June 16, 1933: National Recovery Administration is createdJune 19, 1933: Museum of Science and Industry opens in ChicagoJune 10, 1933: INS created
The following events occurred in June 1933:
June 1, 1933 (Thursday)
Germany's Law for the Encouragement of Marriage took effect, providing for the Ehestandsdarlehen (Marriage loan) to all German Aryan newlyweds, with 1000 Reichsmarks to be loaned, interest free, to couples on condition that the wife quit employment or remain unemployed. After encouraging women to vacate jobs in favor of men, the law was amended to encourage the growth of the Aryan population, with the debt to be reduced 25% each time a child was born. In the first four years of the program, 700,000 couples took out the loans.[1]
The Soviet Communist Party began a purge of party members whom General Secretary Joseph Stalin described as "double-dealers masked as Bolsheviks". Commissions in ten cities, including Moscow and Leningrad, screened one million members, and expelled one out of every six.[2]
J. P. Morgan Jr. was testifying before the Senate Banking Committee when a man placed a circus midget, Lya Graf, onto his lap. The U.S. Senate warned that any newspapers that printed the photo risked being excluded from future Senate hearings.[3]
The Soviet Navy activated its new Northern Naval Flotilla as part of its continued growth, the second new fleet created in 15 months. On April 21, 1932, it had created the Naval Forces of the Far East.[4]
Born: Charles Wilson, U.S. Representative from Texas 1973–1996, whose role in obtaining funding for Afghan resistance to the Soviet invasion was dramatized in the film Charlie Wilson's War; in Trinity, Texas (d. 2010)
June 2, 1933 (Friday)
Bernhard Rust, Minister of Science, Art, and Education for Prussia, ordered that Jews be banned from youth, welfare and gymnastic organizations and that they be denied access to athletic facilities. At the start of 1933, there had been 40,000 German Jews in sports clubs, including 250 Jewish sports organizations. By 1935, there were none.[5]
Spain's President Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, and other prominent members of the government of Spain, were excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Pius XI, for having signed laws nationalizing Catholic church properties.[7]
Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, the 26-year-old son of former German Crown Prince Wilhelm, married Dorothea von Salviati, his college sweetheart, at a ceremony in Bonn. His grandfather, the former Kaiser Wilhelm II, decreed that he had forfeited his rights to reign in the event of the restoration of the monarchy. A cheering crowd of 10,000 greeted the newlyweds as they emerged from church.[8]
June 4, 1933 (Sunday)
Radio Luxembourg began broadcasting as an English-language station aimed at listeners in England, where the British Broadcasting Corporation had a monopoly on domestic radio.[9] Within a year, 90 British companies were running commercials on Radio Luxembourg, since the BBC did not permit advertising. In 1931, Radio Normandy had pioneered the concept of broadcasting commercial radio from the European continent to Britain.
An express train carrying holiday travelers from Paris to the Brittany coast derailed near Nantes, killing 14 people. The train struck debris that had spilled onto the track from the wreck of a freight train on adjoining track.[10]
June 5, 1933 (Monday)
The U.S. Congress passed the Gold Clause Resolution (Pub. Res. 73-10) nullifying the right of creditors to demand payment in gold.[11]
Died: Prince Shirdar Mohammed Aziz Khan, brother of King Nadir Shah of Afghanistan, and the kingdom's ambassador to Germany, was assassinated in Berlin by an Afghan student.[14]
June 7, 1933 (Wednesday)
Representatives of France, Britain, Germany and Italy initialled the Four-Power Pact in Rome, pledging Europe a decade of peace and pledging to work toward disarmament. The ceremony took place in Italian Premier Benito Mussolini's office at the Palazzo Venezia in Rome.[15]
June 8, 1933 (Thursday)
Before a crowd of 56,000 at Yankee Stadium, Max Baer of California, knocked out Germany's Max Schmeling.[16]
German scientists Rudolf Nebel and Herbert Schaefer did the first test launch of a rocket for the "Magdeburg Project", with the goal of eventually sending a man into space, but the first test flight at Wolmirstedt failed. The project would be abandoned in August.[19]
As part of Executive Order 6166, the U.S. Bureau of Immigration and the U.S. Bureau of Naturalization were merged to create the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), originally as part of the U.S. Department of Labor, and then in 1940, part of the U.S. Department of Justice.[21] Under the same order, all national monuments and national cemeteries were placed under the administration of the National Park Service.[22]
