The Battle of Cassano (French: Bataille de Cassano, German: Schlacht bei Cassano) was fought in 1799 from 27 to 28 April[z] (O.S.: 16 to 17 April) near Cassano d'Adda, which about 28 km (17 mi) ENE of Milan. The clash is part of the battle of the Adda River[15][29] (Russian: Сражение на реке Адда, German: Schlacht an der Adda) or the so-called forcing of the Adda,[33] which on the first day of 26 April (O.S.: 15 April) resulted in a minor victory for the Russians under the Count Suvorov over Barthélemy Schérer's French forces at Lecco. Then, on the second day, Suvorov's Austrians and Cossacks prevailed over Jean Moreau's army, who replaced Schérer as supreme commander, and trapped his isolated division on the third. The action took place during the War of the Second Coalition, as part of the larger conflict known as the French Revolutionary Wars.[3]
The battle of the Adda River was four separate combats. Lecco was a victorious combat for Suvorov's Russians, but it contributed little to resolve the entire battle along the Adda. The key engagement on 27 April was the combat at Vaprio d'Adda[aa] (at the end there were about 11,000 Austrians and Cossacks and 7,000 French[24]), which is north of Cassano; and on the same day, at Cassano itself, the Austrian Reisky regiment (1,911 men[29]) successfully stormed the bridge-headfortifications—Moreau was thrown back everywhere. The French detachment cut off by the combat of Vaprio was afterwards surrounded at Verderio by Josef Philipp Vukassovich, who overcame the weakest French defenses in Brivio.[15]
When FM Suvorov joined the allied army, he took over the top command from Kray, though the latter had just been promoted to Feldzeugmeister. The arrival of General of the CavalryMichael von Melas displaced Kray the top Austrian field command. Therefore, Kray was assigned to capture the fortress of Mantua, while Melas and Suvorov pursued the French. The siege of Mantua lasted from April until the garrison surrendered on 28 July.
Troops in the field around April 24, 1799, before Suvorov's attack on the Adda
Battle of the Adda River
Schérer relied on the advantages of his defensive position, as the river is wide and deep, has very few fords and in its upper part, as far as Cassano, flows in elevated steep banks, of which the right, occupied by the French, prevails over the left. But Schérer failed to take all the advantages of this natural defensive line.[11] He scattered 28,000 men over 100 kilometres (62 mi) along the river, nowhere having sufficient forces for defense. Suvorov separated Hohenzollern with 6,000 men to Pizzighettone and Seckendorff to Lodi to conduct diversionary operations,[15][46] and with a main body of 35,000[11] to 36,000 men concentrated offensive on the bulk of the French line. The disposition for April 26 instructed Ott's division to organize the crossing at Capriate San Gervasio.[15]
The Adda battle on 26 and 27 April was divided into three different clashes: the combat of Lecco, where Suvorov sent Bagration's Russians, most likely as a distraction, and Rosenberg's corps was also on its way there;[40] the combats near Trezzo sull'Adda and Vaprio d'Adda, where mostly Austrians were concentrated,—these fights proved decisive for the allied victory; and the combat around the fortified position of Cassano, where Melas' Austrians had been sent, they would go to the rear of the French at an end of battle with their flanking maneuver; it would be by the time the fight at Vaprio is won by the Allies, however, this manoeuvre will force Moreau to retreat in a different direction. On 28 April, at Verderio, a French detachment cut off from the main army would lay down its arms after a brief battle.
