The Eurovision Song Contest 2013 was the 58th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Malmö, Sweden, following the country's victory at the 2012 contest with the song "Euphoria" by Loreen. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT), the contest was held at the Malmö Arena, and consisted of two semi-finals on 14 and 16 May, and a final on 18 May 2013. The three live shows were presented by Swedish comedian and television presenter Petra Mede, being the first time only one host had presented the show since the 1995 contest. Former Swedish entrant Eric Saade acted as the green room host in the final.
Thirty-nine countries participated in the contest, with Armenia returning after its one-year absence. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Portugal, Slovakia and Turkey all ceased their participation for various reasons. Slovakia and Turkey have yet to return to the contest since.
This year marked the reintroduction of the "Parade of Nations", a concept which was first used in the contest from 1959 to 1963 (with the exception of 1962) before making a one-off return in 1983. The concept had also been used, on-and-off, in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest since 2004. It sees all countries performing in the final presenting themselves with their national flags before the contest begins. This year, the contestants entered the main stage by walking across a bridge over the audience. This idea has subsequently continued in every edition of the contest onwards.
The EBU reported that 170 million viewers watched the semi-finals and final of the 2013 edition.
Location
Malmö Arena, Malmö – host venue of the 2013 contest.
On 8 July 2012, the Swedish broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT) announced that the Malmö Arena in Malmö would be the host venue for the 2013 contest. This was the fifth time after 1975, 1985, 1992 and 2000 that the competition was held in Sweden, and the second time that it was held in Malmö, after 1992. SVT had expressed the desire to host the contest at a slightly smaller venue than previous years, as well as smaller environment which is easier to dedicate and decorate for other celebrations and festivities of the event within the host city. These were factors in the choice of the Malmö Arena as the host venue,[3] and Malmö as Sweden's third-largest city by population after Stockholm and Gothenburg, the two other initial location-bidders.
The city's proximity to the borders with Denmark and Norway also spilled over into some of the producers' actions. Denmark was eventually allocated to compete in one semi-final and Norway in the other, taking into consideration the number of Danish and Norwegian fans who were likely to travel for the contest, with the arena being relatively small and thus not suitable for accommodating both countries' fans in one semi-final. The Øresund Bridge was also used as the main artistic medium for the theme of the contest, as an expression of binding cultures.
Locations of the candidate cities: the chosen host city is marked in blue, while the eliminated cities are marked in red.
Square in Malmö before the finals, with time table demonstrating the countdown for the broadcast.
On the night of the final for the 2012 contest, the chief executive of SVT, Eva Hamilton, stated to the Swedish media that various venues in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö were being considered for hosting the 2013 contest.[4] One alternative put forward in the Expressen was to hold the competition at three venues – the semi-finals in Gothenburg and Malmö, and the final in Stockholm.[5] This proposal was dismissed as unfeasible by SVT, which declared that the contest would be hosted in only one city.[6]
On 20 June 2012, it was announced that Gothenburg had withdrawn from the bidding process due to the city being the host of the Göteborg Horse Show in late April 2013. There were also concerns about the availability of hotel rooms due to a variety of other events taking place in the same time frame as the Eurovision Song Contest.[7] On 9 July, the executive producer for the 2013 contest, Martin Österdahl, told the Swedish press "that he felt uncomfortable with the decisions and choices made by the countries that had previously hosted the contest", stating that he and SVT wanted the 2013 contest to be "smaller, closer and personal".[3][8] SVT also claimed that the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) also disclosed that the EBU had asked potential future host broadcasters that "there were demands about reducing the scale of the event, given the increased costs of recent editions".[8]
The following candidate cities had provisionally reserved venues and hotel rooms, as part of their bids to host the 2013 contest.[9] On 8 July 2012, the Malmö Arena was confirmed as the host venue for the contest. Malmö Arena is Sweden's fourth-largest indoor arena, after Friends Arena, Tele2 Arena and Globe Arena, all located in Stockholm.