Less than three weeks after being paroled from prison, John Dillinger robbed the first of many banks with his gang, taking $10,600 from the National Bank of New Carlisle, Ohio. G[23]
Seven unfortunate passengers, who bought tickets for a sightseeing trip over the World's Fair in Chicago, were killed along with the pilot and co-pilot when a wing crumpled. The amphibian plane, Northern Light, plunged 600 feet to the ground in Glenview, Illinois.[28]
Born:Gene Wilder, American film actor (Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory); as Jerome Silberman, in Milwaukee (d. 2016)
The World Economic Conference of 1933 began in London, with representatives from 64 nations, to discuss the reduction of trade barriers, settlement of war debts, stabilizing exchange rates and coordinating monetary policies. The conference would last until July 27, without accomplishing its goals.[30]
The Home Owners' Loan Corporation was established by law to provide lower interest (5 percent) loans to prevent foreclosures, and the first to be made at a fixed rate. At the time of its creation, 41 percent of home mortgages in the United States had been in default. The HOLC accepted applications until 1936, and effectively refinanced 992,531 homes. After the last of the 15-year loans was collected back, the HOLC ceased operations in 1951.[31]
June 14, 1933 (Wednesday)
Mattern
Jimmie Mattern, seeking to become the first person to fly a plane solo around the world, set off from Khabarovsk in Siberian Russia, headed toward U.S. territory for the first time since his departure from New York. Mattern never arrived in Nome, Alaska.[32] Unbeknownst to most of the world, his airplane, the Century of Progress, had engine failure 14 hours after takeoff, but he had crashed on land, near the Anadyr River, which he would reach after three days. Mattern would find an island in the middle of the river, reasoning that he would be able to signal boats more easily. He would finally be found after two weeks, on June 28, by Eskimos in two rowboats.[33]
The United States agreed to accept partial payment of $75,950,000 owed by Great Britain for loans from World War One, taking ten million dollars. An earlier request to pay 10% had been refused by President Roosevelt.[34]
Jerzy Kosinski, Polish-born American novelist (Being There); in Łódź (d. 1991)
June 15, 1933 (Thursday)
The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 passed both houses of Congress and was signed into law the next day. The law severely restricted private banks from making risky investments with their depositors' capital.[35]
Haim Arlosoroff, a Zionist leader who had negotiated an agreement with Nazi Germany to provide for emigration of German Jews to Palestine in return for payments, was assassinated while he was walking along the beach at Tel Aviv.[37]
Baldur von Schirach was named "Youth Leader of the German Reich" as the Hitler Youth proceeded to absorb all other youth organizations in Germany.[40]
Floyd
In a gunbattle at the Union Station in Kansas City, Missouri, gangster Pretty Boy Floyd and two of his men, Adam Richetti and Vern Miller, attempted to rescue bank robber Frank Nash, who was being transported by a team of federal agents and local policemen to the federal penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas. During the fight, Floyd and his men fired sub-machine guns, killing FBI agent Raymond Caffrey; Police Chief Ott Reed of McAlester, Oklahoma; Kansas City police detectives William Grooms and Frank Hermanson; and, inadvertently, Frank Nash himself.[41][42][43][44][45][46]
Born:Maurice Stokes, American NBA player whose career was halted by a head injury; in Pittsburgh (d. 1970)
June 18, 1933 (Sunday)
Yang Quan, the Secretary-General of the China League for Civil Rights and a frequent critic of China's Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, was assassinated, apparently by Kuomintang agents, in the French Concession in Shanghai.[47]
June 19, 1933 (Monday)
U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Henry Wallace announced a farm subsidy program to pay farmers to plow under as much as ten million acres of cotton and not to grow it, in order to reduce production and boost the price.[48]
The Austrian Nazi party was outlawed, by decree of Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, after the party was linked to bombings over the previous two weeks. The decree came after 16 auxiliary police in Krems were injured, earlier in the day, by grenades thrown at them by party members.[49] Germany responded by banning its citizens from visiting Austria.[50]
The Convention on European Broadcasting was signed at Lucerne, Switzerland, by representatives of 21 European nations, with an agreement assigning specific radio frequencies for the various nations.[52]
Died:Bolivar E. Kemp, 61, U.S. Representative from Louisiana since 1925, died of a heart attack. The Governor's choice of Kemp's widow as the "unopposed" Democratic Party nominee in a special election would lead to rioting.
