Islamic State insurgency in Tunisia

Islamic State insurgency in Tunisia
Part of spillover of the Second Libyan Civil War, the Arab Winter, War on Terror and War against the Islamic State

Security forces during the Battle of Ben Guerdane
Date26 June 2015 – c. 2022[3]
Location
Tunisia
Result Tunisian victory[3]
Belligerents

 Islamic State

 Islamic State Ansar al-Sharia
(only in March 2016)[2]

 Tunisia

Commanders and leaders
Former
Former commanders
Casualties and losses
45–67+[n 1] killed
54+[6] captured		 38 killed
38 wounded

41[n 2]–63+[n 3] civilians killed
46[n 4]–88+[n 5] civilians wounded
1[n 6] kidnapped
1[12] missing

Total: 172[n 7]–216+[n 8] killed

84[n 9]–126 [n 10] wounded

The Islamic State Insurgency in Tunisia referred to the low–level militant and terror activity of the Islamic State branch in Tunisia from 2015 to 2022. The activity of the Islamic State (IS) in Tunisia began in June 2015, with the Sousse attacks, though an earlier terror incident in Bardo Museum in March 2015 was claimed by ISIL, while the Tunisian government blamed Okba Ibn Nafaa Brigade for the attack. Following massive border clashes near Ben Guerdane in March 2016, the activity of the IS group was described as an armed insurgency,[24] switching from previous tactics of sporadic suicide attacks to attempts to gain territorial control. The armed insurgency was suppressed in 2022.[3]

Background

Rise of the Islamists

Since the death of Antar Zouabri the leader of the pro-al-Qaeda group called Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA) which led an end of the Algerian Civil War in February 2002.[25] The Islamist groups, like GIA and Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), continued the fight in their own insurgency in Algeria. In the meanwhile, on 11 April 2002 a suspected al-Qaeda deadly bombing attack was carried in the Algeria's neighbour country Tunisia, on the island of Djerba. Twenty-one people were killed and dozens were injured. A suspected Polish with a German citizenship called Christian Ganczarski was arrested and jailed for having connections with al-Qaeda and the attacker.[26][27] In December 2006, two people were killed by Islamists and two others were arrested. On 3 January 2007 clashes broke out in Soliman, Tunisia, between the Tunisian Police and a suspected Islamist armed group. Fourteen people were killed, including two members of the security force, and fifteen people were arrested.[27] In late 2012, the Tunisian Army launched some operations against the Islamist rebels whom are active around the mountainous Algeria–Tunisia border.[28] On 16 July 2014, a deadly attack against the army left fifteen soldiers and one attacker dead. Eighteen others were wounded on the Algeria–Tunisia border.[28]

Bardo Museum incident

On 18 March 2015, three militants attacked the Bardo National Museum in the Tunisian capital city of Tunis, and took hostages.[14] Twenty-one people, mostly European tourists, were killed at the scene, while an additional victim died ten days later. Around fifty others were injured.[29][30][31] Two of the gunmen, Tunisian citizens Yassine Labidi and Saber Khachnaoui, were killed by police, while the third attacker managed to escape.[32] Police treated the event as a terrorist attack.[33][9][34] The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attack, and threatened to commit further attacks. However, the Tunisian government blamed a local splinter group of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), called the Okba Ibn Nafaa Brigade, for the attack. On 28 March, nine members were killed in a police raid.[35]

History

2015

On 26 June 2015 an Islamist mass shooting attack occurred at the tourist resort at Port El Kantaoui, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the City of Sousse, Tunisia.[31][36] Thirty-eight people, thirty of whom were Britons, were killed when an armed gunman attacked a hotel.[37] It was the deadliest non-state attack in the history of modern Tunisia, with more fatalities than the twenty-two killed in the Bardo National Museum attack three months earlier.[38] On 24 November a bus carrying Tunisian Presidential Guards exploded, killing twelve, on a principal road in Tunis, Tunisia.[39][40] ISIL claimed responsibility for the attack.[41][42] The bomber, who also died in the attack, was identified as Houssem Abdelli.[43][10]

