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Germany–Serbia relations are foreign relations between Germany and Serbia. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 1879. Germany has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Berlin and five general consulates (in Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf).^[1]^[2] There are around 505,000 people of Serbian descent living in Germany.^[3] Germany is a European Union member state and Serbia is a European Union candidate.

History

Left: Jacob Grimm, member of the SANU
Right: Ivo Andrić, Yugoslavia's ambassador to Germany

The origin of Serbian-German relations can be traced to the Middle Ages. Serbian Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja and Emperor Frederick I had a meeting in modern-day Niš in the 12th century.^[4] During the rise of Serbian medieval state, Saxon miners were brought to Serbia in order to further expand the mining industry, which was the main source of wealth and power of Serbian rulers. Saxons were given certain privileges for their work.^[5] Traveling artists from modern day Germany visited medieval courts of Serbia with recorded names including a bagpiper named Kunz who performed in 1379, a flute player named Hans in 1383, and a piper from Cologne named Peter in 1426.^[6]

Culture of Serbs in Habsburg monarchy was largely influenced by German culture, and a part of Serbs were subjected to Germanisation. Due to German influences and several other reasons, Serb cultural model was reshaped and looked up to those of countries of Central Europe.^[7]

The Principality and the Kingdom of Serbia held strong relations with Germany. Most Serbian engineers and technical experts were educated in Germany or in German-speaking countries, and German was the required language in related higher education institutions.^[8] Munich was an important education center for Serb painters. German architects also influenced the Architecture of Serbia.^[9] Serbian civil and trade laws, as well as organisation of University of Belgrade, was influenced by German models.^[10]

Relations of the two countries were on a very low level after the World War I, but trading and joint businesses never stopped.

In the interwar period, German political and cultural influence became less relevant, as France became the primary influence on Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and French culture was favored by Serb elites.^[10] However, under Stojadinović's reign, Yugoslavia became closer to Nazi Germany and moved away from its traditional allies, France and Great Britain.^[11] In the later years, Yugoslavia joined the Tripaltite Pact. A total of 62 PhD theses were defended by Serbian intellectuals in the German language between the two world wars, of which 31 were in the domain of economics. A number of students of the University of Belgrade held German scholarships in the 1930s. Between 1937 and 1940, around 50 Yugoslav citizens studied in Germany, second only to France in the number of foreign students. A number of professors obtained their postgraduate degrees in Germany as well.^[12]

Country comparison

	Germany	Serbia
Population	81,799,600	7,120,666
Area	357,021 km² (137,847 sq mi)	88,361 km² (29,913 sq mi)
Population density	229/km² (593/sq mi)	89/km² (230.5/sq mi)
Capital	Berlin	Belgrade
Largest city	Berlin – 3,471,756 (6,000,000 Metro)	Belgrade – 1,640,000 (2,000,000 Metro)
Government	Federal parliamentary constitutional republic	Parliamentary republic
Current Leader	President Frank-Walter Steinmeier Chancellor Olaf Scholz	President Aleksandar Vučić Prime Minister Miloš Vučević
Official languages	German	Serbian (official provincial languages: Slovak, Hungarian, Romanian, Rusyn, Croatian)
Main religions	30.0% Catholic Christians, 29.9% Protestant Christians, 1.6% Eastern Orthodox Christians, 4.6% to 5.2% Islam	84.1% Eastern Orthodoxy, 6.24% Roman Catholicism, 3.62% Islam, 2% Protestantism, 5.4% other
Ethnic groups	80.7% Germans, 2.0% Poles, 4.0% Turks and 3.6% European other (most notably Southern Europeans, Western Europeans and former Yugoslavians)	83% Serbs, 4% Hungarians, 2% Bosniaks, 1.5% Roma, 1% Yugoslavs, 1% Slovaks, 10% other
GDP (nominal)	US$3.577 trillion ($43,741 per capita)	$50.061 billion ($6,781 per capita)

References

^ "Serbian embassy in Berlin (in German and Serbian only)". Embassy of Serbia, Berlin. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
^ "Serbian general consulates in Germany (in German and Serbian only)". Konzulati-rs.de. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
^ (See also Germans of Serbia, Serbs in Germany)
^ Zbornik Radova Instituta Za Strane Jezike i Književnosti (in Serbian). Institut. 1986.
^ Katančević, Andreja (4 February 2016). "DA LI SU SASI IMALI PRIVILEGIJE U MEŠOVITIM SPOROVIMA U SREDNJOVEKOVNOJ SRBIJI?". Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu – Časopis za pravne i društvene nauke (in Serbian). 63 (2). ISSN 2406-2693.
^ Calic, Marie-Janine (2019). The Great Cauldron: A History of Southeastern Europe. Harvard University Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780674983922.
^ Gašić 2005, p. 7.
^ Kostić, Đorđe S. (2003). "Nemački tehničari i zanatlije u Srbiji. Tragovi njihovog delovanja u tehničkoj terminologiji Srba". Srbi I Nemci, Tradicije Zajedništva Protiv Predrasuda.
^ Gašić 2005, p. 73.
^ ^a ^b Gašić 2005, p. 8.
^ Weinberg 1970, p. 229.
^ Gašić 2005.

Sources

Gašić, Ranka (2005). Beograd u hodu ka Evropi: Kulturni uticaji Britanije i Nemačke na beogradsku elitu 1918–1941. Belgrade: Institut za savremenu istoriju. ISBN 86-7403-085-8.
Weinberg, Gerhard (1970). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany A Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933-1936. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-391-03825-7.