The EBU announced on 21 December 2012 that 39 countries would compete in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013.[10]Armenia, which was last represented in 2011, confirmed that it would be returning to the contest following a one-year break.[11][12]Bosnia and Herzegovina and Portugal both decided not to enter the 2013 contest due to financial difficulties,[13][14] while Slovakia and Turkey did not participate for different reasons.[15][16]
Liechtensteiner broadcaster 1 FL TV had been trying to join the EBU since 2010. Director Peter Kölbel had said that due to a lack of financial subsidies from the government, EBU membership participation to participate in the contest would be impossible to obtain until 2013 at the earliest;[30] however, it was later announced that the country would not take part in 2013.[31][32]
Format
The combination of televoting and jury voting results underwent changes that were detailed in the official rules for the 2013 contest.[33][34] Each member of a respective nation's jury was required to rank every song, except that of their own country. The voting results from each member of a particular nation's jury were combined to produce an overall ranking from first to last place. Likewise, the televoting results were also interpreted as a full ranking, taking into account the full televoting result rather than just the top ten. The combination of the jury's full ranking and the televote's full ranking produced an overall ranking of all competing entries. The song which scored the highest overall rank received 12 points, while the tenth-best ranked song received 1-point. It was announced in the official Media Handbook that an official app would also be available for voters to vote via during the contest.[35]
Official sponsors of the broadcast were the main Swedish-Finnish telecommunication company TeliaSonera, and the German cosmetics company Schwarzkopf.[36][37] The competition sponsors were the makeup company IsaDora cosmetics, the supermarket ICA and Tetra Pak.[38][39]
The Stockholm based singer and actress Sarah Dawn Finer also appeared in both semi-finals and the final in sketches as the comic character Lynda Woodruff.[40] "Lynda" presented the votes for Sweden at the previous contest in Baku.[40] Finer also appeared in the final as herself, performing the ABBA song "The Winner Takes It All" before the results were announced.[41] The ex-Swedish football captain Zlatan Ibrahimović was revealed on 28 April to be part of the opening segment of the Eurovision final, in a pre-recorded message welcoming viewers to Malmö, his home city.[42] The 2011 Swedish entrant Eric Saade was the host of the green room during the final.[43]
Semi-final allocation draw
Results of the semi-final allocation draw
Participating countries in the first semi-final
Pre-qualified for the final but also voting in the first semi-final
Participating countries in the second semi-final
Pre-qualified for the final but also voting in the second semi-final
The draw that determined the semi-final allocation was held on 17 January 2013 at the Malmö City Hall.[44] A draw at the EBU headquarters determined that, due to their geographical proximity with Malmö, Denmark would perform in the first semi-final, while Norway would perform in the second semi-final. This provided a maximum availability of tickets for visitors from both countries.[45] The EBU also allocated Israel to the second semi-final after a request from the delegation in order to avoid complications with a national holiday coinciding with the date of the first semi-final.[46] The remaining participating countries, excluding the automatic finalists (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom), were split into five pots, based on voting patterns from the previous nine years. From these pots, 15 (in addition to Denmark) were allocated to compete in the first semi-final on 14 May 2013 and 15 (in addition to Norway and Israel) were allocated to compete in the second semi-final on 16 May 2013.[47]
The pots were calculated by the televoting partner Digame and were as follows:[46]
Unlike previous years, the running order was not decided by the drawing of lots, but instead by the producers, with the aim of making the shows more exciting and ensuring that all contestants had a chance to stand out, preventing entries that are too similar cancelling each other out.[45] The decision elicited mixed reactions from both fans of the contest and participating broadcasters.[48][49][50][51]
The running order for the semi-finals was released on 28 March 2013.[52] The running order for the final was determined on 17 May 2013.[53][54] An additional allocation draw occurred for the final with each finalist nation drawing to perform either in the first or second half of the final.[53] The allocation draw for qualifying countries from the semi-finals occurred during the semi-final winners' press conferences following each semi-final, while the allocation draw for the Big Five countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) occurred during their first individual press conferences on 15 May 2013.[53][55] As the host country, the running order position for Sweden in the final was exclusively determined by a draw during the heads of delegation meeting on 18 March 2013.[53] Sweden was drawn to perform 16th in the final.[53]
Graphic design
The stage with its movable parts and the audience closely surrounding it during the opening act of the second semi-final
As aforesaid, SVT wanted to make a good use of Malmö Arena's space to highlight the performances and increase the audience's visibility compared to previous years. SVT created a main stage and a smaller stage with higher-lower shifted floors, connected by a trail closely surrounded by a standing crowd from both sides of it and around the small stage. The main stage mobility was expressed as a main artistic medium at the opening act of the second semi-final and with highlighting Moldova's performance towards its finish, as a movable part beneath the singer's dress making her look gradually taller. The small stage mobility highlighted United Kingdom's performance towards its finish, lifted above the close-standing audience.
