GWR locomotive numbering and classification

The GWR was the longest-lived of the pre-nationalisation railway companies in Britain, surviving the 'Grouping' of the railways in 1923 almost unchanged. As a result, the history of its numbering and classification of locomotives is relatively complicated. This page explains the principal systems that were used.

Numbering

Broad Gauge Era

From the start, the GWR gave names only to its broad gauge locomotive stock. However, many classes carried 'themed' names, e.g. stars or signs of the zodiac, which aided identification of locomotives to some extent. See List of 7-foot gauge railway locomotive names

The exception to this rule was that any broad gauge locomotives the GWR absorbed from other railways (in particular, the South Devon Railway and Bristol and Exeter Railway) were given numbers in the 2000-2199 series. This applied even where locomotives had carried names under their previous owner (indeed, these names were usually removed by the GWR) and even when the locomotives had originally belonged to the GWR and had been sold out of stock.

Towards the end of the broad gauge era, a number of locomotives were built to a design that enabled them to be easily converted from one gauge to the other (hence the term 'convertibles' used for these locomotives). These engines also carried numbers in the standard gauge series, whether or not they were running in broad gauge form.

Standard Gauge 1854-1877

Initially standard gauge locomotive numbering was a simple sequential system, starting from 1. Numbering in this series, which included new locomotives and those absorbed from other railways, eventually reached 1297. New locomotives were identified as being paid from either revenue or capital account. Initially an effort was made to treat the numbering of locomotives bought out of revenue differently from those out of capital, including by re-using old numbers left vacant following withdrawal, using a duplicate number system (unusually, giving the new locomotives an A suffix - other railways tended to apply such notation to the old locomotive being replaced) and, for a few years, using the series 1000 (later 1001) upwards. In 1875, the sequential system starting at 1 reached 1000 and then jumped to 1116, the other side of the latter range of numbers still carried.

Standard Gauge 1877–1902

Under William Dean's leadership, blocks of numbers were allocated for different locomotive types, as follows:[1]

Numbers Types
1301 to 1400 (1298 to 1300 later added as an overflow) Absorbed standard and narrow gauge locomotives; series introduced 1875.[2]
1401 to 1500 Passenger tank locomotives[3]
1501 to 2000 0-6-0 tank locomotives[3]
2001 to 2200 Absorbed broad gauge locomotives; series introduced 1876.[4]
2201 to 2300 Passenger tender locomotives[3]
2301 to 3000 Goods tender locomotives[3]
3001 to 3200 Passenger tender locomotives (single driver)[3]
3201 to 3500 Passenger tender locomotives (four-coupled)[3]
3501 upwards Passenger tank locomotives[3]

The only exceptions to these principles under Dean were use of the 20xx, 21xx, and 27xx series for 0-6-0 tank engines after the end of broad gauge operations.[3] Experimental locomotives and other small classes continued to be numbered in gaps left following withdrawals in the number series below 1000.[3]

Standard Gauge 1902-1912

Under George Jackson Churchward, the system applied by William Dean broke down, and new classes simply took the next free block of hundred numbers starting at xx01, with experimental engines numbered in odd gaps in the earlier series of numbers, usually below 110.

1912 Renumbering

In December 1912 (the official date being 28 December), the GWR undertook a renumbering of some of its locomotives — mainly 4-4-0 classes — so that locomotives of the same class were numbered consecutively. This desirable aim was made more important following the rebuilding of some Duke and Atbara locomotives to Bulldog and City class designs. A few of the changes were connected with a decision that blocks of numbers for each class should start at xx00 rather than xx01 as previously.[5]

