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Al-Tina

التينة
Al-Tina التينة
	Etymology: The fig tree
	1870s map 1940s map modern map 1940s with modern overlay map A series of historical maps of the area around Al-Tina (click the buttons)
	Al-Tina Location within Mandatory Palestine
	Coordinates: 31°44′48″N 34°49′11″E / 31.74667°N 34.81972°E
Palestine grid	133/128
Geopolitical entity	Mandatory Palestine
Subdistrict	Ramle
Date of depopulation	July 8–9, 1948
Area
• Total	7,001 dunams (7.001 km2 or 2.703 sq mi)
Population (1945)
• Total	750
Cause(s) of depopulation	Military assault by Yishuv forces

Al-Tina, or Khirbet et-Tineh was a Palestinian Arab village in the Ramle Subdistrict of Mandatory Palestine. The village was located between the Shfela and southern Israeli coastal plain. It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War on July 8, 1948, by the Givati Brigade under Operation An-Far. It was located 20. km south of Ramla. The hill on which the village was built stands today next to the Kiryat Mal'akhi – Yoav railway station and next to Highway 6. Archeological excavations at the site revealed the remains of a Byzantine settlement.^[5]

History

Based on the archaeological excavation in the eastern foot of the hill on which the village used to stand, a settlement was established in the site as early as the Byzantine era. Pottery, glassware and coins allowed the researchers to date this settlement to a short period between roughly 375 to 425 CE. The excavation has revealed remains of what may be a storehouse, with many broken wine jars. The structure included a drainage system that collected water from its roof to somewhere beyond the excavation limits. The region is abundant with water and thus the hill serves as a good place for settlement. Elie Haddad who headed the excavation suggested that this abundance of water is hinted in the name of the village, "the fig tree", as it requires a large supply of water to grow. The identity of the Byzantine inhabitants remains unknown and based on the study, the site remained unsettled until the Ottoman period.^[5]

Al-Tina was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers under the name of Safiriyya, as being in the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Gaza, which was part of Gaza Sanjak. It had a population of 10 households; an estimated 55 persons, who were all Muslims. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, sesame, fruit trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 4,350 akçe.^[6]^[7]

In 1838, it was noted as a Muslim village, el Letineh, in the Gaza District.^[8] In 1851–52, van de Velde noted many old stone laying about the village.^[9]

In 1863 Victor Guérin found a population is four hundred souls. He further noted some antique stones which were scattered in the cemetery or have been placed around the opening of the well.^[10]

An Ottoman village list from about 1870 showed that tine had 96 houses and a population of 277, though the population count included men, only.^[11]^[12]

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described it as an ordinary adobe village, with a well to the south.^[13]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Tineh had a population of 396, all Muslims,^[14] increasing in the 1931 census to 530, still all Muslims, in a total of 131 houses.^[15]

'Abd al-Fattah Humud (1933-1968), one of the founding members of Fatah, was born in the village.^[7]

In the 1945 statistics the village had a population of 750 Muslims,^[2] with 7,001 dunams of land.^[3] Of this, 141 dunams were used for citrus and bananas, 5,639 for cereals,^[16] while 24 dunams were classified as built-up areas.^[17]

An elementary school was founded in 1946 and it had an initial enrollment of 67 students.^[7]

1948 and aftermath

Al-Tina was depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War on July 8, 1948, by the Givati Brigade under Operation An-Far.^[4]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]

In 1992 the village site was described: "The village has been completely effaced. Next to the site is a wide area, overgrown with bushes and thorns, that is fenced in on the southern side. An orange grove is planted on the northern and western edges of the site. A highway that runs east-west passes to the south, and a railway line passes by about 100 meters to the east."^[7]

In July–August 2016 a trial excavation took place in the eastern side of the hill. It was the first archaeological excavation in the site and was headed by Elie Haddad on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority. The excavation took place ahead of the construction of an access road to the Kiryat Mal'akhi – Yoav railway station which was under construction at the time. 9 excavation squares were opened.^[5]

References

^ Palmer, 1881, p. 275
^ ^a ^b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 30
^ ^a ^b ^c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 68
^ ^a ^b Morris, 2004, p. xix, village #269. Also gives cause of depopulation.
^ ^a ^b ^c Haddad, Elie (2020). "Kh. et-Tineh (Kefar Menahem): Final Report". Hadashot Arkheologiyot. 132.
^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 143
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Khalidi, 1992, p. 416
^ Robinson and Smith, vol.3, Appendix 2, p. 118
^ van de Velde, 1854, p. 160
^ Guérin, 1869, p. 88
^ Socin, 1879, p. 162
^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 133 also noted 96 houses in el-letine.
^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 414, cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 416
^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramleh, p. 21
^ Mills, 1932, p. 23.
^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 117
^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 167
^ Morris, 2004, p. 224
^ Morris, 2004, p. 414
^ Morris, 2004, p. 432
^ Morris, 2004, p. 436
^ Morris, 2004, p. 437
^ Morris, 2004, p. 443