On 17 January 2013, at the semi-final allocation draw, the EBU revealed the graphic design, created by the Gothenburg-based branding agencyHappy F&B for the 2013 contest, featuring a butterfly and the slogan "We Are One".[56] The butterfly featured an array of colours and textures, while also representing the butterfly effect idea.[57] Meanwhile, the slogan "We Are One" highlighted equality and unity of all the participating countries alongside the cultural diversity and influence of each participant.
SVT confirmed on 19 February 2013 that the postcard films, used to introduce each song in the contest, would feature each artist in their respective country, to give the viewer a personal insight of each competing participant. This broke with recent tradition of the postcards often containing short segments of life within either the host city or country of the contest.[58] The postcards were produced by Camp David,[59] the on-air graphics by Broken Doll, and the animation of the butterflies by visual effects studio Swiss International.[60] In addition to the graphic design, there was a theme music for the contest, titled "Wolverine" and composed by Adam Kafe, which was used in the intros and in-between commercial breaks.[61]
National host broadcaster
On 11 July 2012, show producer Christer Björkman advised the public not to buy tickets for the 2013 contest that are currently in circulation and instead to wait for tickets to be released through official channels. Björkman said that official tickets had not yet been released, as necessary decisions over the stage and seating plans had not yet been made.[62] Björkman also gave reassurance that accommodation would be available, as while the organisers had booked a large quantity of hotel rooms, some may be made available to the general public.[62] On 21 November 2012, SVT officially announced the launch of ticket sales.[63]
On 17 October 2012, executive producer Martin Österdahl told Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter that SVT plans for the 2013 contest to have only one presenter for the entire event, unlike in previous years when there were up to three presenters per show. The last time only one presenter hosted the entire contest was in 1995, when the solo host was Mary Kennedy.[64][65]Petra Mede was announced as the host of the 2013 contest on 28 January 2013.[2][66]
For the first time since the 1985 contest, which was, coincidentally, held in Sweden as well, no country of the former Yugoslavia participated in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest.[69][70]
Winner
Results of the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2013[71]
The order in which each country announced their votes was determined in a draw following the jury results from final dress rehearsal. Similar to the 2012 contest an algorithm was used to generate as much suspense as possible. The spokespersons are shown alongside each country.[72]
The EBU published the split results of the semi-finals and final on 29 May 2013. Unlike in previous years, a full points breakdown of the jury and public voting was not revealed. Instead, an average ranking was provided for each country based on the votes of the juries and televote in isolation.[73]
Most countries sent commentators to Malmö or commentated from their own country, in order to add insight to the participants and, if necessary, the provision of voting information.