In the United States, the Illinois Waterway opened, a canal system of locks that linked the Great lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.[55]
San Marino
Police in Rome announced the arrest of two Sicilian bandits who had been planning to overthrow the government of the tiny republic of San Marino.[56]Antonio Canepa of Palermo had plotted to seize the Republic's police station, military barracks and radio station, then to take control of the treasury to finance a resistance against the Fascist regime in Italy. After he and his co-conspirators were arrested, Catapa was placed in a mental hospital for one year.[57]
The government of Siam (now Thailand) was overthrown in a bloodless coup staged by Colonel Phraya Phahonphonphayauhasena, who took over after conflicts with the first Prime Minister, Phraya Manopakorn Nititada. As premier, Colonel Phahonphonphayauhasena took on the shorter name of Phot Phahonyothin.[58]
Hilarius Gilges, 24, African-German entertainer, after being arrested by the Gestapo;
June 21, 1933 (Wednesday)
Joseph Gallo Sr. killed his wife Susie Gallo, and then himself, after being despondent from the financial troubles from his winemaking business. The couple's sons, Ernest Gallo and Julio Gallo inherited 2/3rds of the family assets, and when prohibition was repealed in December, began building the E & J Gallo Winery into what would become a multibillion-dollar company that became the largest manufacturer of California wines. The other 1/3rd went to Joseph Gallo Jr., who would create the Joseph Gallo Farms, one of the largest dairy farming operations and cheese producers in America.[61]
Born:
Bernie Kopell, American television actor and comedian known for The Love Boat; in Brooklyn
Died:George Masa (Masahara Izuka), 52, Japanese-born American photographer
June 22, 1933 (Thursday)
Patterson
In a ruling that would cost him his judicial career, Alabama circuit judge James E. Horton set aside the April 9 jury verdict against Haywood Patterson, the first of the Scottsboro Boys to be retried on charges of rape in 1931. Judge Horton wrote, after reviewing the proof presented at the trial, that "the evidence greatly preponderates in favor of the defendant", set aside the verdict and the death sentence, and ordered a retrial.[62] In making the unpopular decision, Horton would lose his bid for re-election in 1934, and retire to farming. All of the Scottsboro Boys would later be exonerated and released from prison.[63]
Germany outlawed the Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands or SPD), which had won the second largest number of seats (121) in the German Reichstag in the March 5 election.[64] The party would be revived in 1946, winning control of the West German Bundestag in 1969, and merging with the Communist Party in East Germany to form the SED.[65]
At Watchung, New Jersey, an alert garage employee discovered a 20-pound dynamite bomb that had been attached to the ignition of a car used by Congressman Charles A. Eaton of New Jersey, foiling an assassination attempt.[66]
Born:Dianne Feinstein, U.S. Senator for California since 1992, Mayor of San Francisco 1978–88; in San Francisco as Dianne Emiel Goldman (d. 2023)
The official Nazi newspaper, Völkischer Beobachter, had as its front-page headline "FOREIGN AIRCRAFT OVER BERLIN!", with the false story that a formation of unidentified bombers had dropped leaflets over the German capital, then turned back "toward the East", with the suggestion that the Soviet Union had penetrated German airspace because of a lack of sufficient air defense. The effect was to justify building a powerful German air force armada and airfields.[69]
Seven thousand German members of the Jehovah's Witnesses convened at the Wilmersdorfer Tennishallen in Berlin to resist the persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany. From the convention emerged the "Declaration of Facts", which declared that the Witnesses had no intention to get into politics, and that their sole purpose was to preach about the Kingdom of God. Two days later, the Gestapo began arresting anyone who distributed the Declaration and closed the Witnesses' office in Magdeburg.[70]
Martial law was proclaimed in Bulgaria by King Boris III after discovery of a plot by Communists and Macedonian separatists to overthrow the government.[71]
June 26, 1933: Hugenberg fired after helping Hitler win power
Alfred Hugenberg, whose German National People's Party formed a coalition that helped put the Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler into power, was forced to resign his cabinet positions as Minister of Economics and Minister of Agriculture, ending his attempt to keep Hitler in line. His political party was outlawed the next day. Hugenberg would never re-enter politics and die in 1951.[72]
General Theodor Eicke, was promoted to Obergruppenführer in the Nazi SS, and began his work as the Commandant of the Dachau concentration camp. A master of organization, Eicke would then go on to expand the network of death camps. He would be killed in 1943 while commanding troops in the Third Battle of Kharkov against the Soviet Union.[73]