Lecco
On the night of April 26, Prince Bagration reported that Lecco was heavily occupied by the French. Assuming the entire division of Sérurier there, Suvorov stopped Vukassovich at Caprino and the entire Russian division in order, if necessary, to support Bagration, who moved to Lecco with his regiment of jaegers, Lomonosov combined battalion and all Cossack regiments.[15]
On the same date, Bagration, following a mountain gorge, at 8 o'clock in the morning met a small advanced French unit 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Lecco, overturned it and approached the city, occupied by 4 battalions, 1 squadron (108th demi-brigade[17]) under the command of Brigadier General Soyez; on the right bank of the Adda, opposite the bridge dismantled[47] by the French, there were 6 guns on the heights. The Cossacks surrounded the stone-fortified city; a company with 2 licornes was placed against the bridge. Bagration divided the rest of the forces into 3 columns; one went straight to the city, the other bypassed, and the 3rd remained in reserve. The first two columns broke into the city, reached the square, but here they met stubborn resistance; Bagration brought a reserve into action and drove out the French, who, having left the city, scattered thick chains of chasseurs over the surrounding mountains and vineyards. From the heights, they noticed the numerical insignificance of the Russian detachment, went on the offensive, drove the Russians out of the city and began to bypass them with mountains on the right in order to cut off the retreat along the gorge. Bagration also covered himself with a dense chain of jaegers and dismounted Cossacks, sending to Rosenberg to ask for help.[15]
Mikhail Miloradovich took out carts and rushed with Dendrygingrenadier battalion at a time when the French were flanking Bagration from the village of Germanedo. Being higher in rank than Bagration, he refused to accept command over the detachment, saying:
"There is no place to be considered ranks here."
and left Bagration to finish the job, which he had begun so successfully. The arriving battalion stopped the detour movement of the French; soon 2 battalions approached with the head of the division, Povalo-Shveikovsky, and the city was again occupied by the Russians;[15][17] the French cavalry, crashing into the Russian column, was slaughtered. Meanwhile, the French, standing on the right bank of the Adda, began to cross in boats between Olginate and Brivio, to the rear of the Russian troops. Due to the difficulty of moving along the gorge road, the Russian artillery was left under the cover of a battalion (Baranovsky[48]); the artillery met the French troops, and General Shveikovsky himself rushed there;[48] the French were overwhelmed. The battle lasted 12 hours, from 8 am to 8 pm. The French fought hard, but left 100 prisoners behind, the number of killed and wounded is unknown; the Russians lost 385 men KIA or WIA; Bagration was among the wounded.[15][16] It was impossible to start the crossing on the same day.[15] However, the Russians managed to seize the bridge.[49]
Meantime, Vukassovich approached Brivio, which was very weakly occupied, beginning to arrange a crossing, and therefore the Russians moved away from Lecco, settling down for the night between Lecco and Brivio. Waiting for a report on the outcome of the battle on the right flank, Suvorov postponed the crossing at San Gervasio until the night of April 27.[15] In all, 4,993 Russians including approached reinforcements, and 5,000 French participated in this clash.
Eventually the French withdrew on rafts northwards from Lecco territory (night of 27–28 April), knowing that Adda had already been forced by the Allies elsewhere and that the road behind them would soon be cut off.[15]
Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
Vaprio & Cassano
On April 27, on orders from Paris, Schérer, completely out of his depth, handed over army command to the more capable MG Moreau.[15][50] When news of the change in command reached Suvorov he remarked:[51]
Here too I can see the hand of Providence. There would have been no great glory in fighting it out with a charlatan. But to beat Moreau — that would be something worth doing.
At midnight on 27 April, Ott began building a pontoon bridge at Trezzo. The point for crossing was very inconvenient from the theoretical point of view: the steepness of the bank made it difficult to launch the pontoons on the water; the winding, fast flow of the river and the rocky bottom prevented the convenience of the bridge; but the French did not pay attention to this inconvenient place (the 2nd Battalion of the 33rd Line Demi-Brigade,[19] left by Sérurier at Trezzo, occupied the castle but had no posts on the bank itself), the night darkness covered the work, the river was not wide, so that only 7 pontoons were needed. The pontooner officer reported the impossibility of making a bridge at this place. Then MarquessJohann Gabriel Chasteler, chief of staff, who had already learnt Suvorov's notions of intransigence in overcoming obstacles, arrived at the crossing point and took decisive measures.[52]
