Electoral list

Social choice and electoral systems
A joint Politics and Economics series

Social choice Mechanism design Comparative politics Comparison List (By country)
Single-winner methods Single vote - plurality methods First preference plurality (FPP) Two-round (US: Jungle primary) Partisan primary Instant-runoff UK: Alternative vote (AV) US: Ranked-choice (RCV) Condorcet methods Condorcet-IRV Round-robin voting Minimax Schulze Ranked pairs Maximal lottery Positional voting Plurality (el. IRV) Borda count (el. Baldwin) Antiplurality (el. Coombs) Cardinal voting Score voting Approval voting Majority judgment STAR voting
Proportional representation Party-list Apportionment Highest averages Largest remainders National remnant Biproportional List type Closed list Open list Panachage List-free PR Localized list Quota-remainder methods Hare STV Schulze STV CPO-STV Quota Borda Approval-based committees Thiele's method Phragmen's method Expanding approvals rule Method of equal shares Fractional social choice Direct representation Interactive representation Liquid democracy Fractional approval voting Maximal lottery Random ballot Semi-proportional representation Cumulative SNTV Limited voting
Mixed systems By results of combination Mixed-member majoritarian Mixed-member proportional By mechanism of combination Non-compensatory Parallel (superposition) Coexistence Conditional Fusion (majority bonus) Compensatory Seat linkage system UK: 'AMS' NZ: 'MMP' Vote linkage system Negative vote transfer Mixed ballot Supermixed systems Dual-member proportional Rural–urban proportional Majority jackpot By ballot type Single vote Double simultaneous vote Dual-vote
Paradoxes and pathologies Spoiler effects Spoiler effect Cloning paradox Frustrated majorities paradox Center squeeze Pathological response Perverse response Best-is-worst paradox No-show paradox Multiple districts paradox Strategic voting Lesser evil voting Exaggeration Truncation Turkey-raising Paradoxes of majority rule Tyranny of the majority Discursive dilemma Conflicting majorities paradox
Social and collective choice Impossibility theorems Arrow's theorem Majority impossibility Moulin's impossibility theorem McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem Gibbard's theorem Positive results Median voter theorem Condorcet's jury theorem May's theorem Condorcet dominance theorems Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
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Find sources: "Electoral list" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017)

An electoral list is a grouping of candidates for election, usually found in proportional or mixed electoral systems, but also in some plurality electoral systems. An electoral list can be registered by a political party (a party list) or can constitute a group of independent candidates. Lists can be open, in which case electors have some influence over the ranking of the winning candidates, or closed, in which case the order of candidates is fixed at the registration of the list.

Electoral lists are required for party-list proportional representation systems.

An electoral list is made according to the applying nomination rules and election rules. Depending on the type of election, a political party, a general assembly, or a board meeting, may elect or appoint a nominating committee that will add, and if required, prioritize list-candidates according to their preferences. Qualification, popularity, gender, age, geography, and occupation are preferences that may influence the committee's work. The committee's proposed list may then be changed in a selection meeting, where new candidates may be added, or existing candidates may be moved or removed from the list.^[1] When the internal process is over, the final list is made public. The list may be printed on the ballot paper cast by voters at the election, or on a separate voter information paper.

Replacement lists

When an elected representative vacates their seat, the casual vacancy in a list-PR system is typically filled by the highest-ranked candidate on the departed representative's list who was not already elected. For personal or party-strategic reasons, this person may choose to cede the place to a lower-ranked colleague.

Replacement lists are sometimes used to fill casual vacancies in single transferable vote electoral systems. An example is European Parliament elections in Ireland since 1984.^[2]

By country

New Zealand

In New Zealand's mixed-member proportional (MMP) system, the "party list" refers to the closed list of candidates nominated by a registered party for election to the New Zealand Parliament. Voters cast two votes: one for an electorate candidate and one for the party at large. The "party vote" generally determines the overall distribution of seats in Parliament, with candidates from the party list being elected based on their ranking on the list.^[3]

Germany

The state list (German: Landesliste) is a closed list of candidates nominated by parties at the state level, used in Germany's mixed-member proportional (MMP) system to allocate seats based on the party's share of the second vote (Zweitstimme).

Netherlands

References

^ The Norwegian political system (Norwegian)^{[circular reference]}
^ Originally the European Assembly Elections Act, 1984 (which had its Dáil second reading on 21 March 1984); now the European Parliament Elections Act 1997, sections 12 (as substituted) and 19 and Second Schedule Part XIII
^ de Silva, Tommy (28 September 2023). "What is MMP? Everything you need to know about how New Zealand votes". The Spinoff. Retrieved 18 October 2024.

Electoral systems

Part of the politics and Economics series

Single-winner

Proportional

Systems	Mixed-member Mixed single vote Party-list Proportional approval voting Rural–urban Sequential proportional approval voting Single transferable vote CPO-STV Hare-Clark Schulze STV Spare vote Indirect single transferable voting
Allocation	Highest averages method Webster/Sainte-Laguë D'Hondt Largest remainders method
Quotas	Droop quota Hagenbach-Bischoff quota Hare quota Imperiali quota

Mixed

Semi-proportional

Criteria

Other

Comparison

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