2016

Between 7–9 March 2016 an armed attack on 7 March, in the City of Ben Guerdane, Tunisia near the border with Libya. The clashes continued also on 8, and 9 March, in the area. The final death toll was forty-five militants, thirteen security and seven civilians.[11] On 19 March two militants were killed on the Libyan border, near to the site of the Ben Guerdane attack, while three civilians and a Tunisian security forces member were wounded.[44] On 30 March four Tunisian troops were reported killed, in an ambush by ISIL affiliates in Kasserine Governorate.[19] On 11 May four police men were killed by an ISIL attack, with the suicide bomber dying as well. This followed the death of two suspected terrorists near Tunis.[8] On 26 October Two Americans were detained by the authorities in Jendouba (north-western Tunisia), being suspected of involvement with a terrorist organisation.[45] On 5 November militants killed a soldier at his home in the central region. A day later, ISIL claimed responsibility for the killing.[20] On 9 November the Tunisian Army hunted down and shot dead a leader of a militant group affiliated with ISIL militants, this comes four days after the militant group killed a soldier at his house in central Tunisia.[9]

2017

On 12 March 2017, a police officer and two militants were killed in a shootout at a checkpoint in southern Tunisia, three other officers were injured.[10] On 2–3 June a unit of the National Army discovered the body of the shepherd Khelifa Soltani on Saturday afternoon, on Mount Mghila. He had been kidnapped on Friday by a group of terrorists with another shepherd who has not been found yet.[12] On 8 June a mine exploded at Jebel Mghila (Sidi Bouzid Governorate), during a sweep operation, killing a soldier and wounding another one.[15] On 16 June a woman was injured when an IED went off near Mont Salloum in the Kasserine Governorate.[13] On 22 August an IED blast wounded two soldiers on patrol in the heights of Kasserine Governorate.[46] On 1 November a suspected Islamist stabbed two police officers near the Tunisian Parliament, killing one and injuring another one.[21]

2018

Year Deaths Injuries
2015 53–77 55–97
2016 70–90 21
2017 6 8
2018 0 0
2019 30+ 4
2020 13+ 0
Total 172–216 88–130

On 1 August 2018 people armed with guns attacked a bank in the City of Kasserine, Tunisia. Eleven terrorists were responsible for the operation. Four of them entered the bank and robbed money, while seven others stole a vehicle and took a citizen hostage. No one was injured in the incident.[16][17][18]

2019

On 27 June 2019, two suicide blasts took place in Tunis, the capital of Tunisia.[47] The first explosion on Thursday involved a suicide bomber who targeted a police patrol on Tunis's central Charles de Gaulle Street.[47] One police officer was killed, while another was wounded as well as three civilians, according to the interior ministry.[47]

Two weeks later, a video shared by IS supporters online on July 16 showed armed men purportedly in Kairouan, central Tunisia, proclaiming their allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and urging people to conduct terror attacks in the country.[48]

On the first day of campaigning for the 2019 Tunisian presidential election on September 2, three senior militants and the head of the local National Guard Center were killed in a shootout in the Kef mountains near the town of Haidra.[49]

2020

On September 6, A Tunisian National Guard officer was stabbed to death and another was wounded in Sousse, Tunisia, by three militants who were then each fatally shot during a firefight with security forces.[50]

2021

On March 11, The Ministry of Defense reported that an IED exploded inside a closed military zone in Salloum Heights, killing 2 children and wounding their mother.[51][52]

On November 26, police shot and wounded an extremist who attacked the Ministry of Interior headquarters with a knife and cleaver.[53]

Foreign support to Tunisia

In February 2016, British Defence Secretary Michael Fallon announced that a Short Term Training Team of around 20 soldiers from the 4th Infantry Brigade had deployed to Tunisia to help train Tunisian forces in countering illegal cross-border movement from Libya. The training involved both classroom and practical exercises, helping to improve the 1st Tunisian Brigade border security capability. The deployment followed on from what Fallon stated as "a previous tranche of border security training with the 1st Tunisian Brigade Headquarters at the end of last year."[54]