It was already tough for the French to rectify the situation: the Russians and Austrians surreptitiously pass through Adda in the centre of the French position near San Gervasio, in a places considered unsuitable for crossing.[40] A number of jaegers and volunteers from Nádasdy battalion crossed by boat and occupied the right bank to secure the bridge. They started putting in pontoons; the work was done in perfect silence, and by daybreak the bridge was ready. Only in the morning did the French battalion notice its blunder, but it was too late: 6 companies of d'Aspré's jaegers and several Cossack sotnias crossed the bridge, followed by Ott's division, then Denisov, Molchanov, and Grekov Cossack regiments that arrived very quickly from Lecco; at last Zopf's division also moved.[52] The Cossack regiment of Denisov[53] overtook the French battalion from the rear; pursued by Ott's head battalions, it had barely time to retreat.[52] Suvorov was at this point crossing the river with might and main across the Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge and its vicinity. At the same time Allied forces crossed at Brivio; but, nevertheless, Moreau gave orders for the immediate concentration of forces. Grenier and Victor were bringing troops from the south. General of the Cavalry Melas having the divisions of Fröhlich and Kaim would storm the French positions at Cassano in the afternoon: the eastern bank of the river was held by the French demi-brigade, to the aid of which Victor already rushed.[15][49]
According to some archival documents, it can be assumed that Suvorov himself was at Vaprio and hurried the crossing. He was able to concentrate around 20,000 soldiers there, while Moreau concentrated 15,000;[citation needed] Moreau had no doubt that the main Coalition's attack was under way here; he rode to the battlefield and almost fell into the hands of the Cossacks, who had already reached Inzago. Grenier was ordered to take position between Vaprio and Pozzo d'Adda. Approaching Vaprio with 1 brigade, Grenier stopped Ott's advance, who had so far only 4 battalions, 4 squadrons and several Cossack sotnias.[15] It was François Quesnel's brigade.[52] The Allies attacked the French several times, but without success;[15] the French held the excellent terrain for defence, as the village of Vaprio itself was very advantageous for the infantry. The neighborhood was close country and mostly planted with vines, while the highway from Milan had on either side high banks built up with stones collected from the fields, like a natural parapet.[26] The French posted themselves behind it,[26] whereas Grenier was approached by the 2nd brigade under Georges Kister;[54] he had 9 battalions and 8 squadrons assembled and took the offensive.[15] The French now had a strong numerical superiority. Grenier beat the Austrians out of their grip on Vaprio.[54] He began to dislodge Ott's division from the front, threatening its right flank at the same time.[55] Chasteler rushed to the aid with 2 battalions of Zopf's division and 2 squadrons, but even this support could not stop the French, and one of the approaching battalions (Stentsch[55]) was mauled up by French cavalry. This is where Denisov's Cossacks (all three Cossack regiments under his command) and Austrian hussars charged from the left of the French and halted their advance; joining together, the Cossacks and hussars broke into the ranks of the French infantry, forcing it to retreat towards Pozzo. At this time the French were approaching from Milan by 24th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (under the direction of Nicolas Beker[19]): the Cossacks attacked it, overturned, and pursued as far as Gorgonzola, capturing many prisoners.[15]
Adrian Karpovich Denisov
Ott and Zopf had broken through.[36] Then, with the arrival of the rest of Zopf's battalions, the Austrian infantry of Ott and Zopf attacked the villages of Pozzo and Vaprio (6 km or 3.7 mi north from Cassano), which were the flanks of Grenier's division.[15][49] Suvorov rode from one victorious unit to the next, urging the men on to final efforts. Discovering the 2nd battalion of the Austrian regiment of Esterházy resting at a halt, he called out:[36]
Bayonets! On with the advance!
Colonel d'Aspré protested that the men had been on the march for fifty hours, and were totally spent, at which Suvorov answered:[36]
Well, I still have my Russians — I know that they will be after the enemy!
