Penarikan negara adidaya

Penarikan negara adidaya adalah opsi kebijakan luar negeri yang diambil oleh negara adidaya atau penguasa super untuk mengurangi campur tangan (intervensi) di suatu wilayah. Penarikan ini bisa terjadi secara multilateral antara beberapa penguasa super atau penguasa regional, atau secara bilateral antara dua penguasa super, atau unilateral. Penarikan ini juga bisa berarti berakhirnya intervensi langsung atau taklangsung. Contohnya, penguasa super berhenti mendukung satu pihak dalam perang proksi agar konflik besar dikembalikan menjadi konflik daerah. Penarikan dapat menciptakan batasan antara negara-negara adidaya yang berpotensi mencegah konflik atau mengurangi intensitas konflik.

Istilah ini mengacu kepada berbagai usulan kebijakan pada masa Perang Dingin yang bermaksud meredam ketegangan antara Uni Soviet dan Amerika Serikat. Alasannya, konflik penguasa super meningkatkan risiko perang nuklir. Contoh penarikan sepihak terjadi ketika Josef Stalin memutuskan mencabut dukungan Soviet untuk gerilyawan komunis di Yunani pada Perang Saudara Yunani dan ketika Richard Nixon menarik tentara AS dari Vietnam pada awal 1970-an.

Contoh peristiwa penting lain yang bisa disebut sebagai penarikan adalah ketika pasukan Soviet dan AS berhadapan langsung di Jerman dan Austria. Perjanjian Negara Austria merupakan contoh penarikan negara adidaya multilateral resmi yang menjadikan Austria negara netral sepanjang Perang Dingin; Austria tidak bergabung dengan Pakta Warsawa, NATO, dan Masyarakat Ekonomi Eropa. Nota Stalin tahun 1952 mungkin merupakan rencana penarikan negara adidaya dari Jerman yang paling kontroversial.

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