Incumbent president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of the Workers' Party is eligible for a fourth term. He stated in 2022 that he will not seek re-election,[1] but in 2024 stated that he could not rule out running for re-election to prevent "troglodytes" from coming to power in Brazil again.[2]
Having unsuccessfully run for president in 1989, 1994, and 1998, Lula was elected in 2002 and re-elected in 2006. He was then succeeded by his chief of staff, Dilma Rousseff, who was elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2014. Lula attempted to run for the presidency for a third non-consecutive term in 2018, but his candidacy was denied by the Superior Electoral Court due to his previous conviction on corruption charges in 2017. A series of court rulings led to his release from prison in 2019, followed by the annulment of his conviction and restoration of his political rights by 2021. For his vice presidential candidate in the 2022 election, Lula selected Geraldo Alckmin, who had been a presidential candidate of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party in 2006 (facing Lula in the second round) and 2018 but changed his affiliation to the Brazilian Socialist Party in 2022.
Lula won the 2022 election by the closest margin in Brazilian history, defeating incumbent president Jair Bolsonaro by 1.8% (or 2,139,645 votes). Lula became the first Brazilian president to secure a third term, and received the highest number of votes in a Brazilian election. At the same time, Bolsonaro, elected in 2018, became the first incumbent president to lose a bid for a second term since the 1997 constitutional amendment allowing consecutive re-election. In response to his loss, some Bolsonaro supporters demanded a military coup to prevent Lula's inauguration, but failed to gather sufficient support. Before Lula's inauguration, Bolsonaro left the country for the United States and was later barred from running for a second term before 2030.[3]
In 2019, Bolsonaro left the Social Liberal Party. This was followed by the dismissal or resignation of many members of the Bolsonaro administration,[8] including Moro, whom he had appointed as Minister of Justice and Public Safety. Bolsonaro then attempted to create another party, the Alliance for Brazil, but he was unsuccessful.[9] In 2021, Bolsonaro joined the Liberal Party and selected Walter Braga Netto of his party as the vice presidential candidate instead of Hamilton Mourão, the incumbent vice president.[10] A series of rulings by the Supreme Federal Court questioning the legality of Lula's trial and the impartiality of then judge Moro led to Lula's release from prison in 2019, followed by the annulment of Moro's cases against Lula and the restoration of Lula's political rights by 2021.[11][12] Lula launched his candidacy for president in 2022, selecting as his vice presidential candidate Geraldo Alckmin, who had been a presidential candidate of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party in 2006 and 2018 but changed his affiliation to the left-wing Brazilian Socialist Party in 2022.[13][14] The three parties supporting Bolsonaro in 2022 (Liberal Party, Progressistas, and Republicans) had supported Alckmin in 2018 and Rousseff in 2014.[15] After Bolsonaro's departure from the Social Liberal Party, the party merged with the Democrats to form the Brazil Union in 2022.[16]
Brazil's president and vice president are elected as a joint ticket using the two-round system. The first round of elections is held on the first Sunday of October, which in 2022 was on 2 October.[17] A candidate who receives more than 50% of the total valid votes in the first round is elected. If the 50% threshold is not met by any candidate, the two candidates who receive the most votes in the first round participate in a second round of voting, held on the last Sunday of October (in this instance, 30 October 2022), and the candidate who receives a plurality of votes in the second round is elected. The 2022 Brazilian gubernatorial elections to elect the governors and vice governors of all states of Brazil and of the Federal District were held on the same dates and with the same two-round system as the presidential election. One-third of the 81 members of the Brazilian Senate were up for election in 2022, one senator being elected from each of the states and the Federal District using plurality voting. The other two-thirds of the Senate were elected in 2018.[18]
Voting in Brazil is allowed for all citizens over 16 years old. There is compulsory voting for literate citizens between 18 and 70 years old except conscripts; as there is conscription in Brazil, those who serve the mandatory military service are not allowed to vote.[22] Those who are required but do not vote in an election and do not present an acceptable justification, such as being absent from their voting locality at the time,[23] must pay a fine, normally R$3.51,[24][25] which is equivalent to US$0.67 as of October 2022. In some cases, the fine may be waived, reduced, or increased up to R$35.13 (US$6.67).[26]
All candidates for federal, state, Federal District, and municipal offices must be nominated by a political party. For offices to be elected by majority or plurality (executive offices and senators), parties may form an electoral coalition (coligação) to nominate a single candidate. The coalitions do not need to be composed of the same parties for every nomination, do not need to be maintained after the election, and are not valid for offices to be elected proportionally (deputies and aldermen).[29] A new law, valid for this election, also allowed parties to form a different type of alliance called federation (federação), which acts as a single party to nominate candidates for all offices in all locations, including those to be elected proportionally, and must be maintained with a single leadership structure over the course of the elected legislature.[30] Federations may also act as parties to form coalitions. For 2022, the federations formed were Brazil of Hope (PT–PCdoB–PV), Always Forward (PSDB–Cidadania), and the PSOL REDE Federation (PSOL–REDE).[31]