After a fierce battle both villages were taken.[15] The combat of Vaprio was supervised directly by Suvorov himself.[29] At the end there were about 11,000 Austrians and Cossacks versus 7,000 French. It cannot be said that the outcome of the combat of Vaprio could have been the only outcome: the timely arrival of Sérurier's 3,000, Victor's 6,000 (2,000 he could abandon in Cassano d'Adda on the way), would be 16,000 French, led by skilful Moreau, against 11,000 of the enemy. This situation of the combat at Vaprio can be explained by the vigorous frontal attack of Melas' troops at Cassano; probably, this attack was conducted with the purpose of contributing to the allied success at Vaprio or, after the capture of Cassano, to move to the Grenier's rear, or to divert part of the French troops from that battlefield. Perhaps the sluggishness of the morning Melas' actions allowed Moreau to leave in Cassano bridgehead only 106th demi-brigade, which shows at the same time Moreau's eyesight. The attack itself at Cassano after 4 o'clock in the afternoon was conducted by Melas' troops excellently: the preparation by fire of 30-gun battery is instructive, and then a decisive blow up to the occupation of the town of Cassano.[24] Once the Austrians had secured the villages of Vaprio and Pozzo, Moreau, seeing that Victor was not approaching, and hearing the cannonade in the rear, from Cassano, orders Grenier to retreat and take a new position between Cassano and Inzago. However, it was too late. The pre-bridgefortification in front of Cassano was just under a high pressure. The French 106th demi-brigade of Jean Roussel,[28][19] supported by a brigade of Victor's division (which arrived at 4 o'clock in the afternoon; under the command of Argod[28]), held firmly behind the Retorto canal, which covered the front of their position for 5 hours.[15] For most of the day Melas had contented himself with cannonading the French works until Suvorov pushed Melas to take decisive action.[29]
Suvorov ordered Melas to capture Cassano at all costs. The Austrians placed 30 guns, built a bridge, rushed to assault the fortification and burst into it so quickly that the French had no time to destroy the bridge over the river and remove the guns while retreating to the right bank of the Adda.[15] Argod was killed.[28] It was Reisky regiment that went to the assault[28][29] (1,911 men[29]). The Austrians crossed the bridge and found themselves in the rear of the French retreating from Vaprio. The direct road to Milan via Gorgonzola was cut off, the French had to hasten their retreat to Melzo, and parts of Victor's division, which had not had time to join Grenier and Laboissière's troops, were ordered to withdraw to Melegnano. Suvorov's assault forced Moreau to a general retreat.[15][56] After a continuous hard fighting from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., both Allied columns were so fatigued that they could not pursue and stopped on the battlefield. The Cossacks followed the retreating French. The winners got 19 guns, a colour and over 2,000 POW with very heavy loss of KIA and WIA among the French; the allies lost over 1,000 men.[15][28] Reporting to Emperor Paul, Suvorov especially "praised the excellent courage of Don Cossacks", calling their Ataman Denisov "brave warrior". Thus by the evening of April 27 the fate of the battle on the Adda River was decided and the way to Milan was opened. At the same time Vukassovich succeeded in bringing down the enemy at Brivio (it was a small French outpost[25]), and at night passed to the right bank of the Adda; the French barely managed to retreat to Lake Como, and Soyez, still occupying Lecco, seeing that the Russian troops were approaching again, rushed into the mountains and barely escaped, having crossed Como in vessels.[15]
Verderio
Sérurier, exactly following Moreau's orders, halted between Verderio and Paderno d'Adda (he was standing with his back to the Adda), carefully entrenched himself, and remained all the day of the 27th and the night of the 28th of April, awaiting further orders, cut off by Ott from the south and Vukassovich from the north; meanwhile on both sides, at Vaprio and Brivio, the cannonade rang out, and a fierce fight was going on. The fight was over. Moreau retreated, the allies slept on the field of battle; Sérurier remained unnoticed.[25] On the early morning of 28 April, an advance detachment of 1 battalion of Austrians under Prince Rohan and Pozdneev Cossack regiment met a cavalry post on the hill behind Imbersago; Cossacks, advancing toward Paderno, overturned this post and unexpectedly saw a whole detachment of French. Vukassovich, considering it encircled, offered to lay down his arms, but, having received a refusal, led an attack. Rohan advance battalion and Cossacks drove the French out of Paderno, and with the rest of the force Vukassovich bypassed Verderio and attacked the enemy from the rear.[57] The French stubbornly defended at Verderio and even attempted to attack the enemy on the flank, but seeing the approach of Rosenberg's main Russian troops (a mere 17,000 coalition forces[30]), Sérurier decided that further resistance would be reckless and surrendered. Vukassovich trapped 3,000 men at Verderio.[15]
The Adda battle on maps
Combat of Lecco A – Shveikovsky and Vukassovich on the night of 25–26 April B – Bagration upon the occupation of Lecco C – Soyez's unit retreated from Lecco C' – A French column, sent to bypass Bagration D – Dendrygin's battalion, which arrived with Miloradovich E – 2 battalions of Rosenberg's and Baranovsky's regiments, who arrived with Shveikovsky F – Russian artillery left under cover of Baranovsky's battalion G – The main column of Russians on the move towards Lecco H – Vukassovich on the move to Brivio I – French posts protecting the crossings
Combats of Vaprio and Cassano A – The initial Allied position from the evening of 26 April B – The troops' position at the battle itself on 27 April
Combat of Verderio no identification marks required
Results
Soon after the coalition's victory, Suvorov wrote to a Russian diplomat:[58]
"The Adda is a Rubicon, and we crossed it over the bodies of our enemies."
