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Gallane
Names
	IUPAC names gallane
	Other names trihydridogallium; gallium hydride; hydrogen gallide
Identifiers
CAS Number	13572-93-5;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:30427;
ChemSpider	22419;
Gmelin Reference	48991
PubChem CID	23983;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID8064696 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/Ga.3H Key: PHMDYZQXPPOZDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
	SMILES [GaH3];
Properties
Chemical formula	GaH3
Molar mass	72.747 g·mol−1
Solubility in water	hydrolyses
Structure
Molecular shape	trigonal planar
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Gallane, also systematically named trihydridogallium, is an inorganic compound of gallium with the chemical formula GaH
₃ (also written as [GaH
₃]). It is a photosensitive, colourless gas that cannot be concentrated in pure form. Gallane is both the simplest member of the gallanes, and the prototype of the monogallanes. It has no economic uses, and is only intentionally produced for academic reasons.

It has been detected as a transient species in the gas phase;^[2] also at low temperature (3.5 K) following the reaction of laser ablated gallium atoms and dihydrogen, and more recently in an argon matrix doped with vapour over solid digallane, Ga₂H₆.^[3]

Structure of monomeric GaH₃

I.R spectroscopic studies indicate that monomeric GaH₃ has a trigonal planar structure.^[4] Theoretical Ga-H bond lengths have been calculated as being in the range 155.7 pm to 158.7 pm.^[3]

Monomeric GaH₃ dimerises in the vapor phase to form Ga₂H₆, digallane(6) and the enthalpy change associated with the gas phase dissociation reaction Ga₂H₆ → 2GaH₃ has been experimentally estimated as 59 ± 16 kJ mol⁻¹.^[5]

Chemical properties

As GaH₃ cannot be prepared or isolated readily reactions involving GaH₃ either use the dimer, Ga₂H₆, digallane(6) or adducts of GaH₃ for example L·GaH₃ where L is a monodentate ligand.^[3]

GaH₃ adducts

The production of adducts can proceed via the direct reaction of digallane(6) or more often due to the thermal fragility of digallane(6) (which decomposes to gallium metal and hydrogen above -20 °C) using a tetrahydridogallate salt as a starting point (e.g. LiGaH₄) or alternatively via ligand displacement from an existing adduct.^[3] Examples are:

Ga₂H₆ + 2 NMe₃ → (NMe₃)₂·GaH₃ (-95°C)

LiGaH₄ + Me₃NHCl → LiCl + H₂+ Me₃N·GaH₃^[3]

Me₂NH + Me₃N·GaH₃ → Me₂NH·GaH₃ + Me₃N^[6]

Many adducts have been prepared. There are a number of typical structures with neutral adducts (L = monodentate ligand, L-L is bidentate):^[3]

L.GaH₃ (1:1 complex with monodentate ligand giving 4 coordinate gallium)

L₂·GaH₃ (2:1 complex with monodentate ligand giving 5 coordinate gallium)

H₃Ga·L-L·GaH₃ (1:2 complex with a bidentate ligand with two 4 coordinate gallium atoms)

L'H₃Ga·L-L·GaH₃L' (complex with monodentate and bidentate ligands with two 5 coordinate gallium atoms)

LGaH₂(μ-H)₂GaH₂L ( 2:2 hydrogen bridged complex)

(-L-LGaH₃-)_n (1:1 complex with a bidentate ligand forming a polymeric structure)

In comparison to alane (AlH₃) with similar ligands, gallane tends to adopt lower coordination numbers. Also whilst N donor ligands form stronger bonds to alumane than phosphines the reverse is typically true for gallane.^[3] The monomeric structure of Me₃N^.GaH₃ has been confirmed in both the gas and solid phases. In this regard, the 1:1 adduct contrasts with the corresponding alane complex, Me₃N^.AlH₃ which in the solid is dimeric with bridging hydrogen atoms.^[7]

Solute properties

Gaseous gallane is a hydrophilic (non-polar) aprotic solute.^{[dubious – discuss]} It dissolves in polar compounds such as tetramethylethylenediamine, from which it can be crystallised as gallane—N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine (1/1).^[8]^{[verification needed]}

Other chemical reactions

Upon treatment with a standard base, it converts to a metal tetrahydroxygallanuide (the anion Ga(OH)₄⁻) and hydrogen gas. With strong bases, it can be deprotonated to give GaH⁻
₂. Reduction of gallane gives gallium metal. Upon treatment with a standard acid, it converts to a gallium(3+) salt and hydrogen gas. Oxidation of gallane gives Ga(OH)₃, gallium(III) hydroxide. Unsolvated gallane is in chemical equilibrium with digallane(6), being the dominant species with increasing temperature.^{[citation needed]} Due to this equilibrium, gallane and digallane(6) are often considered to be chemically equivalent. Reactions requiring gallane as opposed to digallane(6), must be carried out in solution. Common solvents include tetrahydrofuran, and diethyl ether.

