. pp. 295–320. ISBN 978-3631706244. JSTOR j.ctv6zdbwx.13.
  • Nishimura, Michiya (2006). "Propaganda and Denominations of the Byzantine Successor States and the Crusader States (1204-1261): An Essay on the Political History of the Empire in Exile" (PDF). Mediterranean World. 3: 197–209.
  • Topping, Peter (1975). "The Morea, 1311–1364". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 104–140. ISBN 0-299-06670-3.

Web sources

Read other articles:

Beatless

BeatlessBerkas:Beatless novel.jpgSampul pada NovelGenreScience fiction[1] Novel serialPengarangSatoshi HaseIlustratorRedjuicePenerbitKadokawa ShotenPenerbit bahasa InggrisNA J-Novel ClubTokyo Otaku ModeMajalahNewtypeTerbit10 Juni 2011 – 10 Juli 2012Volume1 MangaPengarangKilaPenerbitKadokawa ShotenImprintKadokawa Comics Ace ExtraDemografiShōnenTerbit10 Juni 2011 – 10 Juli 2012Volume1 MangaBeatless: DystopiaPengarangKagura UguisuPenerbitKadokawa ShotenMajalahMonthly Shōnen AceDem...

 

الدوري البحريني الممتاز 2017–18

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) الدوري البحريني الممتاز تفاصيل الموسم 2018-2017 النسخة 61  البلد  البحرين التاريخ من 9 سبتمبر 2017 إلى 21 أبر...

 

География Израиля

География Израиля Часть света Азия Регион Ближний Восток Координаты 31°30′с.ш., 34°45′в.д. Площадь 149-я в мире 20 770 км² вода: 2,14 % суша: 97,86 % Береговая линия 273 км Границы Египет 266 км,Иордания 238 км, Ливан 79 км,Сирия 76 км, Сектор Газа 51 км Высшая точка 2236 м (Гора Хермон) Низшая т�...

Tarvaris Jackson

American football player (1983–2020) American football player Tarvaris JacksonJackson with the Seahawks in 2011No. 7Position:QuarterbackPersonal informationBorn:(1983-04-21)April 21, 1983Montgomery, Alabama, U.S.Died:April 12, 2020(2020-04-12) (aged 36)Pike Road, Alabama, U.S.Height:6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)Weight:225 lb (102 kg)Career informationHigh school:Sidney Lanier (Montgomery)College:Arkansas (2001–2002)Alabama State (2003–2005)NFL draft:2006 / Round:...

 

Khenmet

Kalung dari makam Khenmet Kalung, sepertinya dibuat di Kreta Khenmet merupakan seorang Putri Raja Mesir Kuno dari Dinasti kedua belas Mesir, pada sekitar tahun 1800 SM. Ia terutama dikenal dari makamnya yang tidak berkarat yang berisi perhiasan pribadi yang luar biasa. Khenmet hanya dikenal dari makamnya di samping piramida Amenemhat II di Dahshur. Di sisi barat piramida terdapat tiga galeri bawah tanah dengan masing-masing dua makam. Empat dari makam ini, termasuk yang ditemukan Khenmet terb...

 

Emil Larmi

Finnish ice hockey player Ice hockey player Emil Larmi Larmi with HPK in 2016Born (1996-09-28) 28 September 1996 (age 27)Lahti, FinlandHeight 6 ft 2 in (188 cm)Weight 203 lb (92 kg; 14 st 7 lb)Position GoaltenderCatches LeftSHL teamFormer teams Växjö LakersHPKLahti PelicansNational team  FinlandNHL Draft UndraftedPlaying career 2015–present Medal record Representing  Finland Ice hockey World Junior Championships 2016 Finland Emil Larmi...

Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations

Public-private organization for vaccine development Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness InnovationsAbbreviationCEPIFormationJanuary 2017; 7 years ago (2017-01)Founders Wellcome Trust[1][2] Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation[1] India[1] Norway[1] World Economic Forum[1] Founded atDavos, Switzerland[3]PurposeFund vaccine development[3]HeadquartersOslo, NorwayLocationsLondon, EnglandWashington, D.C., United S...

 

USS Sumner County

LST-542-class landing ship tank USS Sumner County on 17 May 1968 History United States NameLST-1148 BuilderChicago Bridge and Iron Co., Seneca Laid down15 February 1945 Launched22 May 1945 Sponsored byMrs Helen M. Fay Commissioned9 June 1945 Decommissioned11 May 1946 Recommissioned3 October 1950 RenamedSumner County NamesakeSumner County Decommissioned9 October 1969 Stricken15 September 1974 Identification Callsign: NKHC[1] Pennant number: LST-1148 FateScrapped, 2004 Badge General cha...

 

大字 (数字)

この項目には、一部のコンピュータや閲覧ソフトで表示できない文字が含まれています（詳細）。 数字の大字（だいじ）は、漢数字の一種。通常用いる単純な字形の漢数字（小字）の代わりに同じ音の別の漢字を用いるものである。 概要 壱万円日本銀行券（「壱」が大字） 弐千円日本銀行券（「弐」が大字） 漢数字には「一」「二」「三」と続く小字と、「壱」「�...

Тур (бык)

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Тур. Запрос «Bos taurus primigenius» перенаправляется сюда; см. также другие значения. † Тур Скелет тура Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:В...