In the combats at Lecco, Vaprio, Cassano, and Verderio the French brought into the fray between 18,000[15] and 18,500[59] men; they suffered 2,500 killed and wounded, plus 5,000 soldiers, 27 cannon, and 3 colours captured.[60] Losses at Verderio were 300 killed and wounded, plus 2,700 captured.[37] The Austro-Russians lost 2,000 killed and wounded[60] (or 2,500[15]). Another authority gives allied losses as 6,000 and French prisoners as 7,000, without listing French killed and wounded. Perhaps the author included the losses at Verderio in his total.[3]Bodart estimated French losses at 11,000.[2] Another source claims 6,200 Allied losses (Austrians: 3,800 killed and wounded and 1,200 prisoners of war, Russians: 1,200).[5] The figure of 3,800 KIA and WIA almost identical with Carl von Clausewitz's data of around 3,700 Austrians killed and wounded. Clausewitz stated that the numbers of French and Austrians killed and wounded were roughly the same. He does not cited Russian losses and assesses 7,000 French prisoners of war.[42]
Moreau retreated, leaving a 2,400-man garrison in Milan's citadel. Grenier's division withdrew to Novara while Victor and Laboissière pulled back to Valenza.[37] Kaim pressed on to capture Turin on 20 June.[61] Milan's citadel capitulated on 24 May. The bottom line of this battle was that the Republic of France-created Cisalpine Republic was now back in the hands of the Habsburg monarchy.
71,000.[7] This was the sizes of the army before Kray was detached for the siege of Mantua;[8] the full strength of the Austrian army in Venetia, Illyria and Istria was 86,000, and the Russian 20,000 in Italy. Of the 86,000 Austrians, only 50,700 stood at the disposal of the hard-fighting Lieutenant-General Kray behind the Adige River.[6]
Operating against the French: 52,000.[2][9] Present forces for the first half of April: 49,097 (with an unknown number of Austrian gunners and technicians).[10] In action (different estimates):
Seckendorff and Hohenzollern with 6,500 troops were detached for diversion on the French right flank.[15]
^Initially 1,343 regulars and 1,479 irregulars, or a total of 2,822 soldiers[12] (1,479 irregular Cossack cavalry, which would then take part at Vaprio): numbers not counting the reinforcements that came to Bagration (Austrians who were not involved in the affair are also not counted). Along with reinforcements it was 3,514 regulars,[12] since three battalions approached Bagration[16] (Dendrygin, Rosenberg, Baranovsky[17][18]). A grand total of 4,993 Russians referring to the data of Acerbi.[12]
According to another source, at the beginning of the battle it was about 3,000 regular troops and Cossacks, but no further numbers have been given.[13]
^Ott Division at San Gervasio and Zopf Division: 9,721[19] to 10,000[20] men. Acerbi gave the exact strength of Zopf's division as 4,721 men located in Canonica, and this figure is almost the same as the later from San Donato according to some sources (4,700), so it may be incomplete in this case; however, these are more approximate figures, in contrast to Acerbi's findings, hence Acerbi's data attached.[21][22] There is also Zopf's division strength of 5,126 for April 14, 1799.[23] As Orlov noted, at the end of the battle, Vaprio had gathered about 11,000 allies.[24]
Reinforcements approached the battlefield gradually; first Denisov's Cossacks and then Ott's leading units pushed the French back from Trezzo. After that, the French gained a significant numerical advantage by concentrating their forces and drove back the allies, but as more reinforcements were arriving across the river, with the Austrian and Russian pressures increasing, they were little by little thrown backwards, and Moreau ordered a general retreat.[15] Also, Ott along with Zopf and Denisov cut off Sérurier's detachment at Verderio Superiore from Moreau's main force.[25]
During the same combat at Vaprio, Grenier twice took a position suitable for defence near the village itself.[26][15] While the first attack on it was unsuccessful, by the second offensive the assaulting Austrian troops had 9,721 men, whereas the French had 7,500. Cossacks did not participate in the second attack.[24]
