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Federative units of Brazil
*Unidades federativas do Brasil*
Federative units of Brazil; Unidades federativas do Brasil
	Map of modern federated units of Brazil
Category	Federated state
Location	Federative Republic of Brazil
Number	26 states and 1 federal district
Populations	636,707 (Roraima) – 44,411,238 (São Paulo)
Areas	5,761 km2 (2,224 sq mi) (Federal District) – 1,559,168 km2 (601,998 sq mi) (Amazonas)
Government	State government;
Subdivisions	Municipalities;

The federative units of Brazil (Portuguese: unidades federativas do Brasil) are subnational entities with a certain degree of autonomy (self-government, self-regulation, and self-collection) and endowed with their own government and constitution, which together form the Federative Republic of Brazil. There are 26 states (estados) and one federal district (distrito federal). The states are generally based on historical, conventional borders which have developed over time. The states are divided into municipalities, while the Federal District assumes the competences of both a state and a municipality.

Government

The government of each state of Brazil is divided into executive, legislative and judiciary branches.

The state executive branch is headed by a state governor and includes a vice governor, both elected by the citizens of the state. The governor appoints several secretaries of state (each one in charge of a given portfolio) and the state attorney-general.^[1]

The state legislative branch is the legislative assembly, a unicameral body composed of deputies elected by the citizens of the state.^[1]

The judiciary in each of the states is composed of judges of law, who constitute the courts of first instance, and a Court of Justice, which is the court of second instance of the state and is composed of judges called desembargadores. Judges qualify through exams or are appointed.^[1]

The states are divided into municipalities, which have different competences and are considered autonomous from the states. Municipalities have a mayor, vice mayor and a chamber of aldermen, all elected by the citizens of the municipality, but do not have a separate judiciary.^[1]

The Federal District has the same executive, legislative and judiciary organization as a state, but it cannot be divided into municipalities, which is why its territory is composed of several administrative regions. These regions are directly managed by the government of the Federal District, which exercises constitutional and legal powers that are equivalent to those of the states, as well as those of the municipalities, thus simultaneously assuming all the obligations arising from them.^[1]

Fernando de Noronha is not a municipality, but a state district of Pernambuco (the only state district in the country). It is governed by an administrator-general, appointed by the governor of Pernambuco, and a council whose members are elected by the citizens of the district.^[2]

All states and the Federal District are represented in the national congress, each with three senators and between eight and 70 deputies, depending on their population. The citizens of all states and the Federal District vote for these national representatives and for president and vice president.

History

The present states of Brazil trace their history directly to the captaincies established by Portugal following the Treaty of Tordesillas which divided the World between Portugal and Spain.

The first administrative divisions of Brazil were the hereditary captaincies (capitanias hereditárias), stretches of land granted by the Portuguese Crown to noblemen or merchants with a charter to colonize the land. The first such captaincy was the island of São João, granted in 1504 to Fernão de Loronha. The continental land was divided into captaincies in 1534, generally following lines of latitude, although some followed meridians or diagonal lines.^[3] Each of the holders of these captaincies was referred to as a captain donatary (capitão donatário). The captaincies were to be inherited by the holders' descendants, but the Crown retained the power to reacquire them.

In 1549, the Portuguese Crown appointed Tomé de Sousa as the first governor-general of the vast Portuguese dominion in South America, known as the State of Brazil (Estado do Brasil). In 1621, the northern part of the dominion was detached, becoming a separate entity known as the State of Maranhão. However, captaincies continued existing under both states as regional administrations.^[4]

During the Iberian Union (1580–1640), which allowed Portuguese settlers to enter Spanish domains, the territory of Portuguese colonial domains in South America was more than doubled, with both states of Brazil and Maranhão greatly expanding westward. After the union ended, Portugal asserted its territorial claims, which Spain eventually accepted with the Treaty of Madrid in 1750. Several captaincies were created or merged during this period, in both the original and western domains, and some were returned to the Crown, becoming royal captaincies.^[4]

The government of the Marquis of Pombal (1750–1777) significantly centralized the administration of the Portuguese colonies. By 1759, all captaincies had been returned to the Crown, with captains becoming appointed rather than recognized by inheritance. Some captaincies were designated as captaincies-general, to which other captaincies were subordinated.^[4] In addition, the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro and the State of Maranhão and Piauí, which had been split from the State of Maranhão, were reincorporated into the State of Brazil in 1775, under a single governor-general. This centralization later helped to keep Brazil as a unified nation-state, avoiding fragmentation similar to that of the Spanish domains.