4-4-0 classes
Class Original Numbers New Number Range Notes Ref
Atbara 3373-3412 4120-4148 3382 scrapped 1911;
3400-3409 rebuilt to City 		[6]
Badminton 3292-3311 4100-4119 [7]
Bird 3731-3745 3441-3455 [8]
Bulldog (ex-Duke) Various (from 3253-3331) 3300-3319 [9]
Bulldog (new build) 3332-3372, 3413-3432, 3443-3472, 3701-3730 3320-3440 [10]
City (ex-Atbara) 3400-3409 3700-3709 [11]
City (new build) 3433-3442 3710-3719 [12]
County 3473-3482, 3801-3830 3800, 3831-3839 3801-3830 not renumbered [13]
Duke 3252-3291, 3312-3331 (various, total 40) 3252-3291 others rebuilt to Bulldog [14]
Flower 4101-4120 4149-4168 [15]
Other classes
Class Wheel arrangement Original Numbers New Number Range Ref
455 (Metro) 2-4-0T 3600 3500 [16]
2600 (Aberdare) 2-6-0 33 2600 [17]
2721 0-6-0T 2800 2700 [18]
2800 2-8-0 97 2800 [19]
2900 (Saint) 4-6-0/4-4-2 98, 100, 171-190 2998, 2900, 2971-2990 [20]
3100 2-6-2T 99 3100 [21]
3600 2-4-2T 11 3600 [22]
4000 (Star) 4-6-0 40 4000 [23]
4400 2-6-2T 115, 3101-10 4400-10 [24]
4500 2-6-2T 2161-90 4500-29 [25]
Cornwall Min. Rly 0-6-0T 1400 1398 [26]

Standard Gauge 1912 onwards

From the time of the 1912 renumbering, a system was adopted for new locomotives where the second digit indicated the broad type of locomotive. For example, express passenger locomotives had x0xx numbers and large mixed traffic tender locomotives were x9xx. When a class numbered more than 100 locos, rather than continue the numbers consecutively the second digit remained constant (e.g. 4900 Class included 4900-4999, 5900-5999, and 6900 onwards).

At the same time, a change was made so that new classes usually commenced from the number xx00. There was a certain amount of renumbering so that the prototype locomotives for existing classes took the appropriate xx00 number before the series used by production locomotives. Thus, from this time on, numbers below 2000 were mainly occupied by old, absorbed or otherwise non-standard locomotives.

For the separate numbering of steam rail motors, petrol and diesel railcars, diesel shunters and gas turbine locomotives, see section Other number series below.

1923 Renumbering

In 1923, the GWR absorbed a number of small railway companies as part of the Grouping. The locomotives that it inherited were renumbered into gaps in the number series below 2199 left vacant by the withdrawal of older locomotives. Many of these engines were withdrawn after a short period of time, but those that survived in 1946 were subject to another renumbering to rationalise the system further (see below).

The bulk of the locomotives absorbed were renumbered into gaps in broad number ranges according to their wheel arrangement. Locomotives from the following railways were included in this scheme: Alexandra Docks Railway, Barry Railway, Cambrian Railways, Cardiff Railway, Midland and South Western Junction Railway, Port Talbot Railway, Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway, Rhymney Railway, South Wales Mineral Railway, Taff Vale Railway, Vale of Rheidol Railway, and Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway.

Locomotives from the Brecon and Merthyr Railway, Burry Port and Gwendraeth Valley Railway and Neath and Brecon Railway were also renumbered according to their wheel arrangement, but used a different set of number ranges.

The number ranges used for all these locomotives are set out below, but note that those engines that had previously been sold out of stock by the GWR regained their original GWR numbers, and were not allocated new numbers in these ranges:

Wheel Arrangement Main Number Range BMR, BPGVR and NBR Range
0-4-4T 2-23
2-6-0 24
4-4-4T 25-27
0-6-2T 30-603 11-1375, 1668-1833
0-6-0T 604-843 2161-2199
0-6-0 844-1013
4-4-0 1014-1128
4-4-0T 1129-1184 1392
2-4-0T 1189-1197 1400-1458
2-6-2T 1199-1213
4-4-2T 1301-1306 1391
2-4-2T 1307-1326
2-4-0 1328-1336
0-4-0T 1338-1343
0-6-4T 1344-1357
0-8-2T 1358-1386
0-8-0 1387-1390

The locomotives inherited by the GWR from other concerns were renumbered as follows:

1946 Renumbering

By 1946, the majority of the locomotives inherited at the 1923 Grouping had been withdrawn, as had most of the older GWR engines numbered below 2000. In order to tidy up the gaps in this number range, it was decided to renumber the surviving locomotives from each pre-Grouping company together. The series used were:

Oil burning locomotives

Main article: GWR oil burning steam locomotives

In 1946/7 a number of locomotives were converted to burn oil, and some were renumbered in the process. Eleven 4900 Hall Class locos were renumbered into the 3900 range. Twelve 2800 Class 2-8-0s and eight of the 2884 Class were renumbered into the 4800 range. To make way for these, the 4800 Class 0-4-2Ts were renumbered to the 1400 range. (In addition, five 4073 Castle Class and one 4300 Class 2-6-0 were converted, but not renumbered.) All engines were converted back to coal firing by 1950, and regained their original numbers. However, the 1400s were never renumbered back to 4800s.[27][28]

Application by British Railways

When the GWR was nationalised as part of British Railways in 1948, its steam locomotives retained their numbers unchanged and new steam engines built to GWR designs continued to be allocated numbers in the same way as the GWR had done. However, its diesel locomotives were completely renumbered. They took numbers 15100-15107 in the 15xxx series allocated to pre-Nationalisation design diesel shunters.

Summary of post-1902 class numbering

GWR locomotive class numbering arranged by first and second digits
Legend
NN00-NN99 Each section has a title showing the range of one hundred locomotive numbers it covers
If any locomotive classes used numbers in that range, there will be a section for each class, as follows
5700 First there is the number the class is known by (not necessarily in this range) linked to the appropriate article or article section
2161 ( > 4500) If the class was later renumbered away from this range, the later number range will be bracketed after the number following a > sign, and the section will be shaded pink
(4800 > ) 1400 If the class was renumbered into this range, the earlier number range will be bracketed before the number preceding a > sign, and the section will be shaded blue
4-6-0 County (1945) Next will come the wheel arrangement, with any name that the class (or sub-class) was known by
1901–1966 Finally there is the date range during which any of the class was numbered in this range
x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9
0x
0000–0099
0100–0199
  • 111
  • 4-6-2 The Great Bear
  • 1908–1924[29]
0200–0299
0300–0399
0400–0499
0500–0599
0600–0699
0700–0799
0800–0899
0900–0999
1x
1000–1099
1100–1199
1200–1299
1300–1399
1400–1499
1500–1599
1600–1699
1700–1799
1800–1899
1900–1999
2x
2000–2099
2100–2199
2200–2299
2300–2399
2400–2499
2500–2599
2600–2699
2700–2799
2800–2899
2900–2999
3x
3000–3099
3100–2199
3200–3299
3300–3399
3400–3499
3500–3599
  • 3571
  • 0-4-2T
  • 1895–1949
3600–3699
  • 3600
  • 2-4-2T 'Birdcage'
  • 1902–1934
3700–3799
3800–3899
3900–3999
4x
4000–4099
4100–4199
4200–4299
4300–4399
4400–4499
4500–4599
4600–4699
4700–4799
4800–4899
4900–4999
5x
5000–5099
5100–5199
5200–5299
5300–5399
5400–5499
5500–5599
5600–5699
5700–5799
5800–5899
5900–5999
6x
6000–6099
6100–6199
6200–6299
6300–6399
6400–6499
6500–6599
6600–6699
6700–6799
6800–6899
6900–6999
7x
7000–7099
7100–7199
7200–7299
7300–7399
7400–7499
7500–7599
7600–7699
7700–7799
7800–7899
7900–7999
8x
8000–8099
8100–8199
8200–8299
8300–8399
8400–8499
8500–8599
8600–8699
8700–8799
8800–8899
8900–8999
9x
9000–9099
9100–9199
9200–9299
9300–9399
9400–9499
9500–9599
9600–9699
9700–9799
9800–9899
9900–9999


Classification

A very simple system was adopted, whereby the name (for broad-gauge locomotives) or number of the first locomotive in a class became the classification for all locomotives in that class (e.g. 'Sun Class', '4000 Class'). After the end of the broad gauge, names were applied to principal passenger and mixed-traffic standard-gauge locomotives. These were often based on a single theme, which could also lend its name to describe a class, for example 'Stars', also known as the '4000 Class', whose names included 'North Star', 'Rising Star' etc.