In June 2016, Defence Secretary Fallon announced that the UK military support in counter-IED training would be extended for an additional year to help Tunisian Security Forces reach international standards of capability and achieve self-sufficiency in training. The British team in the country comprising counter-IED and training specialists, as part of a multinational team, deployed in March 2015 and had been "instrumental" in bringing structure and clarity to training at the Explosive Ordnance Device School in the country, helping transform it into a specialist centre offering 14 different courses. Separately, it was also announced that in the summer of that year, the UK would provide three specialist month-long training courses to the Tunisia National Guard Commando, to help them deal with internal and external threats. The decision stemmed from a request made by the National Guard, will focus on medical training, small boat handling and security operations training and would create a cadre of instructors to further cascade training within the National Guard.[55]

In October 2016, Defence Secretary Fallon announced that a Short Term Training Team of around 40 soldiers from the 4th Infantry Brigade deployed to the country to train 200 Tunisian troops in theoretical and practical exercises on Operational Planning, Intelligence and Surveillance and mobile patrolling, which would help Tunisia counter illegal cross-border movement, particularly from Libya.[56]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ See [1][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
  2. ^ See [4][11][12][13]
  3. ^ See [14][4][11][12][13]
  4. ^ See [4][11][7][15][13]
  5. ^ See [1][11][7][15][13]
  6. ^ See [16][17][18]
  7. ^ See [4][5][11][7][19][8][20][10][12][15][13][21]
  8. ^ See [14][4][5][11][7][19][8][20][9][10][12][15][13][21]
  9. ^ See [22][11][7][10][15][13][23][21]
  10. ^ See [1][11][7][10][12][15][13][23][21]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Tunesia, 18 March 2018". Global Terrorism Database. 18 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
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  3. ^ a b c "A Challenge from Insurgency to the Nation–State". Australian Army Research Centre. 12 May 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Tunisia beach attack: British death toll 'will top 30'". BBC News. 29 June 2015. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  5. ^ a b c "Explosion reportedly occurred on Tunis' busy Mohammed V Avenue, killing at least 14 people". Middle East Eye. 24 November 2015. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
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  44. ^ "Tunisian forces kill 2 'terrorists' near site of border attack". Gulf News. 20 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
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Politician and religious leader from Northern Ireland (1926–2014) This article is about the former First Minister of Northern Ireland. For his son, a former MP, see Ian Paisley Jr. The Reverend and Right HonourableThe Lord BannsidePCPaisley in 2008First Minister of Northern IrelandIn office8 May 2007 – 5 June 2008Serving with Martin McGuinnessPreceded byPeter Hain[a] (as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland)David Trimble (2002)Succeeded byPeter RobinsonLeader of t...

 

 

rak sepeda

Tiang dan ring sandaran parkir sepeda di Toronto, Kanada Sandaran sepeda Rak sepeda adalah tempat untuk parkir/penyimpanan sepeda di kawasan perkantoran, pertokoan, sekolah, kampus, dan sepedanya dikunci/dirantai ke rak yang disediakan. Rak harus dibuat sedemikian sehingga sepeda tidak mudah dicuri, oleh karena itu biasanya sepedanya dikunci atau dirantai ke rak. Ditempatkan pada dinding bangunan, trotoar ataupun bangunan khusus untuk penitipan sepeda. Bentuk rak Desain yang umum Bentuk rak y...

Allen Newell

American cognitive scientist Not to be confused with multiple researchers in related fields named Alan Newell. Allen NewellBorn(1927-03-19)March 19, 1927San Francisco, CaliforniaDiedJuly 19, 1992(1992-07-19) (aged 65)Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaAlma materStanford UniversityPrinceton UniversityCarnegie Mellon UniversityKnown forInformation Processing LanguageLogic TheoristGeneral Problem SolverSoarUnified Theories of CognitionAwardsA.M. Turing Award (1975)IJCAI Award for Research Ex...

 

 

Court dress

Style of clothes prescribed for courts of law This article is about dress for courts of law. For dress for royal courts, see Court uniform and dress. For the racehorse, see Court Dress (horse). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Court dress – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 201...