诗学

诗学》(希腊语Περὶ ποιητικῆς, 拉丁語De Poetica;[1] c. 335 BCE[2]),又譯《论诗》,古希腊哲学家亚里士多德的著作。《诗学》是西方文明第一部系统的美学和艺术理论作品,为西方文论奠定了基础。[3]

“诗”的英文字是"poetry",是來自古希腊文的"ποιέω" (poiéō),意思是“創造、制作”;所以《诗学》說的“诗”是所有古希臘人的文字艺术。《诗学》主要谈及悲剧喜劇、和史诗。現在衹有第一卷(討論悲剧和史诗)流傳下來;討論喜劇的第二卷不幸地失傳[4]。學者認爲 Tractatus coislinianus是诗学第二卷的概要[4]。 現存的第一卷有26章,主要考究悲剧史诗[5], 有六分说、五分说、三分说3个分法。

亞里士多德考究藝術后,對藝術作出以下的 "基本原則":

  1. 艺术的本质是模仿,即反映现实。[3]
  2. 藝術的類型决定现实是如何在詩中反映.

诗学》有很久的時間失傳;在中世紀和文藝復興時代,學者衹有一從伊本·魯世德的阿拉伯本翻譯的拉丁本。[6] 雖然亞里士多德的“詩學”在西方文學研究的重要性是舉世公認的,每一個細節都引起了不同學者的意見.[7]

分说

诗学》有六分说、五分说、三分说3个分法。五分说[8]把《诗学》分爲:

  1. 以悲劇、喜劇、薩堤爾劇、抒情詩和史詩來初步論述反映现实的詩
  2. 悲劇的定義,分析,和編寫規則
  3. 史詩的定義,分析,和編寫規則
  4. 應對悲劇和史詩的批判
  5. 比較悲劇和史詩,和講解為什麼悲劇優於史詩

内容

不同诗的類型

根据亞里士多德的考究,悲劇、喜劇、薩堤爾劇、抒情詩和史詩均是反映现实,但因其三點分爲不同的類型:

  • 結構 (matter)
對亞里士多德來說, 用詞,節奏(规律性的重复)、韻律(节奏的变化)、和聲和旋律是詩的結構元素。史詩衹用用詞和節奏, 但抒情詩加上韻律和旋律,而悲劇則加用一隊合唱团,包含所有五個元素。
  • 角色 (subjects)
亞里士多德用诗中角色的人格來區分悲劇和喜劇. 悲劇中的角色是严肃、重要和有德行的,而喜劇的角色是缺德、有缺點和怪癖的。[9]在這裏,亞里士多德提出“角色三分法”(tripartite division of characters),把角色分爲比觀眾更有德(βελτίονας)、比觀眾更缺德(χείρονας)、和比觀眾的德行一樣的(τοιούτους)。[10][11][12]
  • 敘述方法 (method)
對亞里士多德來說,敘述是“模仿”角色的方法,即反映、描寫角色。其一的敘述方法使用第一或第三敘述者。其二則是偶爾用敘述,大部分時間是角色發言、對話,如荷馬的史詩。其三的方法是只用演員/角色發言、對話,最多是用代表群眾/僕人們的合唱团來敘述和評論。悲劇、喜劇、和薩堤爾劇是用第三敘述方法.

大體考究過“詩”后, 亞里士多德對悲劇的認識是:

悲剧是对于一个严肃、完整、有一定长度的行动的模仿。它的用詞應該是"美化的講話"-就是有節奏、韻律、和旋律的講話,也就是歌曲。而每一元素該分開使用,有一部分衹用講話,而另一部分衹用歌曲。而這些行动的模仿該用演戲而不是用講述,製造出可憐和恐懼來淨化人們的感情(Catharsis κάθαρσις katharsis)。(1449b25-30)/tranquility. He sees tragedy as a purification process. So that literature can achieve a social function that the audience experience a process of tranquility to release pressure and return to normal daily life. [13]

亞里士多德認為悲剧比史詩是更優越的藝術,因爲悲剧是包含史詩的元素,也可以用史詩的長短格六步页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)韻律,和是严肃的行动的模仿。 表演出的現實模仿,不管是讀出來或是演出來,是可以感動情感,製造出可憐和畏懼來淨化人們的感情,对社会道德起着良好的作用。通過思慮悲剧的可憐和畏懼,觀眾也能從這兩個情感得到愉悅的美學。悲剧是基於因果、世間的基本秩序,所以是是理性的藝術。悲剧比史詩精簡、更多統一性,所以也更容易娛樂別人。