 

Francesco Gaetano Caltagirone

Italian businessman Francesco Gaetano CaltagironeCaltagirone with Giorgio Napolitano, President of the Italian RepublicBorn (1943-03-02) 2 March 1943 (age 81)[1]Rome, ItalyOther namesFrancesco Caltagirone, Franco CaltagironeOccupationBusinessmanKnown forOwns more than 50% of Caltagirone S.p.A.[2]SpouseLuisa FarinonChildren3 Francesco Gaetano Caltagirone (Italian pronunciation: [franˈtʃesko ɡa.eˈtaːno kaltadʒiˈroːne]; born 2 March 1943) is an Ital...

 

Max Fox

Australian politician (1912–1988) Max FoxCBEMember of the Australian Parliamentfor HentyIn office10 December 1955 – 18 May 1974Preceded byJo GullettSucceeded byJoan Child Personal detailsBorn(1912-04-27)27 April 1912Melbourne, VictoriaDied27 November 1988(1988-11-27) (aged 76)NationalityAustralianPolitical partyLiberal Party of AustraliaOccupationClerk Edmund Maxwell Cameron Fox, CBE (27 April 1912 – 27 November 1988) was an Australian politician. Born in Melbourne, he...

Howard Golden

American politician (1925–2024) Howard GoldenGolden in 199616th Borough President of BrooklynIn officeJanuary 3, 1977 – December 31, 2001Preceded bySebastian LeoneSucceeded byMarty Markowitz Personal detailsBorn(1925-11-06)November 6, 1925Flatbush, Brooklyn, U.S.DiedJanuary 24, 2024(2024-01-24) (aged 98)Brooklyn, New York, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouseAileen WolskyResidenceKensington, BrooklynAlma materNew York UniversityBrooklyn Law SchoolProfessionLawyer, Politician ...

 

Martin Goodman Trail

Multi-use path along the waterfront in Toronto, Canada Martin Goodman TrailThe Humber Bay Arch Bridge is part of the trailLength56 km (35 mi)LocationTorontoEstablished1984Userunning, jogging, cycling and inline skatingSeasonYear-round The Martin Goodman Trail is a 56 km (35 mi)[1][2] multi-use path[3][4] along the waterfront in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It traverses the entire lake shore from one end of the city to the other, from Humber Bay...

 

Ísafjörður

ÍsafjörðurTownLocation of the Municipality of ÍsafjarðarbærCountry IcelandConstituency[1]NorðvesturkjördæmiRegion[2]VestfirðirCountyNorður-ÍsafjarðarsýslaMunicipalityÍsafjarðarbærPopulasi (2008) • Town2.600 • Metropolitan2.867 (incl Hnifsdalur)Zona waktuUTC+0 (GMT)Póstnúmer400Situs webSitus web resmi Ísafjörður adalah kota yang terletak di Islandia. Kota ini memiliki luas sebesar 270 km². Pada tanggal 1 Desember 200...

Clonal hematopoiesis

Expansion of blood cells Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, or CHIP, is a common aging-related phenomenon in which hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) or other early blood cell progenitors contribute to the formation of a genetically distinct subpopulation of blood cells.[1][2][3] As the name suggests, this subpopulation in the blood is characterized by a shared unique mutation in the cells' DNA; it is thought that this subpopulation is clonally derived from ...

 

Sports in Bhutan

Overview of sports in Bhutan Part of a series on theCulture of Bhutan History Second Battle of Simtokha Dzong Bhutan War (Duar War) Operation All Clear Military history People Languages Cuisine Religion Art Literature Music Media Radio Television Cinema Sport Monuments World Heritage Sites Symbols Flag Coat of arms National anthem vte Sports in Bhutan comprise both traditional Bhutanese and modern international games. Archery is the national sport in Bhutan.[1] Competitions are held r...

 

Ashok Mehta

Ashok MehtaAshok Mehta di perangko India tahun 2013Lahir1947Punjab, IndiaMeninggal15 Agustus 2012 (umur 64)Mumbai, IndiaPekerjaansinematograferTahun aktif1978–2011 Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Asoka Mehta.Ashok Mehta (1947 – 15 Agustus 2012) adalah seorang sinematografer film terkenal asal India pemenang Penghargaan Film Nasional, yang dikenal karena film-film seperti Bandit Queen (1994), 36 Chowringhee Lane (1981) dan Utsav (1984).[1] Referensi ^ Ace cinematographer Ashok Meh...

Soyuz-M

Soyuz-M Soyuz-M (Rusia: Союз, yang berarti Union), Grau indeks 11A511M adalah roket pembawa expendable (sekali pakai) Soviet dirancang oleh OKB-1 dan diproduksi oleh State Aviation Plant No 1 di Samara, Rusia. Ini pada awalnya dibangun untuk meluncurkan berawak pesawat ruang angkasa Soyuz 7K-VI untuk angkatan bersenjata Soviet. Menyusul pembatalan program ini, pengembangan roket berlanjut selama pesawat ruang angkasa Soyuz 7K-S. Setelah ini juga dibatalkan, pengembangan Soyuz-M juga ditin...

 

Data onboarding

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Orientasi data (Data onboarding) adalah proses mengirimkan data dari luar jaringan (luring) ke dalam jaringan (daring) sesuai kebutuhan pemasaran.[1][2] Orientasi data digunakan dengan menghubungkan catatan pelanggan luring dengan pengg...