However, the classes of locomotives inherited at the Grouping in 1923 continued to be referred to by the classification allocated to them by their original owner.


Other number series

In 1903, Churchward introduced the first steam rail motors, numbered 1 and 2. Construction continued until, by 1908, there were 99 consecutively-numbered rail motors in service.[112]

In 1911, a single petrol-electric railcar was built, and given the number 100.[113]

Collett experimented with a diesel railcar in 1933. Numbered 1, it was underpowered, but the results were sufficiently encouraging that further railcars with varying specifications followed, the fleet being numbered 1–38.[114][115]

A number of diesel shunters were bought from 1933 on, and numbered 1, 2, and 501–507. These were renumbered to 15100–15107 by BR Western Region.[116]

The GWR ordered two gas turbine locomotives in 1946, but neither was delivered until the GWR had given way to BR Western Region, which numbered them 18000 and 18100.[117]


See also

Notes

  1. ^ Ten 34xx Atbaras were rebuilt as 37xx City class engines.
  2. ^ These started as 0-4-2T, then 0-4-4T!
  3. ^ Eleven 4900 Class locomotives were temporarily renumbered into the 3900 range while they were converted to oil burning.
  4. ^ Twelve 2800 Class locomotives were temporarily renumbered into the 4800 range while they were converted to oil burning.
  5. ^ Eight 2884 Class locomotives were temporarily renumbered into the 4800 range while they were converted to oil burning.
  6. ^ These locomotives were all renumbered into the 7300 range when their weight distribution was changed in 1956-59.[109]
  1. ^ RCTS Part 1, p.14
  2. ^ RCTS Part 1, p.9
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i RCTS Part 1, p.11
  4. ^ RCTS Part 1, p.10
  5. ^ RCTS Part 1, p.14
  6. ^ RCTS Part 7, pp. G33, G35-G36
  7. ^ RCTS Part 7, pp. G29, G32
  8. ^ RCTS Part 7, pp. G19, G26-G27
  9. ^ RCTS Part 7, pp. G12, G16-17, G19, G23-G24
  10. ^ RCTS Part 7, pp. G19, G24-G26
  11. ^ RCTS Part 7, pp. G33, G35-G36, G38
  12. ^ RCTS Part 7, pp. G36, G38
  13. ^ RCTS Part 9, pp. J10, J11-J12
  14. ^ RCTS Part 7, pp. G12, G16-17
  15. ^ RCTS Part 7, pp. G33, G36
  16. ^ RCTS Part 6, pp. F28, F37
  17. ^ RCTS Part 7, pp. G40, G36
  18. ^ RCTS Part 5, pp. E67, E71
  19. ^ RCTS Part 9, pp. J19, J22-J23
  20. ^ RCTS Part 8, pp. H22-H23
  21. ^ RCTS Part 9, pp. J28, J30
  22. ^ RCTS Part 6, pp. F38, F41
  23. ^ RCTS Part 8, pp. H6, H7
  24. ^ RCTS Part 9, pp. J44, J46
  25. ^ RCTS Part 9, pp. J46, J49
  26. ^ RCTS Part 3, pp. C73-C74, C76
  27. ^ a b c d Whitehurst (1973), p. 98.
  28. ^ Haresnape (1978), p. 73.
  29. ^ a b Haresnape (1978), pp. 78–81.
  30. ^ a b Haresnape (1978), pp. 98–102.
  31. ^ a b c Whitehurst (1973), p. 17.
  32. ^ Haresnape (1976), pp. 104–105.
  33. ^ Haresnape (1978), pp. 82–83.
  34. ^ a b c Haresnape (1978), pp. 73–77.
  35. ^ Haresnape (1978), pp. 108–111.
  36. ^ Haresnape (1978), pp. 112–115.
  37. ^ a b c d Haresnape (1976), pp. 72–77.
  38. ^ Haresnape (1976), pp. 60–63.
  39. ^ a b Haresnape (1978), pp. 62–65.
  40. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 23–24.
  41. ^ Whitehurst (1973), p. 25.
  42. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 26–27.
  43. ^ a b c Haresnape (1976), pp. 34–41.
  44. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 27–28.