The German National People's Party (DVNP), which had helped the Nazi Party form a coalition government three months earlier, after the Nazis had failed to secure a majority in the March elections, was outlawed by the Nazi government.[74]
Germany's program to create a network of superhighways (autobahns) was begun with a decree establishing the Unternehmen Reichsautobahnen company, under the administration of the national railroad.[75]
The Union Jack
Sir John Gilmour, the British Home Secretary, delivered the last official statement concerning the Union Jack, flag of the United Kingdom. Responding to a question of whether private citizens were barred from displaying the flag, Gilmour stated, "The Union Flag is the national flag and may properly be flown by any British subject on land".[76]
Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle signed a movie deal with Warner Brothers in the first step of his comeback, with a deal to make a full-length feature film. Arbuckle had made four short (20 minutes) comedy films for Warner, including the recently released How've You Bean?, but no major films for more than a decade. He died of a heart attack in his hotel room the next day.[77]
Louise Arner Boyd set off on an expedition to Greenland, leading scientists on the Veslekari expedition that sailed from Aalesund, Norway.[78]
June 29, 1933 (Thursday)
In New York, Primo Carnera of Italy became the new heavyweight boxing champion of the world, knocking out champ Jack Sharkey in the 6th round.[79] Carnera was disliked by many American sportswriters "because so many of his early fights were faked, [and] his American managers were mobsters", according to one author, and there was uncertainty about whether his win over Sharkey was legitimate; Carnera would hold his title for less than a year, losing on June 14, 1934 to boxer Max Baer.[80]
Films, plays, music, art, radio and the press were placed under the direction of the German Propaganda Ministry, controlled by Joseph Goebbels, by decree of Chancellor Hitler.[85]
References
^Robert Gellately, Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe (Random House Digital, 2008) p334
^Robert C. Tucker, Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941 (W. W. Norton & Company, 1992) p243
^"Anti-Church Laws Bring Spain Under Papal Ban", Milwaukee Journal, June 3, 1933, p1
^"Wilhelm Weds Commoner, Still Claims Throne Rights", Milwaukee Sentinel, June 4, 1933, p1
^Andrew Crisell, An Introductory History of British Broadcasting (Routledge, 2002) p51
^"Wreck in France Takes 14 Lives", Milwaukee Journal, June 5, 1933, p2
^Richard H. Timberlake, Monetary Policy in the United States: An Intellectual and Institutional History (University of Chicago Press, 1993) p277
^Kerry Segrave, Drive-in Theaters: A History from Their Inception In 1933 (McFarland, 2006) pp4-7
^Saeed Moaveni, Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering (Cengage Learning, 2010) p413
^"Afghan Minister Slain", Sarasota Herald-Tribune, June 7, 1933, p4
^"Duce's Peace Treaty Signed by Big Powers", Milwaukee Sentinel, June 8, 1933, p1
^"BAER STOPS SCHMELING IN TENTH", Milwaukee Sentinel, June 9, 1933, p17
^Bill Mallon and Jeroen Heijmans, Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement (Scarecrow Press, Aug 16, 2011 p. li
^"Count 10 Dead, Many Injured in Fire, Blast", Milwaukee Sentinel, June 10, 1933, p1; "Three Arrested As Plotters in Plant Explosion", Milwaukee Sentinel, June 11, 1933, p2
^David J. Darling, The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity (John Wiley & Sons, 2003) p252
^"Train in Flood; 50 Are Missing", Milwaukee Sentinel, June 11, 1933, p1
^Keith Fitzgerald, The Face of the Nation: Immigration, the State, and the National Identity (Stanford University Press, 1996) p164
^Jerome A. Greene, Stricken Field: The Little Bighorn Since 1876 (University of Oklahoma Press, 2008) p73
^"NINE DIE IN FAIR PLANE CRASH", Milwaukee Sentinel, June 12, 1933, p1
^"Eugene James, up on Burgoo King in Kentucky Derby Last Year Drowns", St. Petersburg (FL) Independent, June 12, 1933, p7; Jim Bolus, Derby Magic (Pelican Publishing, 1998) p.186
^Warren J. Samuels and Ross B. Emmett, Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology: A Research Annual (Emerald Group Publishing, 2009) p121
^James Stuart Olson, Historical Dictionary of the Great Depression, 1929–1940 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001) pp146-147
^"Mattern's Fate In Northland Is Still Unknown", Milwaukee Sentinel, June 17, 1933, p2
^"Mattern Tells of Crash in Wilds, Rescue by Eskimo River Party", Milwaukee Journal, July 12, 1933, p1
^"BRITAIN TO PAY $10,000,000", Milwaukee Sentinel, June 15, 1933, p1
^Nomi Prins, It Takes a Pillage: Behind the Bailouts, Bonuses, and Backroom Deals from Washington to Wall Street (John Wiley & Sons, 2009) p136
^Irving Bernstein and Frances Fox Piven, The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933–1941 (Haymarket Books, 2010) p34
^Leslie Stein, The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel (Greenwood Publishing, 2003) pp200-201
^"Sheriff Freed By 'Pretty Boy' After Flight", Milwaukee Sentinel, June 18, 1933, p2
^"65,300,000 in Reich", Milwaukee Sentinel, July 5, 1933, p2
^Dearn, Alan; Sharp, Elizabeth (2006). The Hitler Youth 1933–45. Osprey Publishing.