References

^ "Gallane".
^ The Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium, Anthony John Downs, 1993, ISBN 075140103X , ISBN 978-0751401035
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Aldridge, Simon (2011). "The Chemistry of the Group 13 Metals in the +3 Oxidation State: Simple Inorganic Compounds". In Aldridge, Simon; Downs, Anthony J. (eds.). The Group 13 Metals Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium: Chemical Patterns and Peculiarities. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-68191-6.
^ Pullumbi, P.; Bouteiller, Y.; Manceron, L.; Mijoule, C. (1994). "Aluminium, gallium and indium trihydrides. an IR matrix isolation and ab initio study". Chemical Physics. 185 (1): 25–37. Bibcode:1994CP....185...25P. doi:10.1016/0301-0104(94)00111-1. ISSN 0301-0104.
^ Downs, Anthony J.; Greene, Tim M.; Johnsen, Emma; Pulham, Colin R.; Robertson, Heather E.; Wann, Derek A. (2010). "The digallane molecule, Ga2H6: experimental update giving an improved structure and estimate of the enthalpy change for the reaction Ga2H6(g) → 2GaH3(g)" (PDF). Dalton Transactions. 39 (24): 5637–42. doi:10.1039/c000694g. hdl:20.500.11820/f5a6800b-afa9-48c5-ad30-a0f66a7bd46c. ISSN 1477-9226. PMID 20419186.
^ N.N Greenwood in New Pathways In Inorganic Chemistry, Ed. E.A.V. Ebsworth, A.G. Maddock and A.G. Sharpe. Cambridge University Press, 1968
^ Brain, Paul, T.; Brown, Helen E.; Downs Anthony J.; Greene Tim M.; Johnsen Emma; Parsons, Simon; Rankin, David W. H.; Smart, Bruce A.; Tang, Christina Y. (1998). "Molecular structure of trimethylamine–gallane, {{Chem|Me|3|N·GaH|3}}: ab initio calculations, gas-phase electron diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies". Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions (21): 3685–3692. doi:10.1039/A806289G. Retrieved 23 September 2013.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Atwood, Jerry L.; Bott, Simon G.; Elms, Fiona M.; Jones, Cameron; Raston, Colin L. (October 1991). "Tertiary amine adducts of gallane: gallane-rich [{GaH3}2(TMEDA)] (TMEDA = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) and thermally robust [GaH₃(quinuclidine)]". Inorganic Chemistry. 30 (20): 3792–3793. doi:10.1021/ic00020a002.

[1] "Gallane".

[Downs1993-2] The Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium, Anthony John Downs, 1993, ISBN 075140103X , ISBN 978-0751401035

[Downs2011-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Aldridge, Simon (2011). "The Chemistry of the Group 13 Metals in the +3 Oxidation State: Simple Inorganic Compounds". In Aldridge, Simon; Downs, Anthony J. (eds.). The Group 13 Metals Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium: Chemical Patterns and Peculiarities. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-68191-6.

[PullumbiBouteiller1994-4] Pullumbi, P.; Bouteiller, Y.; Manceron, L.; Mijoule, C. (1994). "Aluminium, gallium and indium trihydrides. an IR matrix isolation and ab initio study". Chemical Physics. 185 (1): 25–37. Bibcode:1994CP....185...25P. doi:10.1016/0301-0104(94)00111-1. ISSN 0301-0104.

[DownsGreene2010-5] Downs, Anthony J.; Greene, Tim M.; Johnsen, Emma; Pulham, Colin R.; Robertson, Heather E.; Wann, Derek A. (2010). "The digallane molecule, Ga2H6: experimental update giving an improved structure and estimate of the enthalpy change for the reaction Ga2H6(g) → 2GaH3(g)" (PDF). Dalton Transactions. 39 (24): 5637–42. doi:10.1039/c000694g. hdl:20.500.11820/f5a6800b-afa9-48c5-ad30-a0f66a7bd46c. ISSN 1477-9226. PMID 20419186.

[Ebsworth-6] N.N Greenwood in New Pathways In Inorganic Chemistry, Ed. E.A.V. Ebsworth, A.G. Maddock and A.G. Sharpe. Cambridge University Press, 1968

[Brain1998-7] Brain, Paul, T.; Brown, Helen E.; Downs Anthony J.; Greene Tim M.; Johnsen Emma; Parsons, Simon; Rankin, David W. H.; Smart, Bruce A.; Tang, Christina Y. (1998). "Molecular structure of trimethylamine–gallane, {{Chem|Me|3|N·GaH|3}}: ab initio calculations, gas-phase electron diffraction and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies". Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions (21): 3685–3692. doi:10.1039/A806289G. Retrieved 23 September 2013.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Atwood1991-8] Atwood, Jerry L.; Bott, Simon G.; Elms, Fiona M.; Jones, Cameron; Raston, Colin L. (October 1991). "Tertiary amine adducts of gallane: gallane-rich [{GaH3}2(TMEDA)] (TMEDA = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) and thermally robust [GaH₃(quinuclidine)]". Inorganic Chemistry. 30 (20): 3792–3793. doi:10.1021/ic00020a002.

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Gallane

Structure of monomeric GaH₃