悲剧的元素

悲剧本身有六個元素:亞里士多德是這樣跟這些元素的重要性,從最重要到最不重要來排名:

情節應該是理性、遵循邏輯,有因才有果。
角色的堕落應該是由於他的一時錯誤 (hamartia),不該是必然會發生的事。這是因爲一時的錯誤才能感動觀眾的。主角的錯誤可以是知情下犯,或不知情下犯。角色們是情節的支柱,因爲他們的動機會做出因果效應,製造出感人的情感。
角色的思想決定他的行動,他的发言;他的思想也说明他的人格和故事的背景。
角色如何說每一字、每一句;該反映角色的個性、人格、道德等。
  • 旋律 (melos)
合唱團也應被視為演員之一,是悲剧的主要戲分之一;該對悲剧一致作出貢獻和該分享其演出,是愉悅的美學之一.
戲劇奇觀是指影響視覺官感的道具,包括佈景,戲服,和道具。亞里士多德認為戲劇奇觀是最沒有藝術成分,因爲戲劇奇觀并不是劇作家的成果。他用的例子是:如果戲劇有美麗的戲服,但演戲、故事都很差,這意味著腳本有問題。 儘管用奇觀可以使戲劇收到很好的評論,這并不是好的。

评价

《诗学》是西方文明第一部系统的美学和艺术理论作品,为西方文论奠定了基础。[3]

書目

翻譯

《詩學》有諸多中文版本,主要譯者有:陈中梅郝久新罗念生[14][15]

評註

  • Martin Hose編,Aristoteles, ›Poetik‹: Einleitung, Text, Übersetzung und Kommentar,de Gruyter柏林2022版。

参考文献

  1. ^ Aristotelis Opera页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by August Immanuel Bekker (1837)
  2. ^ Dukore (1974, 31).
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 王石波; 易漱泉. 《简明外国文学教程》. 长沙市: 湖南师范大学出版社. 1986-02-01: 4–5. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Janko (1987, xxi).
  5. ^ Aristotle Poetics 1447a13 (1987, 1).
  6. ^ Habib, M.A.R. A History of Literary Criticism and Theory: From Plato to the Present. Wiley-Blackwell. 2005: 60. ISBN 0-631-23200-1. 
  7. ^ Carlson (1993, 16).
  8. ^ The Basic Works of Aristotle. Ed. Richard McKeon Modern Library (2001) - Poetics. Trans. Ingrid Bywater, pp. 1453-1487
  9. ^ Halliwell, Stephen. Aristotle's Poetics. 1986: 270. ISBN 0226313948. 
  10. ^ Sifakis, Gregory M. Aristotle on the Function of Tragic Poetry. Herakleion: Crete University Press. 2001: 50 [August 27, 2015]. ISBN 9605241323. (原始内容存档于2016-05-18). 
  11. ^ Aristotle, Poetics 1448a, English页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), original Greek页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  12. ^ Northrop Frye (1957) Anatomy of Criticism
  13. ^ Janko (1987, 7). In Butcher's translation, this passage reads: "Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play, in the form of action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper catharsis of these emotions."
  14. ^ 亚里士多德. 《诗学》. 北京市: 商务印书馆. 1996. ISBN 978-7-100-02771-7. 
  15. ^ 亚里士多德; 贺拉斯. 《诗学·诗艺》. 北京市: 中国社会科学出版社. 2009-12-01. ISBN 9787500482840. 