  45. ^ Whitehurst (1973), p. 28.
  46. ^ Haresnape (1976), pp. 24–33.
  47. ^ Whitehurst (1973), p. 29.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g Haresnape (1976), pp. 42–53.
  49. ^ a b Holcroft (1957), p. 68.
  50. ^ a b Holcroft (1957), p. 155.
  51. ^ Whitehurst (1973), p. 30.
  52. ^ a b Holcroft (1957), p. 73.
  53. ^ Haresnape (1978).
  54. ^ a b Haresnape (1976), pp. 56–59.
  55. ^ a b c Haresnape (1978), pp. 104–107.
  56. ^ Whitehurst (1973), p. 32.
  57. ^ a b c d e f g h i Haresnape (1978), pp. 52–61.
  58. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 32–33.
  59. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 33–34.
  60. ^ Whitehurst (1973), p. 35.
  61. ^ Haresnape (1976), pp. 102–103.
  62. ^ Tyseley Shed (2015).
  63. ^ Halls of Fame.
  64. ^ Haresnape (1976), pp. 64–71.
  65. ^ a b c Haresnape (1978), pp. 18–29.
  66. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 36–37.
  67. ^ Haresnape (1978), pp. 42–53.
  68. ^ a b c Haresnape (1976), pp. 82–85.
  69. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 38–39.
  70. ^ a b c d e f Haresnape (1976), pp. 86–93.
  71. ^ a b Whitehurst (1973), p. 39.
  72. ^ Haresnape (1976), pp. 54–55.
  73. ^ Whitehurst (1973), p. 40.
  74. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 40–41.
  75. ^ Haresnape (1976), pp. 94–95.
  76. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 41–42.
  77. ^ Haresnape (1976), pp. 96–99.
  78. ^ a b c Haresnape (1978), pp. 30–37.
  79. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 42–44.
  80. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 44–46.
  81. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 46–47.
  82. ^ Whitehurst (1973), p. 47.
  83. ^ a b Whitehurst (1973), p. 48.
  84. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 48–49.
  85. ^ Haresnape (1978), pp. 66–68.
  86. ^ Whitehurst (1973), p. 50.
  87. ^ a b Haresnape (1978), pp. 38–41.
  88. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 51–52.
  89. ^ Whitehurst (1973), p. 53.
  90. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 53–55.
  91. ^ Haresnape (1978), pp. 42–51.
  92. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 56–57.
  93. ^ a b Haresnape (1978), pp. 69–72.
  94. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 57–58.
  95. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 58–59.
  96. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 59–60.
  97. ^ Haresnape (1978), pp. 84–87.
  98. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 62–63.
  99. ^ a b Haresnape (1978), pp. 93–97.
  100. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 63–64.
  101. ^ Whitehurst (1973), p. 64.
  102. ^ Whitehurst (1973), p. 66.
  103. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 66–67.
  104. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 67–68.
  105. ^ Haresnape (1978), pp. 88–91.
  106. ^ a b Whitehurst (1973), p. 69.
  107. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 71–72.
  108. ^ Whitehurst (1973), p. 72.
  109. ^ Haresnape (1976), p. 93.
  110. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 74–75.
  111. ^ Whitehurst (1973), pp. 75–76.
  112. ^ Haresnape 1976, p. 101.
  113. ^ Haresnape 1978, p. 116.
  114. ^ Haresnape 1978, pp. 116–117.
  115. ^ Whitehurst 1973, pp. 76–77.
  116. ^ Whitehurst 1973, p. 76.
  117. ^ Haresnape 1978, pp. 116, 118.