The captaincies became provinces in 1821, during the final years of the Kingdom of Brazil (united with Portugal), and maintained that designation after independence in 1822 under the Empire of Brazil. Most internal boundaries were kept unchanged from the end of the colonial period, generally following natural features such as rivers and mountain ridges. Some changes were made to suit domestic politics (transferring the Triângulo Mineiro from Goiás to Minas Gerais, transferring the south bank of the São Francisco River from Pernambuco to Minas Gerais and later to Bahia, separating the capital city of Rio de Janeiro as a Neutral Municipality outside any province, splitting Amazonas from Pará, and splitting Paraná from São Paulo), as well as international border adjustments resulting from diplomatic settlement of territorial disputes. The Cisplatine Province was annexed into Brazil in 1821, declared independence as Uruguay in 1825, and was recognized by the Treaty of Montevideo in 1828.

When Brazil became a republic in 1889, all provinces became states, and the Neutral Municipality became the Federal District. In 1903, Brazil acquired the territory of Acre from Bolivia with the Treaty of Petrópolis.

In 1942–1943, with the entrance of Brazil into World War II, the Vargas regime detached six strategic territories from the borders of the country to administer them directly: the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (from Pernambuco), Amapá (from Pará), Rio Branco (from Amazonas), Guaporé (from Mato Grosso and Amazonas), Ponta Porã (from Mato Grosso) and Iguaçu (from Paraná and Santa Catarina).^[5]^[6]^[7] Shortly after the war, the Brazilian constitution of 1946 returned Ponta Porã and Iguaçu to their original states.^[8] Guaporé was renamed Rondônia in 1956,^[9] and Rio Branco was renamed Roraima in 1962,^[10] while remaining territories along with Amapá and Fernando de Noronha. Acre became a state in 1962.^[11]

In 1960, the rectangular-shaped Distrito Federal was carved out of Goiás to contain the new capital, Brasília.^[12]^[13] The previous federal district became the state of Guanabara,^[8] but in 1975 it was reincorporated into its original state of Rio de Janeiro, becoming its capital as the city of Rio de Janeiro.^[14]

In 1977, the southern part of Mato Grosso became the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.^[15] In 1981, Rondônia became a state.^[16] The Brazilian constitution of 1988 created the state of Tocantins from the northern portion of Goiás, established Amapá and Roraima as states, and returned the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha to Pernambuco.^[1] The constitution thus ended all remaining territories, although it maintained the possibility of creating others in the future.

Proposed federative states

Proposed division of Pará

On 11 December 2011, a consultative referendum was held in the state of Pará about creating two new states from parts of it (Tapajós and Carajás, with the rest of the state remaining as Pará). Both proposals were rejected by about 66% of statewide voters, but reflecting a strong geographic split with over 90% approval by voters in the proposed breakaway regions and over 90% disapproval by those in the rest of the state.^[17]^[18]

Maps

1534
Captaincies of Brazil^[a]
1709–1720/1761–1779
Expansion and mergers^[b]
1822
Imperial provinces
1889
States at the start of the republic^[c]
1943
Border territories
1988
Current states

List

Flag and name	Code	Capital	Largest city	Area^[20]		Population (May 2023)^[21]	Density 2022		GDP (R$ millions, 2022)^[22]	HDI (2022)^[23]
Flag and name	Code	Capital	Largest city	km²	sq mi	Population (May 2023)^[21]	per km²	per sq mi	GDP (R$ millions, 2022)^[22]	HDI (2022)^[23]
Acre	AC	Rio Branco		164,123	63,368	830,018	6.34	16.4	21,000	0.719
Alagoas	AL	Maceió		27,779	10,726	3,127,683	125.52	325.1	73,000	0.683
Amapá	AP	Macapá		142,829	55,147	733,759	2.63	6.8	9000	0.740
Amazonas	AM	Manaus		1,559,159	601,995	3,941,613	2.58	6.7	103,000	0.733
Bahia	BA	Salvador		564,733	218,045	14,141,626	30.52	79.0	257,000	0.714
Ceará	CE	Fortaleza		148,921	57,499	8,794,957	60.33	156.3	410,000	0.735
Distrito Federal	DF	Brasília		5,780	2,230	2,817,381	493.00	1,276.9	249,000	0.850
Espírito Santo	ES	Vitória	Serra	46,096	17,798	3,833,712	80.63	208.8	125,000	0.772
Goiás	GO	Goiânia		340,112	131,318	7,056,495	18.46	47.8	202,000	0.769
Maranhão	MA	São Luís		331,937	128,162	6,776,699	19.03	49.3	102,000	0.687
Mato Grosso	MT	Cuiabá		903,366	348,792	3,658,649	4.01	10.4	142,000	0.774
Mato Grosso do Sul	MS	Campo Grande		357,146	137,895	2,880,308	7.83	20.3	107,000	0.766
Minas Gerais	MG	Belo Horizonte		586,522	226,457	21,279,353	31.72	82.2	583,000	0.787
Pará	PA	Belém		1,247,955	481,838	8,639,532	7.02	18.2	156,000	0.698
Paraíba	PB	João Pessoa		56,470	21,800	4,175,326	78.93	204.4	60,000	0.722
Paraná	PR	Curitiba		199,308	76,953	11,623,091	43.46	112.6	417,000	0.792
Pernambuco	PE	Recife		98,148	37,895	9,645,321	103.83	268.9	201,000	0.727
Piauí	PI	Teresina		251,578	97,135	3,341,352	9.73	25.2	26,000	0.697
Rio de Janeiro	RJ	Rio de Janeiro		43,780	16,900	16,055,174	387.46	1,003.5	693,000	0.796
Rio Grande do Norte	RN	Natal		52,811	20,390	3,619,619	62.74	162.5	76,000	0.731
Rio Grande do Sul	RS	Porto Alegre		281,730	108,780	10,882,965	36.84	95.4	444,000	0.787
Rondônia	RO	Porto Velho		237,591	91,734	1,837,905	7.34	19.0	19,000	0.725
Roraima	RR	Boa Vista		224,301	86,603	708,352	2.54	6.6	8000	0.752
Santa Catarina	SC	Florianópolis	Joinville	95,736	36,964	7,218,704	69.74	180.6	293,000	0.808
São Paulo	SP	São Paulo		248,223	95,839	44,411,238	175.73	455.1	1,964,000	0.826
Sergipe	SE	Aracaju		21,915	8,461	2,403,563	97.64	252.9	38,000	0.702
Tocantins	TO	Palmas		277,721	107,229	1,692,452	5.74	14.9	21,000	0.743