來源

Editions – commentaries – translations
  • Aristotle's Treatise On Poetry, transl. with notes by Th. Twining, I-II, London 21812
  • Aristotelis De arte poetica liber, tertiis curis recognovit et adnotatione critica auxit I. Vahlen, Lipsiae 31885
  • Aristotle on the Art of Poetry. A revised Text with Critical Introduction, Translation and Commentary by I. Bywater, Oxford 1909
  • Aristoteles: Περὶ ποιητικῆς, mit Einleitung, Text und adnotatio critica, exegetischem Kommentar [...] von A. Gudeman, Berlin/Leipzig 1934
  • Ἀριστοτέλους Περὶ ποιητικῆς, μετάφρασις ὑπὸ Σ. Μενάρδου, Εἰσαγωγή, κείμενον καὶ ἑρμηνεία ὑπὸ Ἰ. Συκουτρῆ, (Ἀκαδ. Ἀθηνῶν, Ἑλληνική Βιβλιοθήκη 2) Ἀθῆναι 1937
  • Aristotele: Poetica, introduzione, testo e commento di A. Rostagni, Torino 21945
  • Aristotle’s Poetics: The Argument, by G. F. Else, Harvard 1957
  • Aristotelis De arte poetica liber, recognovit brevique adnotatione critica instruxit R. Kassel, Oxonii 1965
  • Aristotle: Poetics, Introduction, Commentary and Appendixes by D. W. Lucas, Oxford 1968
  • Aristotle: Poetics, with Tractatus Coislinianus, reconstruction of Poetics II, and the Fragments of the On the Poets, transl. by R. Janko, Indianapolis/Cambridge 1987
  • Aristotle: Poetics, edited and translated by St. Halliwell, (Loeb Classical Library), Harvard 1995
  • Aristotle: Poetics, translated with an introduction and notes by M. Heath, (Penguin) London 1996
  • Aristoteles: Poetik, (Werke in deutscher Übersetzung 5) übers. von A. Schmitt, Darmstadt 2008
  • Aristotle: Poetics, editio maior of the Greek text with historical introductions and philological commentaries by L. Tarán and D. Goutas, (Mnemosyne Supplements 338) Leiden/Boston 2012
Further reading
  • Belfiore, Elizabeth, S., Tragic Pleasures: Aristotle on Plot and Emotion. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton UP (1992). ISBN 0-691-06899-2
  • Bremer, J.M., Hamartia: Tragic Error in the Poetics of Aristotle and the Greek Tragedy, Amsterdam 1969
  • Butcher, Samuel H., Aristotle’s Theory of Poetry and Fine Art, New York 41911
  • Carroll, M., Aristotle’s Poetics, c. xxv, Ιn the Light of the Homeric Scholia, Baltimore 1895
  • Cave, Terence, Recognitions. A Study in Poetics, Oxford 1988
  • Carlson, Marvin, Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the Present. Expanded ed. Ithaca and London: Cornell UP (1993). ISBN 978-0-8014-8154-3.
  • Dukore, Bernard F., Dramatic Theory and Criticism: Greeks to Grotowski. Florence, KY: Heinle & Heinle (1974). ISBN 0-03-091152-4
  • Downing, E., “oἷον ψυχή: Αn Εssay on Aristotle’s muthos”, Classical Antiquity 3 (1984) 164-78
  • Else, Gerald F., Plato and Aristotle on Poetry, Chapel Hill/London 1986
  • Heath, Malcolm, "Aristotelian Comedy", Classical Quarterly 39 (1989) 344-54
  • Heath, Malcolm, "The Universality of Poetry in Aristotle’s Poetics", Classical Quarterly 41 (1999) 389-402
  • Heath, Malcolm, "Cognition in Aristotle’s Poetics", Mnemosyne 62 (2009) 51-75
  • Halliwell, Stephen, Aristotle’s Poetics, Chapel Hill 1986.
  • Halliwell, Stephen, The Aesthetics of Mimesis. Ancient Texts and Modern Problems, Princeton/Oxford 2002.
  • Hardison, O. B., Jr., "Averroes", in Medieval Literary Criticism: Translations and Interpretations. New York: Ungar (1987), 81-88.
  • Hiltunen, Ari, Aristotle in Hollywood. Intellect (2001). ISBN 1-84150-060-7.
  • Ηöffe, O. (ed.), Aristoteles: Poetik, (Klassiker auslegen, Band 38) Berlin 2009
  • Janko, R., Aristotle on Comedy, London 1984
  • Jones, John, On Aristotle and Greek Tragedy, London 1971
  • Lanza, D. (ed.), La poetica di Aristotele e la sua storia, Pisa 2002
  • Leonhardt, J., Phalloslied und Dithyrambos. Aristoteles über den Ursprung des griechischen Dramas. Heidelberg 1991
  • Lienhard, K., Entstehung und Geschichte von Aristoteles ‘Poetik’, Zürich 1950
  • Lord, C., “Aristotle’s History of Poetry”, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 104 (1974) 195-228
  • Lucas, F. L., Tragedy: Serious Drama in Relation to Aristotle's “Poetics”. London: Hogarth (1957). New York: Collier. ISBN 0-389-20141-3. London: Chatto. ISBN 0-7011-1635-8
  • Luserke, M. (ed.), Die aristotelische Katharsis. Dokumente ihrer Deutung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, Hildesheim/Zürich/N. York 1991
  • Morpurgo- Tagliabue, G., Linguistica e stilistica di Aristotele, Rome 1967
  • Rorty, Amélie Oksenberg (ed.), Essays on Aristotle’s Poetics, Princeton 1992
  • Schütrumpf, E., “Traditional Elements in the Concept of Hamartia in Aristotle’s Poetics”, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 92 (1989) 137-56
  • Sen, R. K., Mimesis, Calcutta: Syamaprasad College, 2001
  • Sen, R. K., Aesthetic Enjoyment: Its Background in Philosophy and Medicine, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1966
  • Sifakis, Gr. M., Aristotle on the Function of Tragic Poetry, Heraklion 2001. ISBN 960-524-132-3
  • Söffing, W., Deskriptive und normative Bestimmungen in der Poetik des Aristoteles, Amsterdam 1981
  • Sörbom, G., Mimesis and Art, Uppsala 1966
  • Solmsen, F., "The Origins and Methods of Aristotle’s Poetics", Classical Quarterly 29 (1935) 192-201
  • Tsitsiridis, S., "Mimesis and Understanding. An Interpretation of Aristotle’s Poetics 4.1448b4-19", Classical Quarterly 55 (2005) 435-46
  • Vahlen, Johannes, Beiträge zu Aristoteles’ Poetik, Leipzig/Berlin 1914
  • Vöhler, M. – Seidensticker B. (edd.), Katharsiskonzeptionen vor Aristoteles: zum kulturellen Hintergrund des Tragödiensatzes, Berlin 2007