It was reported by the EBU that the 2013 contest was viewed by a worldwide television audience of 170 million viewers.[81]
Broadcasters and commentators in participating countries
Prior to the finals, the Lithuanian media outlet 15min released an undercover video suggesting that representatives from Azerbaijan were trying to bribe Lithuanians for votes in the televoting.[156] The video detailed the plan, which involved recruiting groups of 10 people each, and supplying them with SIM cards so they could vote multiple times during the voting window. It was also suggested that similar activity was taking place in a total of 15 countries including Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, Croatia and Switzerland.[157] In response to the allegations, Executive Supervisor Jon Ola Sand reaffirmed the contest's commitment to a "fair and transparent result". He stated that while Eurovision organisers were looking into the case, they "[emphasised] that the intention of these individuals have not yet been clarified, and nor has a link been established between the individuals in the video and the Azeri delegation, the Azeri act or the Azeri EBU member Ictimai TV." He added that, since 1998, when he was first involved with the contest, "every year there are rumors about irregularities in the voting".[156]
The EBU later confirmed an attempt of cheating in the contest, which was unsuccessful according to EBU as the EBU's system prevent fraud. According to the EBU, there is no evidence that any broadcaster has been involved in cheating. The rules were changed the next year to ensure that all broadcasters would be responsible for preventing fraud to their advantage or face a three-year suspension if fraud is revealed.[158]
However, in May 2015, a member of the contest's Reference Group confirmed that Azerbaijan had cheated, and that it was organized and very expensive.[159]
When Azerbaijan officially awarded no points to Dina Garipova of Russia, despite Garipova having reportedly come second in the country's phone poll, the Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev ordered an inquiry. The Russian Foreign Affairs Minister Sergei Lavrov claimed that the result had been falsified, and stated that "this outrageous action will not remain without a response". He promised a co-ordinated response with his Azerbaijani counterpart Elmar Mammadyarov. Simultaneously, the Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko claimed that his own country having received no points from Russia showed that the result must have been falsified.[160]
Plagiarism allegations
Cascada's entry for Germany, "Glorious", was the subject of investigation by NDR following allegations that it was too similar to the 2012 winner, "Euphoria" by Loreen.[161] NDR spokeswoman Iris Bents played down the allegations, stating that "Every year there are attempts to create scandals around the Eurovision Song Contest and the participants."[162] Following an independent audit, "Glorious" was found not to have plagiarized "Euphoria".[163]
Allegations of plagiarism against the winning Danish entry "Only Teardrops" surfaced after Eric van Tijn, a notable Dutch music producer, mentioned the opening flute solo's similarity to "I Surrender", a 2002 song by the Dutch band K-Otic. However, Van Tijn also stated that the flute solo was the only similarity between the two songs, thus calling it "a storm in a teacup".[164]
Finland's same-sex kiss
Finland's contestant Krista Siegfrids kissing one of her backing singers.
The performance of the Finnish entry, "Marry Me", caused controversy in certain more socially conservative countries broadcasting the contest. The act featured Krista Siegfrids and one of her female backing singers kissing each other at the end, widely labelled in media as Eurovision's first "lesbian kiss". Siegfrids stated to the media that the act was done to encourage Finland to legalise same-sex marriage. It was reported that Turkish and Greek media reacted negatively to Siegfrids' act.[165] According to Gay Star News, the Turkish broadcaster TRT, which had previously decided not to participate itself, initially indicated that it would still broadcast the contest, but made a late decision not to do so.[166]
Eric Saade's green room incident
Green room host Eric Saade referred to Petra Mede as a "MILF" on air during the break between the first and second halves of the voting, saying "Back to you, Petra. #MILF". When the broadcaster for the United Kingdom, BBC aired this, the sound was lost. It remains unknown whether this was just an accident, or if the BBC did it purposely.[167] While the statement was supposedly scripted and SVT were aware of Saade's plan, some on social media were confused and offended by the comment.[168]
Other awards
In addition to the main winner's trophy, the Marcel Bezençon Awards and the Barbara Dex Award were contested during the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest. The OGAE, "General Organisation of Eurovision Fans" voting poll also took place before the contest.
