There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[8] The Greek text is probably derived from the work of Aquila of Sinope or his followers.[3]
Weeks and Eaton see verses 1–8 as a continuation of chapter 11.[5][9] Verses 9–14 constitute an epilogue to the whole book.[9]
The urgency of decision (12:1–8)
This part reminds the people to look not only to the life of joy but also to its Creator.[5] Verses 2–7 are considered to contain metaphorical and picturesque descriptions of the physical degeneration accompanying old age,[9] until the end of life, depicted as the end of the world,[10] all in one Hebrew sentence (verses 1–7).[5] There is a Sumerian poem applying the same style to the same topic.[9]
Verse 1
Remember also your Creator in the days of your youth, before the evil days come and the years draw near of which you will say, "I have no pleasure in them";[11]
Vanity of vanities, saith the preacher; all is vanity.[14]
This verse and Ecclesiastes 1:2 with the same words form an inclusio, together framing the body of the book.[10]
Epilogue (12:9–14)
Latin quotation of Ecclesiastes 12:12 above the entrance: "You'll find no end in making books". Herrenchiemsee Abbey (Upper Bavaria). Library hall (1738).
This section provides an assessment and apology for Qoheleth and the book.[10] The final admonition:
13 Fear God and keep His commandments, For this is man's all. 14 For God will bring every work into judgment, Including every secret thing, Whether good or evil [15]
points to the conclusion in a formula establishing authority of the text,[10] that one should fear God and obey God's commandments, as there will be judgment.[16]