References

  • Allcock, N.J.; Davies, F.K.; LeFleming, H.M.; Maskelyne, J.N.; Reed, P.J.T.; Tabor, F.J. (June 1951). Preliminary Survey. The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway. Vol. Part 1. Railway Correspondence and Travel Society.
  • Reed, P.J.T. (December 1956). Absorbed Engines, 1854-1921. The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway. Vol. Part 3. Railway Correspondence and Travel Society.
  • LeFleming, H.M. (April 1958). Six-Coupled Tank Engines. The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway. Vol. Part 5. Railway Correspondence and Travel Society.
  • Tabor, F.J. (August 1959). Four-Coupled Tank Engines. The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway. Vol. Part 6. Railway Correspondence and Travel Society.
  • LeFleming, H.M. (October 1954). Dean's Larger Tender Engines. The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway. Vol. Part 7. Railway Correspondence and Travel Society.
  • LeFleming, H.M. (November 1960) [1953]. Modern Passenger Classes. The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway. Vol. Part 8. Railway Correspondence and Travel Society.
  • LeFleming, H.M. (February 1962). Standard Two-Cylinder Classes. The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway. Vol. Part 9. Railway Correspondence and Travel Society.
  • Haresnape, Brian (1976). Churchward locomotives : a pictorial history. London: I. Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0697-0.
  • Haresnape, Brian (1978). Collett & Hawksworth locomotives : a pictorial history. London: I. Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0869-8.
  • Holcroft, Harold (1957). An Outline of Great Western Railway Locomotive Practice. London: Locomotive Publishing Co Ltd.
  • "Tyseley Shed: gwrt2388". WarwickshireRailways.com. 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  • Whitehurst, Brian (1973). Great Western engines, names, numbers, types, classes: 1940 to preservation. Oxford: Oxford Pub. Co. ISBN 0-902888-21-8.
  • "Halls of Fame – A Mixed Traffic Masterpiece". Railway Matters. 29 May 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2021.

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Dog breedSardinian Shepherd DogFonni's DogOther names(Pastore) fonnesuCani sardu antiguCane de acapiuCani fonnesu antigu'Ane de 'onneOrigin Sardinia (Italy)Breed statusNot recognised as a breed by any major kennel club.TraitsHeight Males 56–60 cm (22–24 in) at the withers Females 52–56 cm (20–22 in) at the withersWeight Males 29–40 kg (64–88 lb) Females 25–32 kg (55–71 lb)Coat long double coat with furnishingsColor black, ash or honey, ...

 

 

Edam cheese

Semi-hard Dutch cheese EdamEdammer (Dutch)Country of originNetherlandsRegionEdam-VolendamTownEdamSource of milkCowsPasteurisedYesTextureSemi-hardFat content11g/100gAging time4 weeks – 10 monthsCertificationYes[1]Named afterEdam Related media on Commons Edam (Dutch: Edammer, [ˈeːdɑmər]) is a semi-hard cheese that originated in the Netherlands, and is named after the town of Edam in the province of North Holland.[2] Edam is traditionally sold in flat-ended sp...

 

 

Chrysiridia rhipheus

Species of moth Madagascan sunset moth Engraving captioned Urania riphaeus from Charles D. d'Orbigny's Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle (1849) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Uraniidae Genus: Chrysiridia Species: C. rhipheus Binomial name Chrysiridia rhipheus(Drury, 1773) Endemic to Madagascar Synonyms Papilio rhipheus Drury, 1773[1] Urania ripheus var. madagascariensis Lesson, 1...

RoboCop (character)

Fictional cybernetically enhanced police officer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: RoboCop character – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2012) (Learn how and when ...

 

 

Bernhard Henrik Crusell

Ritratto di Bernhard Henrik Crusell Bernhard Henrik Crusell (Uusikaupunki, 15 ottobre 1775 – Stoccolma, 28 luglio 1838) è stato un compositore, clarinettista e traduttore finlandese, tra i più importanti compositori finlandesi assieme a Sibelius. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Composizioni per orchestra 3 Musica da camera 4 Altre composizioni 5 Note 6 Bibliografia 7 Voci correlate 8 Altri progetti 9 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Crusell, nato nella cittadina di Uusikaupunki (al tempo conosciu...

 

 

Irvine Page

Irvine PagePage (right) and lab tech in the 1960sBornIrvine Heinly Page(1901-01-07)January 7, 1901Indianapolis, Indiana, USDiedJune 10, 1991(1991-06-10) (aged 90)Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, US Irvine Heinly Page (January 7, 1901 – June 10, 1991) was an American physiologist who played an important part in the field of hypertension for almost 60 years while working at the Cleveland Clinic as the first Chair of Research.[1][2][3] Early life and education Irvine P...