Other statistics, by: highest point, literacy rate, life expectancy, infant mortality, murder rate.

^ This map names the eastern captaincy of Maranhão as Piauí, and does not show the captaincy of the island of São João.
^ This anachronistic map shows the captaincy of São Paulo and Minas de Ouro from its foundation in 1709 to its first split in 1720, and the captaincies of Bahia and Pernambuco from the last merger with their surrounding captaincies in 1761 to their first following split in 1779. The captaincy of Rio Grande de São Pedro was subordinated to Rio de Janeiro from its foundation in 1760 to 1807. The captaincies of Maranhão and Grão-Pará remained unchanged during this whole period.
^ This map shows the entire future territory of Guaporé and state of Rondônia as part of Mato Grosso, but its northwest portion was part of Amazonas.^[19]

Approximate correspondence between historical divisions

Approximate correspondence between divisions in selected years
Land of Brazil	State of Maranhão and Grão-Pará	State of Brazil	Empire of Brazil		United States of Brazil		Federative Republic of Brazil
Land of Brazil	State of Brazil	State of Brazil	Empire of Brazil		United States of Brazil		Federative Republic of Brazil
1534	1654	1775	1822	1853	1889	1943	1967	1977	1988
captaincies		captaincies general	provinces	provinces	states
				neutral municipality	federal district	federal district			federal district
				neutral municipality	federal district	territories			federal district
part of Tierra Firme and New Castile	part of Peru			part of Bolivia		Acre	Acre
	Grão-Pará	Grão-Pará		Amazonas		Amazonas
				Amazonas		Rio Branco	Roraima		Roraima
				Pará		Pará
				Pará		Amapá			Amapá
Maranhão (west)	Maranhão	Maranhão	Maranhão
Maranhão (east)	Maranhão	Maranhão	Piauí
Ceará	Ceará	Pernambuco	Ceará
Rio Grande			Rio Grande do Norte
Itamaracá	Paraíba		Paraíba
São João			Pernambuco			Fernando de Noronha			Pernambuco
Pernambuco			Pernambuco			Pernambuco			Pernambuco
Pernambuco			Alagoas
Baía de Todos os Santos		Bahia	Sergipe
Ilhéus			Bahia
Porto Seguro			Bahia
Espírito Santo			Espírito Santo
São Tomé	Rio de Janeiro			Rio de Janeiro				Rio de Janeiro
São Vicente (north)	Rio de Janeiro			Município Neutro	Distrito Federal		Guanabara	Rio de Janeiro
São Vicente (north)	São Vicente	Minas Gerais
part of New Castile and New Toledo		Goiás					Goiás		Tocantins
							Goiás		Goiás
							Distrito Federal
		Mato Grosso				Guaporé	Rondônia		Rondônia
						Mato Grosso	Mato Grosso	Mato Grosso
						Ponta Porã	Mato Grosso	Mato Grosso do Sul
Santo Amaro		São Paulo		São Paulo
São Vicente (south)				São Paulo
				Paraná		Paraná	Paraná
				Paraná		Iguaçu	Paraná
Santana		Rio de Janeiro (dependencies)	Santa Catarina			Iguaçu	Santa Catarina
Santana			Santa Catarina			Santa Catarina	Santa Catarina
part of New Andalusia	part of Peru		Rio Grande do Sul
part of New Andalusia	part of Peru	part of Peru	Cisplatina	Uruguay