Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893/96 gun

Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893/96
Forward turret on Suffren
TypeNaval gun
Place of originFrance
Service history
Used byFrance
WarsFirst World War
Specifications
Mass48 tonnes (47 long tons; 53 short tons)
Barrel lengthabout 12.2 metres (40 ft)
ShellSeparate-loading, bagged charge
Shell weight349 kilograms (769 lb)
Caliber305 millimetres (12 in)
BreechWelin interrupted-screw breech
RecoilHydro-pneumatic
Elevation-5°? to +15°
Traversedepended on mount
Rate of fire1 rpm
Muzzle velocity780 m/s (2,600 ft/s)
Maximum firing range12,000 m (13,000 yd)

The Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893/96 was a heavy naval gun used as the main armament of a number of French pre-dreadnoughts during World War I. It equipped the Charlemagne, République and Liberté-class battleships as well as the unique battleships Iéna and Suffren. It was also used as railway artillery in World War I.

Description

The 12-inch/40 calibre Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893/96 gun was a typical built-up French heavy gun of its period. It used a Welin interrupted-screw breech and bagged propellant with a de Bange obturator to get a good gas seal during firing.[1] It was mounted in twin-gun turrets which had a couple of unusual features. First, most of the turret's operating machinery was housed inside the turret, with only an armored tube to protect the ammunition hoists. This made little difference in the overall weight of the turret, but did raise the machinery higher in the ship than the turrets of other nations, which did have implications for stability. Secondly, they used a hydraulic pivot to lift the turret when it rotated; this was lowered onto a seating ring when the turret was in the proper position to fire. Each turret had a nominal 300° of traverse, although each ship had its own specific limitations.[2]

The 12-inch/40 calibre Canon de 305mm/40 Modèle 1893 gun was an earlier version of this design, mounted in single gun turrets in Masséna.[2]

The 12-inch/45 calibre Canon de 305mm/45 Modèle 1893 gun was an experimental longer barrel version of this design, mounted in single gun turrets in Jauréguiberry and Bouvet.[2]

World War I railway gun

During World War I surplus Modèle 1893/1896 guns were mounted on both rotating centre-pintle, cradle recoil, and sliding-carriage mountings on railway carriages to provide mobile firepower on the Western Front. They fired shells weighing from 321–351 kilograms (708–774 lb) to a maximum range of 31,130 metres (34,040 yd). The railroad mounts had a maximum elevation of 40° which accounts for the extra range over the naval guns.[1]

Ammunition

See also

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era

Notes

  1. ^ a b "LECTURE ON HIGH-POWERED HEAVY ARTILLERY". Translated from French Army document and printed by US Army War College
  2. ^ a b c "French 305 mm/40 (12") Model 1893/1896 305 mm/45 (12") Model 1893 305 mm/40 (12") Model 1893 305 mm/45 (12") Model 1887". 11 October 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2009.

References

  • Caresse, Philippe (2007). The Iéna Disaster, 1907. Warship 2007. London: Conway. pp. 121–138. ISBN 978-1-84486-041-8.
  • Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
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