English Standard Version

"ESV" redirects here. For other uses, see ESV (disambiguation).

English Standard Version
Image of an ESV Pew Bible
ESV Pew Bible (hardcover, black)
AbbreviationESV
Complete Bible
published		2001
Derived fromRevised Standard Version (2nd ed., 1971)
Textual basis
Translation typeFormal equivalence[8]
Reading levelEighth grade[9]
Version revision2007, 2011, 2016[b]
PublisherCrossway
CopyrightThe Holy Bible, English Standard Version® (ESV®)

© 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. All rights reserved. The ESV text may not be quoted in any publication made available to the public by a Creative Commons license. The ESV may not be translated in whole or in part into any other language.

ESV Text Edition: 2016
Copies printed300,000,000[11]
Religious affiliationEvangelical[8]
Websitewww.esv.org
Genesis 1:1–3
In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters. And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.
John 3:16
"For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life.
The Bible in English
Main category: Bible translations into English
Bible portal

The English Standard Version (ESV) is a translation of the Bible in contemporary English. Published in 2001 by Crossway, the ESV was "created by a team of more than 100 leading evangelical scholars and pastors."[12][13][14][15][16] The ESV relies on recently published critical editions of the original Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts.[1][2]

Crossway says that the ESV continues a legacy of precision and faithfulness in translating the original text into English.[c] It describes the ESV as a translation that adheres to an "essentially literal" translation philosophy, taking into account "differences in grammar, syntax, and idiom between current literary English and the original languages."[17] It also describes the ESV as a translation that "emphasizes 'word-for-word' accuracy, literary excellence, and depth of meaning."[12]

Since its official publication, the ESV has received endorsement from numerous evangelical pastors and theologians, including John Piper and R. C. Sproul.[18]

History

Pre-publication

During the early 1990s, Crossway president Lane T. Dennis engaged in discussions with various Christian scholars and pastors regarding the need for a new literal translation of the Bible.[19] In 1997,[20] Dennis contacted the National Council of Churches (NCC) and proceeded to enter negotiations, alongside Trinity Evangelical Divinity School professor Wayne Grudem, to obtain rights to use the 1971 text edition of the Revised Standard Version (RSV) as the starting point for a new translation.[21] In September 1998, an agreement was reached with the NCC for Crossway to use and modify the 1971 RSV text, thereby enabling the creation of a new translation.[21] Crossway moved forward from this position by forming a translation committee and initiating work on the English Standard Version. Crossway officially published the ESV in September 2001.[22] The first ESV print edition to be released was the ESV Classic Reference Bible.[23]

In 1999, World reported of "feminists" noticing links between Crossway and the Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood (CBMW).[21] Members of the CBMW had earlier been involved in criticizing plans made by Zondervan's New International Version (NIV) translation committee[d] to publish a gender-neutral edition of the NIV.[25] Grudem, who was president of the CBMW at the time, responded by stating, "This [translation] is not a CBMW project."[21]

Translation Oversight Committee

Chaired by Dennis, the fourteen-member Translation Oversight Committee was aided by more than fifty biblical experts serving as review scholars.[15] The translation committee also received input from the Advisory Council, having more than fifty members.[16] J. I. Packer served as general editor of the translation,[26] and Leland Ryken served as literary stylist.[27] Grudem states that the NET Bible study notes were one resource that the translation committee consulted during the translation process.[28] He also states that the translation committee meets approximately every 5–7 years to consider text revisions.[29]

The original translation committee featured the following notable individuals:[30]

  • Wayne A. Grudem (Research Professor, Theology and Biblical Studies, Phoenix Seminary)
  • William D. