After World War II, in addition to West Germany, Yugoslavia maintained relations with East Germany as well. Contrary to countries which were part of the Eastern Bloc, socialist but non-aligned Yugoslavia developed significant economic, cultural and tourist and Gastarbeiter mobility and cooperation with West Germany during the Cold War period. Political relation were affected by the decision of Belgrade to formally recognize East Germany but were nevertheless significantly improved with the initiation of Ostpolitik.
After the war, two countries initiated significant economic cooperation. Yugoslav decision to recognize East Germany in 1957 (as a part of its efforts to improve relations with the Soviet Union after the 1948 Tito–Stalin split) pushed West Germany to apply the Hallstein Doctrine for the first time in history, limiting relations almost exclusively to the economics field for the next eleven years (until 1968) until the initiation of Ostpolitik.[1][2] Contrary to countries within the Eastern Bloc, Yugoslav authorities permitted free international travel of its citizens while large number of Germans spent their summers at the Adriatic Sea, both of which furthered people to people exchanges. In 1968, Yugoslavia and West Germany signed an agreement on Yugoslav Gastarbeiter workforce, at the time when there was already over 300,000 Yugoslav workers in West Germany.[3] Up until 1973, nearly 700,000 Yugoslav citizens lived and worked in Germany while the Federal Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia run an extensive network of 260 diplomats at the Embassy of Yugoslavia, Berlin Military Mission, Cologne and Stuttgart Information Centers and 11 consulates in Frankfurt, Munich, Hamburg, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf, Freiburg im Breisgau, Ravensburg, Nuremberg, Hanover, Dortmund and Mannheim.[4] Efforts of the Yugoslav diplomacy were complicated by uncoordinated and provocative direct involvements of the federal State Security Administration as well as various sub-national Yugoslav republics' secret service organizations (particularly Croatian one) in surveillance and suppression of nationalist and terrorist Yugoslav émigré groups in Germany.[4]
German reunification and Yugoslav crisis
At the earliest stage of the Yugoslav crisis, German political elites initially supported preservation of Yugoslavia with only CSU conditionally supporting independence movements.[5] As late as 19 June 1991, all political parties in the Bundestag favored confederal reorganization of Yugoslavia but this attitude swiftly changed after the declaration of independence by the Socialist Republic of Croatia and Slovenia and actions of the Yugoslav People's Army from 25 June 1991 onwards.[5] From the end of June 1991, Chancellor of GermanyHelmut Kohl strongly supported the right of self-determination for Croatia and Slovenia which led to lack of unity among the European Economic Community (EEC) as President of FranceFrançois Mitterrand argued against immediate cutoff of aid to Yugoslavia, while Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom insisted on the territorial integrity of Yugoslavia.[6] German readiness to recognize Croatia and Slovenia unilaterally without other EEC member states pushed the entire community to jointly follow the course on 15 January 1992.[7] Germany opened its doors for approximately 700,000 refugees fleeing the Yugoslav Wars, the majority of whom subsequently returned to their relatively nearby region in the former Yugoslavia.[8]
