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Abil al-Qamh

آبل القمح
Abil al-Mayya
Abil al-Qamh آبل القمح Abil al-Mayya
	Air-photo of the village in 1945; later excavation areas markedin letters
	Etymology: "Meadow of Wheat"
	1870s map 1940s map modern map 1940s with modern overlay map A series of historical maps of the area around Abil al-Qamh (click the buttons)
	Abil al-Qamh Location within Mandatory Palestine
	Coordinates: 33°15′34″N 35°34′51″E / 33.25944°N 35.58083°E
Palestine grid	204/296
Geopolitical entity	Mandatory Palestine
Subdistrict	Safad
Date of depopulation	May 10, 1948
Area
• Total	4,615 dunams (4.6 km2 or 1.8 sq mi)
Population (1945)
• Total	330
Cause(s) of depopulation	Fear of being caught up in the fighting
Secondary cause	Influence of nearby town's fall
Current Localities	Yuval

Abil al-Qamh (Arabic: آبل القمح) was a Palestinian village located near the Lebanese border north of Safad. It was depopulated in 1948.^[4] It was located at the site of the biblical city of Abel-beth-maachah.

Name

According to historian Walid Khalidi, the village's Arabic name derives from Aramaic; the first part of its name, abil, means "meadow" and the latter part, qamh, means "wheat".^[4] Edward Henry Palmer, a nineteenth-century orientalist writer, believed the name "abl" derived from the biblical name Abel Beth Maachah.^[5]

History

Bronze Age and Iron Age

Abil al-Qamh was established on a site that had been inhabited since 2900 BCE and remained populated for over 2,000 years. It was captured by Thutmose III in 1468 BCE. During the Israelite period, under the reign of David, it was fortified, and later conquered by the Arameans. In 734 BCE it was incorporated into the Assyrian Empire.^[4]^[6]

Byzantine period

Ceramics from the Byzantine era have been found in the area.^[7]

Mamluk period

During the Mamluk period in 1226 CE, Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi mentions "Abil al Kamh" as a village belonging to Banias, located between Damascus and the Mediterranean Sea.^[8]

Ottoman period

In 1517, Abil al-Qamh was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire, and by 1596 it was under the administration of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Tibnin, part of Sanjak Safad. The name used was Abil al-Qamh, and it had a population of 24 families and 2 bachelors, an estimated 143 persons total. All the villagers were Shia Muslims. They paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on wheat, barley, olives, beehives, vineyards, goats and beehives; a total of 1,846 Akçe.^[9]^[10]

In 1838, it was noted as Catholic village in the Mejr Ayun district.^[11]^{[clarification needed]}

In 1875 Victor Guérin visited Abil al-Qamh, calling it Tell Abel Kamah.^[12] On the highest point, to the north, he found the ruins of a wall and a Muslim cemetery.^[13] In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described the village as being near a stream and containing a church and ancient ruins.^[14]

British Mandate

Abil al-Qamh was a part of the French Mandate of Lebanon until 1923, when it was incorporated into the British Mandate in Palestine. In the first half of the 20th century, it had a triangular outline that conformed to the hill on which it was built. Agriculture was the basis of its economy, and the village's abundant water supply earned it the local name of Abil al-Mayya meaning the "Meadow of Water".^[4]

In the 1931 census of Palestine, Abil al-Qamh had a total population of 229; 122 Muslims and 107 Christians, in total 58 houses.^[15]

In the 1945 statistics, the population was 330; 230 Muslims and 100 Christians,^[2] with a total of 4,615 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.^[1] The village had a mixed population of 230 Shia Muslims and 100 Arab Christians.^[2]^[4]^[16] A total of 3,535 dunums of land were allocated to cereals; 299 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,^[4]^[17] while 13 dunams was built-up (urban) area.^[18]

1948 and aftermath

Abil al-Qamh was captured and depopulated on May 10, 1948 by the First Battalion of the Palmach commanded by Yigal Allon in Operation Yifatch. There was no direct fighting in the village, but after the fall of Safad to Israel and from a "whispering campaign" by local Jewish leaders to the heads of Arab villages (makhatir) warning them of massive Jewish reinforcements arriving in the Galilee, the residents of Abil al-Qamh fled.^[4]

In 1952, Israel established the town of Yuval on village lands, 1.5 kilometers (0.93 mi) from the village site. The Abil al-Qamih area itself became "overgrown with grasses and weeds. A grove of trees stands in the northeast corner, and stones from destroyed houses are strewn throughout the site...," according to Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, writing in 1992.^[19]

In recent years, the Lebanese Authorities have claimed that Abil al-Qamh and six other depopulated Shia villages along the border rightfully belong to Lebanon.^[20]

The two mounds belonging to the archaeological site known as Tell Abil el-Qameḥ in Arabic and Tel Abel Beth Maacah in Hebrew have been surveyed in 2012 and have since been excavated in annual campaigns (four as of 2016).^[21]

Refugees

The inhabitants of Abil al-Qamh fled to neighbouring villages in Lebanon during the 1948 war. While Shiites fled to neighboring Shia villages, Christians notably fled to Deir Mimas, where most of them later acquired Lebanese passports; still living in Deirmimas are for instance the families of Abdo, Keserwany, Harfouch, and Haddad originally from the Abil al-Qamih area.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b Government of Lebanon, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, . Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 69 Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine.
^ ^a ^b ^c Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 9
^ Morris, 2004, p. xvi, village #1. Also gives causes of depopulation.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Khalidi, 1992, p.428
^ Palmer, 1881, p. 13
^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 96
^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 641
^ al-Hamawi quoted in le Strange, 1890, p.381
^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 183, quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 428.
^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 Archived 2016-10-10 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, p. 347, 2nd appendix. pp. 136-137
^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 346 -349
^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 346 -349; as given by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 107
^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, pp. 85, 86. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 428
^ Mills, 1932, p. 105
^ United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Appendix B Archived 2012-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, p. 4
^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 118
^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 168
^ Khalidi, 1992, pp.428-429.
^ Lamb, Franklin. Completing The Task Of Evicting Israel From Lebanon 2008-11-18.
^ Tel Abel Beth Maacah Excavations (official website)