^Denisov's Cossacks (irreg. forces);[20] three regiments; took part at the bypass of Trezzo and, in the midst of battle, halted the successful French advance in conjunction with Austrian hussars, whereupon they overturned the 24th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment.[15][27]
The final assault was led by Reisky Regiment.[28] (Reisky von Dubnitz with 1,911 men[29] conducted the successful Austrian assault on the bridgeheadfortifications at Cassano)
When Suvorov ordered Melas to take Cassano at all costs, the Austrians placed 30 guns, built a bridge, rushed to assault the fortifications and burst into them so quickly that the French had no time to destroy the bridge over the river and remove the guns while retreating to the right bank of the Adda.[15]
Rosenberg's regular troops (~9,530 men, including 1,000 Austrian cavalrymen) were not engaged, but seeing them approaching the battlefield, Sérurier decided to lay down arms.[15][30][31]
^Overall, 58,000 were available for active operations in the field[6][32] (out of the 83,000-strong Army of Italy under the command of Schérer). France had about 117,000 troops spread across the Italian Peninsula. The 34,000-strong Army of Naples was engaged in looting (Central and Southern Italy).[6] Present forces for 30 March: 46,466 (after Schérer had separated some of the units into garrisons).[10]
• 41,686
• 2,280
• 1,600
• 900
The available forces that Moreau had during the battle after replacing Schérer: about 30,000.[4][5] In action (different estimates):
less than 30,000.[14] Laboissière (4,000[13]), on the extreme right flank, never took part in the battle.[15]
^Soyez's detachment.[35] The garrison of the town itself: 1,800+ troops[12] (4 battalions and 1 squadron[15] of the 108th demi-brigade[17]). A group of French troops with artillery was also west of the bridge that at Lecco,[1] and another group between Olginate and Brivio (the latter entered the rear of the Russian troops).[15][31]
^Initial number: 7,000; that is, 9 battalions and 8 squadrons, parts of Grenier's and Victor's divisions.[20] (without 450[19] to 500[20] men of the 24th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment who arrived in the midst of battle, after which were repelled[15]) Orlov's data is attached.
^The 106th demi-brigade, left by Grenier in Cassano, entrenched behind the Retorto canal and on the bridgehead repelled Melas' attacks for 5 hours. At 4 o'clock in the afternoon Argod's brigade from Victor's division came to the support.[28][31] It was 3 battalions.[20]
^According to Victor, 2,600. According to Vukassovich, 3,700. According to Russian records, 4,000.[36] Casualties were: 300 killed or wounded, and 2,700 captured.[37][5] Perhaps Sérurier's trapped detachment numbered just 3,000.[38]
4,886 Russians and Austrians according to Coalition's chief of staff Chasteler de Courcelles (per Chasteler, approximately 2,750 of these losses at Verderio);[41]
Moreau's figure of 2,542 is probably too low, even if assume that it excludes the command of Sérurier, which had been captured whole. The Austro-Russian chief of staff Chasteler estimated French losses at 5,000, while Christopher Duffy put French losses at around 6,900 referring to the calculation by Austrian staff officer MacDermott of 8,000 KIA, WIA, and POW — it corresponds closely with a French list found later in the citadel of Alessandria;[41]
Russian assessments of 7,500 attributable to the entire operation on the Adda.[39][15][40]
Loss at Lecco — 100 POW + the number of KIA / WIA that is not reliably known[43]
Loss at Vaprio & Cassano — 2,000 POW + the large number of KIA / WIA that is not reliably known;[43] 19 cannons; 1 standard
^"Бой у города Лекко" [Combat near the town of Lecco]. Runivers. Военные конфликты, кампании и боевые действия русских войск 860–1914 гг. (in Russian). Retrieved 15 July 2023.
Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015 (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN978-0-7864-7470-7.
Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill. ISBN1-85367-276-9.
Duffy, Christopher (1999). Eagles over the Alps: Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland, 1799. Chicago, Ill.: Emperor's Press. ISBN1-883476-18-6. OCLC42694091.
Dupuy, Trevor N.; Dupuy, R. Ernest (April 1, 1993). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History (4th ed.). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN978-0004701431.