Marcel Bezençon Awards
The Marcel Bezençon Awards, organised since 2002 by Sweden's then-Head of Delegation and 1992 representative Christer Björkman, and 1984 winner Richard Herrey, honours songs in the contest's final.[169] The awards are divided into three categories: Artistic Award, Composers Award, and Press Award.[170]
OGAE, an organisation of over forty Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, conducts an annual voting poll first held in 2002 as the Marcel Bezençon Fan Award. After all votes were cast, the top-ranked entry in the 2013 poll was also the winner of the contest, "Only Teardrops" performed by Emmelie de Forest; the top five results are shown below.[171][172][173]
The Barbara Dex Award is a humorous fan award given to the worst dressed artist each year. Named after Belgium's representative who came last in the 1993 contest, wearing her self-designed dress, the award was handed by the fansite House of Eurovision from 1997 to 2016 and is being carried out by the fansite songfestival.be since 2017.[174]
Eurovision Song Contest: Malmö 2013 was a compilation album put together by the European Broadcasting Union, and released by CMC International and Universal Music Group on 29 April 2013.[175] The album featured all 39 songs that entered in the 2013 contest including the semi-finalists that failed to qualify into the grand final. The digital version featured a bonus track, "We Write the Story", composed by Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson of ABBA, and DJ and music producer Avicii.[176]
^On behalf of the German public broadcasting consortium ARD[18]
^ abPerformance contains uncredited live vocals from Nina Žižić
^ abDespite finishing with the same number of points as the Netherlands, Belgium is deemed to have finished in fifth place due to receiving points from a greater number of countries.
^ abDespite finishing with the same number of points as Belgium, Moldova is deemed to have finished in eleventh place due to receiving a greater individual score from one country, as both countries received points from the same number of national juries.
^Germany provided a deferred broadcast of semi-final 2 on Einsfestival and of the semi-finals on NDR Fernsehen
^ abTT Spectra (20 June 2012). "Inget schlager-EM i Göteborg" [No Eurovision Song Contest in Gothenburg]. Sydsvenskan (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
^ abDahlander, Gustav (9 July 2012). "Därför fick Malmö Eurovision – Melodifestivalen" [Therefore Malmö received Eurovision Song Contest]. Sveriges Television (SVT) (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
^Gustavsson, Rikard (28 May 2012). "The bidding has started!". ESCToday.com. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
^Jiandani, Sanjay (13 September 2012). "Luxembourg won't be in Malmo". ESCToday.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
^"Eurovisions sponsorer!" [Eurovision Sponsors!]. esc.blogg.se (in Swedish). 30 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
^Thorell, Andreas Rågsjö (19 March 2013). "Ica går in som partner till Eurovision" [Ica becomes a partner of the Eurovision]. Resumé (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
^Siim, Jarmo (17 January 2013). "Malmö 2013: We are one". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
^Thambert, Fredrik (19 February 2013). "De får uppdrag för Eurovision" [They get assignments for Eurovision]. Resumé (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
^Kafe, Adam (2013). Wolverine (Digital Download). Kafe, Adam. iTunes Store. 648537674. Archived from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
^Storvik-Green, Simon (17 October 2012). "Malmö: Just one presenter in 2013". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
^"Fler än 170 miljoner såg Eurovision Song Contest" [More than 170 million watched the Eurovision Song Contest]. Kulturnyheterna (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. 29 May 2013. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
^"Drugi program HTV" [Second program HTV] (in Croatian). 14 May 2013. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
^"HRT: Eurosong 2013" [HRT: Eurovision Song Contest 2013]. HRT (in Croatian). 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