A Man and a Woman

A Man and a WomanSalah satu poster rilis teatrikal PrancisSutradaraClaude LelouchProduserClaude LelouchDitulis olehClaude LelouchPierre UytterhoevenPemeranAnouk AiméeJean-Louis TrintignantDistributorUnited Artists FilmsTanggal rilis 12 Juli 1966 (1966-07-12) Durasi102 menitNegaraPrancisBahasaPrancisPendapatankotor$14,000,000 (domestik)[1] A Man and a Woman (bahasa Prancis: Un homme et une femme) adalah sebuah film Prancis 1966 yang ditulis dan disutradarai oleh Claude Lelouc...

 

 

Field holler

Historical type of vocal work song Chain gang singing in South Carolina The field holler or field call is mostly a historical type of vocal work song sung by field slaves in the United States (and later by African American forced laborers accused of violating vagrancy laws) to accompany their tasked work, to communicate usefully, or to vent feelings.[1] It differs from the collective work song in that it was sung solo, though early observers noted that a holler, or ‘cry’, might be...

 

 

Matarazzo Building

Palace in São Paulo, BrazilMatarazzo BuildingEdifício MatarazoThe Palácio do Anhangabaú in the center of the city.Matarazzo BuildingLocation within São PauloShow map of São PauloMatarazzo BuildingMatarazzo Building (Brazil)Show map of BrazilAlternative namesAnhangabaú Palace (Portuguese: Palácio Anhangabaú)General informationTypePalaceArchitectural styleItalian rationalismLocationSão Paulo, BrazilAddressViaduto do Chá, 15Coordinates23°32′51.64″S 46°38′15.32″W / &#...

Electoral district of Mordialloc

State electoral district of Victoria, Australia Australian electorate MordiallocVictoria—Legislative AssemblyLocation of Mordialloc (dark green) in Greater MelbourneStateVictoriaCreated1992MPTim RichardsonPartyLaborNamesakeMordiallocElectors46,041 (2018)Area56 km2 (21.6 sq mi)DemographicOuter metropolitan The electoral district of Mordialloc is an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Assembly[1] including the suburbs of Braeside, Mordialloc, Aspendale, Aspenda...

 

 

Parallel projection

Projection of a 3D object onto a plane via parallel rays Part of a series onGraphical projection Planar Parallel projection Orthographic projection Isometric projection Oblique projection Perspective projection Curvilinear perspective Reverse perspective Views Bird's-eye view Cross section Cutaway drawing Exploded view drawing Fisheye lens Multiviews Panorama Worm's-eye view Zoom lens Topics 3D projection Anamorphosis Axonometry Computer graphics Computer-aided design Descriptive geometry Eng...

 

 

Tonbridge

Market town in Kent, England This article is about the town. For other uses, see Tonbridge (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Royal Tunbridge Wells. Market town in EnglandTonbridgeMarket townTonbridge CastleTonbridgeLocation within KentPopulation36,115 (2021)[1]OS grid referenceTQ591468DistrictTonbridge and MallingShire countyKentRegionSouth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townTONBRIDGEPostcode districtTN9–TN12Dialling co...

Khorchin Mongols

Easternmost group of Mongols Not to be confused with Kharchin Mongols. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Khorchin Mongols – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ethnic group Khorchin MongolsLocation of the Khorchin MongolsRegions w...

 

 

粟島浦村

あわしまうらむら 粟島浦村 粟島・内浦港の島びらき 粟島浦村旗 粟島浦村章1985年12月18日制定 国 日本地方 中部地方、北陸地方甲信越地方都道府県 新潟県郡 岩船郡市町村コード 15586-1法人番号 3000020155861 面積 9.78km2総人口 326人 [編集]（推計人口、2024年7月1日）人口密度 33.3人/km2隣接自治体 村上市粟島浦村役場村長 [編集]脇川善行所在地 〒958-0061新潟県岩船郡粟島浦�...