Orlov, Nikolay Aleksandrovich (1892). Разбор военных действий Суворова в Италии в 1799 году [Analysis of Suvorov's military actions in Italy in 1799] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Тип. Тренке и Фюсно. ISBN9785998994289.
Petrushevsky, Alexander F. (1885). "XX. Война в Италии; Адда, Милан" [The war in Italy; Adda, Milan]. Рассказы про Суворова [Stories about Suvorov] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича.
Petrushevsky, Alexander F. (1900). "Итальянская кампания; Адда, Милан; 1799" [The Italian campaign; Adda, Milan]. Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Типография М. М. Стасюлевича. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
Novitsky, Vasily; Schwarz, Alexey; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schulz, Gustav (1911). Military Encyclopedia (in Russian). Vol. I: А – Алжирия. Moscow: Тип. Т-ва И. Д. Сытина. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
Predestinasi, dalam teologi, adalah doktrin[1] yang menyatakan bahwa semua peristiwa di alam semesta ini telah ditentukan oleh Allah, biasanya dikaitkan dengan nasib akhir (takdir) dari jiwa seseorang.[2] Predestinasi merupakan sebuah konsep religius, yang melibatkan hubungan antara Tuhan dan ciptaan-Nya. Karakter religius predestinasi membedakannya dari gagasan lain seperti determinisme dan kehendak bebas. Arminianisme Arminian berpendapat bahwa predestinasi Allah berdasarkan...
هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (أبريل 2020) كليوباترا سيليني الأولى (بالإغريقية: Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη) معلومات شخصية �...
Bupati YalimoPetahanaNahor Nekweksejak 1 April 2022Masa jabatan5 tahun (definitif)Dibentuk21 Juni 2008Pejabat pertamaEllia Ibrahim LoupattySitus webSitus Resmi Kabupaten Yalimo Kabupaten Yalimo dari awal berdirinya pada tahun - hingga saat ini sudah pernah dipimpin oleh beberapa bupati. Daftar Bupati Berikut ini adalah Bupati Yalimo dari masa ke masa. No Bupati Mulai menjabat Akhir menjabat Prd. Ket. Wakil Bupati — Ellia Ibrahim Loupatty (Penjabat) 21 Juni 2008 11 Juni 2011 — [1&...
Resam Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae Divisi: Pteridophyta Kelas: Pteridopsida Ordo: Gleicheniales Famili: Gleicheniaceae Genus: Dicranopteris Nama binomial Dicranopteris linearis(Burm. f.) Underw. Sinonim Gleichenia linearis (Burm. f.) S.W. Clarke Resam, rasam, atau paku andam (Dicranopteris linearis syn. Gleichenia linearis) merupakan jenis paku yang besar yang biasa tumbuh pada tebing-tebing di tepi jalan di pegunungan. Tumbuhan ini mudah dikenal karena peletakan daunnya yang menyirip...
Kasachstan Kasachische Botschaft in Berlin Logo Staatliche Ebene bilateral Stellung der Behörde Botschaft Aufsichtsbehörde(n) Außenministerium der Republik Kasachstan Hauptsitz Deutschland Berlin Botschafter Nurlan Onschanow Mitarbeiter 6 Website mfa.gov.kz/de/Berlin Botschaft in der Nordendstraße 14–17 Die kasachische Botschaft in Berlin (offiziell Botschaft der Republik Kasachstan in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, kasachisch Қазақстан Республикасыны�...
Not to be confused with Oak Forest, Texas. 29°49′41″N 95°25′31″W / 29.82806°N 95.42528°W / 29.82806; -95.42528 Oak Forest marker Oak Forest Branch Houston Public Library Oak Forest is a large residential community in northwest Houston, Texas, United States. Oak Forest is the third largest group of subdivisions in Harris County (behind Kingwood and Sharpstown).[1] History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve t...
Direktori Prancis Direktori atau Direktorat (Prancis: le Directoire) adalah sebuah komite lima anggota yang memerintah Prancis dari 2 November 1795, saat komite tersebut menggantikan Komite Keamanan Masyarakat, sampai 9 November 1799, saat komite tersebut digulingkan oleh Napoleon Bonaparte dalam Kudeta 18 Brumaire, dan digantikan dengan Konsulat Prancis. Komite tersebut memakai nama tersebut pada empat tahun terakhir dari Revolusi Prancis. Lihat pula Dewan Kuno Referensi Daftar pustaka B...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع ديك سكوت (توضيح). هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2019) ديك سكوت (بالإنجليزية: Dick Scott) معلومات شخصية الميلاد 15 مارس 1933 بورتسموث الوفاة 10 فبراير 2020 (86 سنة) [1] ...
Species of butterfly Tree yellow Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Pieridae Genus: Gandaca Species: G. harina Binomial name Gandaca harina(Horsfield, 1829) Gandaca harina, the tree yellow, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is found in India, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, and Indonesia. The species was first described by Thomas Horsfield in 1829.[1] Gan...
Category C men's prison in Kent, England HMP MaidstoneLocationMaidstone, KentSecurity classAdult Male/Category C/Sex offender unitPopulation600 (as of May 2009)OpenedI 1819Managed byHM Prison ServicesGovernorJudith FelineWebsitehttp://www.justice.gov.uk/contacts/prison-finder/maidstone HM Prison Maidstone is a Category C men's prison, located in Maidstone, Kent, England. The prison is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service. History Maidstone Prison is one of the oldest penal institution...
For the Kelly Family song, see One More Song (song). 1980 studio album by Randy MeisnerOne More SongStudio album by Randy MeisnerReleasedOctober 1980RecordedMay 26, 1980–August 20, 1980StudioRecord One (Hollywood)Genre Rock country rock Length33:43LabelEpicProducerVal GarayRandy Meisner chronology Randy Meisner(1978) One More Song(1980) Randy Meisner(1982) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[1]Billboard(unrated)[2] One More Song is the second solo s...
1997 studio album by the Matthew Good Band This article is about the Matthew Good Band album. For other uses, see underdog (disambiguation). UnderdogsStudio album by Matthew Good BandReleasedOctober 7, 1997Recorded1997StudioGreenhouse Studios, Burnaby, British ColumbiaGenreAlternative rockLength57:27LabelMercuryDarktownPolyGramProducerWarne LiveseyMatthew Good Band chronology Raygun (EP)(1997) Underdogs(1997) Lo-Fi B-Sides (EP)(1998) Singles from Underdogs Everything Is AutomaticReleased:...
Maharaja of Patiala from 1845–1862 Narinder SinghMaharaja of PatialaPhotograph of Maharaja Narinder Singh (alt. spelt as 'Narendra Singh') of Patiala State with attendants, by Jean Baptiste Oscar Malitte, ca.1860Reign1845 – 1862PredecessorKaram SinghSuccessorMohinder SinghBorn26 November 1824Died13 November 1862HousePhulkianReligionSikhism Narinder Singh KCSI (26 November 1824 – 13 November 1862), also spelt as Narendra Singh,[1] was Maharaja of the princely state of Patiala fro...
Омотэсандо表参道駅 Платформа линии Тиёда Местонахождение Префектура Токио Район Минато История Год открытия 1938 Обозначение станции G-02 (Линия Гиндза)C-04 (Линия Тиёда)A-13 (Линия Хандзомон) Прочая информация Оператор Tokyo Metro Линии Линия ГиндзаЛиния ТиёдаЛиния Хандзомон Стати�...
Far-right politician in the UK Anne Marie WatersWaters in 2016Leader of For BritainIn officeOctober 2017 – July 2022Preceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byOffice abolished Personal detailsBornAnne Marie Dorothy Waters[1] (1977-08-24) 24 August 1977 (age 46)[2]Dublin, IrelandPolitical partyUKIP (2014–2017; 2023-present)Other politicalaffiliationsLabour Party (2010–2014)For Britain (2017–2022)Alma materNottingham Trent University Anne Marie Dorothy Waters...
Polish mountaineer Leszek Cichy in winter 1980, after first winter ascent of Mount Everest, presents note which Ray Genet left on top of Mount Everest in 1979. Leszek Roman Cichy (born 14 November 1951), (Polish pronunciation: [ˈlɛʂɛk ˈt͡ɕixɨ]) is a Polish mountaineer,[1] geodesist, financier, and entrepreneur. He was born in Pruszków, Poland on November 14, 1951. He is best known for making the first winter ascent of Mount Everest together with Krzysztof Wielicki in ...