For offices to be elected proportionally, each party must nominate candidates of each sex in a distribution between 30 and 70%.[29] Under rulings by the Superior Electoral Court and the Supreme Federal Court, parties must also allocate their funds and broadcast time proportionally to the number of their candidates of each sex and race.[32]
Countries with voting stations for Brazilian citizens abroad in 2022
Voting in Brazilian elections can only be done in person and only on election day, which is always a Sunday. There is no provision for either postal voting or early voting. Voter registration must be done in advance, and each voter can only vote in one designated voting station, either based on the voter's registered domicile or at a different location that the voter must specifically request if planning to be there temporarily on election day. Voters must provide photo identification at their voting station before proceeding to vote.[33]
More than 92,000 voting stations were installed in all municipalities of Brazil, the Federal District, and Fernando de Noronha.[34] Most voting stations are in public schools.[35] In some sparsely populated areas, such as indigenous territories, the installation and use of voting stations requires extensive travel and logistics.[36] Voting stations were also installed in 160 locations in other countries, mostly in Brazilian diplomatic missions, for citizens residing abroad.[37]
Voting is done almost entirely on DRE voting machines, designed for extreme simplicity. The voter dials a number corresponding to the desired candidate or party, causing the name and photo of the candidate or party to appear on the screen, then the voter presses a green button to confirm or an orange button to correct and try again. It is also possible to leave the vote blank by pressing a white button, or to nullify the vote by dialing a number that does not correspond to any candidate or party. Paper ballots are only used in case a voting machine malfunctions or in locations abroad with fewer than 100 voters.[33]
Brazilian voting machines
The electronic system is subject to extensive tests, including on machines randomly selected from actual voting stations on election day, witnessed by political parties to rule out fraud. After voting ends, every machine prints a record of its total votes for each candidate or party, which is publicly displayed for comparison with the results published electronically.[38] The system delivers the complete election results usually a few hours after voting ends, which is extremely fast for such a large population as Brazil. At the same time, the system does not create a physical record of individual votes to allow a full election recount.[39]
The partial vote count for an office can only start being published after voting has ended in all locations in Brazil voting for that office, to avoid influencing those still voting. Due to time zones in Brazil, in previous years the vote count for president (the only one that combines votes from more than one state) could only start being published after voting ended in UTC−05:00, two hours after it had ended for the vast majority of the population in UTC−03:00. To avoid this undesirable wait, the Superior Electoral Court ordered for 2022 that voting stations were to operate at the same time in the whole country, regardless of their time zone: 9:00 to 18:00 UTC−02:00, 8:00 to 17:00 UTC−03:00, 7:00 to 16:00 UTC−04:00, and 6:00 to 15:00 UTC−05:00.[40] Politicians from the state of Acre (UTC−05:00) filed a legal complaint against this order due to the unreasonably early start of voting preparations in their local time; the complaint was dismissed by the Supreme Federal Court.[41] The unified voting time does not apply to voting stations for citizens abroad, which still operate from 8:00 to 17:00 local time, even though some of them end up to four hours after UTC−03:00.[42][43] The same is expected to remain for 2026.
The following notable individuals have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacy or have declared their interest, but have been declared ineligible by the Superior Electoral Court.
Liberal Party
Jair Bolsonaro, President of Brazil (2019–2023), member of the Chamber of Deputies (1991–2018), councillor of Rio De Janeiro (1989–1991).[67][68]
^"Direito/Obrigatoriedade do Voto" [Right/obligation to vote] (in Portuguese). Regional Electoral Court of Rio de Janeiro. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^"Perguntas e respostas" [Questions and answers] (in Portuguese). Regional Electoral Court of São Paulo. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^"Electoral fine" (in Portuguese). Regional Electoral Court of Rio de Janeiro. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021.
^"Saiba mais sobre as eleições brasileiras no exterior" [Know more about Brazilian elections abroad] (in Portuguese). Regional Electoral Court of the Federal District. 27 September 2022. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^"Auditoria e fiscalização" [Audit and inspection] (in Portuguese). Electoral Justice. Archived from the original on 6 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^"Urna eletrônica" [Electronic voting machine] (in Portuguese). Electoral Justice. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^"Voto no exterior" [Vote abroad] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil. 27 September 2022. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
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