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Sebastian StahlStahl in 2006Kebangsaan JermanLahir20 September 1978 (umur 45)Bonn, JermanPensiun2014Terkait denganMichael Schumacher (saudara tiri)Ralf Schumacher (saudara tiri)Corinna Schumacher (stepsister-in-law)Mick Schumacher (keponakan tiri)SEAT León EurocupTahun aktif2014TimSEATStart2Menang0Pole0Ajang sebelumnya20112007–20082005–062004–20052002–2003Eurocup Mégane TrophyMini Challenge GermanyA1 Grand PrixSEAT León Supercopa GermanyAlfa 147 Cup GermanyGelar juara2004SEAT ...

Japanese professional wrestler Susumu YokosukaYosuka in November 2017Born (1978-02-18) February 18, 1978 (age 45)Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture, JapanProfessional wrestling careerRing name(s)Susumu YokosukaSusumu MochizukiBxB SusumuJimmy Susumu[1]Sumo Susumu[2]Billed height1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)Billed weight77 kg (170 lb)Trained byÚltimo DragónDos CarasDebutNovember 22, 1998 Susumu Mochizuki (望月享, Mochizuki Susumu, born February 18, 1978), bett...

Athletic teams representing Auburn University For the athletic teams of Auburn High School in Alabama, see Auburn High School Tigers. For the Australian rules football club, see Auburn Tigers Australian Football Club. Auburn TigersUniversityAuburn UniversityConferenceSoutheastern ConferenceNCAADivision I (FBS)Athletic directorJohn CohenLocationAuburn, AlabamaVarsity teams20Football stadiumJordan-Hare StadiumBasketball arenaNeville ArenaBaseball stadiumPlainsman ParkSoftball stadiumJane B. Moo...

King of England in 1016 For other uses, see Edmund Ironside (disambiguation). Edmund IronsideEdmund in the early 14th-century Genealogical Roll of the Kings of EnglandKing of the EnglishReign23 April – 30 November 1016PredecessorÆthelred the Unready[1]SuccessorCnut[1]Bornc. 990[1]EnglandDied30 November 1016 (aged 25–26)[1]Oxford or London, EnglandBurialGlastonbury AbbeySpouseEaldgythIssueEdward the ExileEdmund ÆthelingHouseWessexFather�...