^YLE Euroviisut (13 April 2013). "ESC 2013 Ylen kanavilla" [ESC 2013 YLE's channels]. YLE (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
^Barké, Sébastien (9 April 2013). "Eurovision 2013: Tous en piste sur France 3" [Eurovision 2013: All the track on France 3]. Toutelatele (in French). Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
^Sommer, Sascha (30 January 2013). "Peter Urban: Die Stimme" [Peter Urban: The Voice]. NDR (in German). Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
^Vučinić, Nada (14 May 2013). "Večernji program" [Evening program] (in Montenegrin). RTCG. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
^"Utorak, 14. maj 2013" [Tuesday, 14 May 2013]. TVCG MNE. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^Opdahl, Katrine (13 May 2013). "P3morgens store Eurovision-fest" [P3morgens big Eurovision party] (in Norwegian). NRK. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^Maria Rosén (22 April 2013). "Josefine Sundström kommenterar Eurovision" [Josefine Sundström commentating for Eurovision] (in Swedish). SVT.se. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
^"SRF TV-Programm, Eurosong 2013" [SRF TV program, Eurovision Song Contest 2013] (in German). srf.ch. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
^"Klubi-info: Mikä ihmeen OGAE?" [The club info: What on Earth is OGAE?]. Club History (in Finnish). OGAE Finland. 5 June 2012. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
^OGAE International (19 April 2013). "OGAE 2013 Results". OGAE. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
^Kapps, Sebastien (29 April 2013). "Eurovision album released". escunited.com. ESCUnited. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
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Election in Nevada Main article: 1908 United States presidential election 1908 United States presidential election in Nevada ← 1904 November 3, 1908 1912 → Nominee William Jennings Bryan William Howard Taft Eugene V. Debs Party Democratic Republican Socialist Home state Nebraska Ohio Indiana Running mate John W. Kern James S. Sherman Ben Hanford Electoral vote 3 0 0 Popular vote 11,212 10,775 2,103 Percentage 45.71% 43.93% 8.57% County Results ...
Questa voce o sezione sugli argomenti tipografi e scrittori non è ancora formattata secondo gli standard. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Tschichold nel 1963 in una foto di Erling Mandelmann Jan Tschichold (Lipsia, 2 aprile 1902 – Locarno, 11 agosto 1974) è stato un tipografo, scrittore, designer e insegnante tedesco, tra i principali teorici della tipografia e della progettazione del libro del Novecen...
ريوتارو ميغومي (باليابانية: 恵龍太郎) معلومات شخصية الميلاد 29 يونيو 1993 (31 سنة) تشيبا الطول 1.71 م (5 قدم 7 1⁄2 بوصة) مركز اللعب مهاجم الجنسية اليابان المدرسة الأم جامعة أوياما كاكوين [لغات أخرى] معلومات النادي النادي الحالي فيلدا يونايتد مس...
Segovia Wappen der Provinz SegoviaWappen Flagge der Provinz SegoviaFlagge Basisdaten Staat: Spanien Spanien Autonome Gemeinschaft: Kastilienleon Kastilien und León Hauptstadt: Segovia Amtssprache: Spanisch Fläche: 6.922,76 km² Einwohner: 153.803 (1. Jan. 2022)[1] Bevölkerungsdichte: 22 Einw./km² Comarcas: 3 Gerichtsbezirke: 5 Gemeinden: 209 ISO-3166-2-Code: ES-SG Website: dipsegovia.es Lage der Provinz Segovia Karte Segovia ist eine Provinz in Zentralspanien, im S...
Questa voce o sezione sugli argomenti santi britannici e filosofi britannici non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Beato Alcuino di YorkRabano Mauro, accompagnato da Alcuino (al centro), nell'atto di presentare un libro all'arcivescovo di Magonza Autcario, (Vienna, Biblioteca Nazionale Austriaca...
Para la serie de televisión, véase Webster (serie de televisión). Merriam-Webster Fundación 1831Fundador Noah WebsterPaís Estados Unidoshttps://www.merriam-webster.com/ y https://m-w.com Sitio web[editar datos en Wikidata] Merriam-Webster Inc. (conocida hasta 1982 como G. & C. Merriam Company[1]), de Springfield (Massachusetts), es una editorial estadounidense que publica libros de referencia, sobre todo diccionarios, que tienen su origen en el diccionario An Americ...
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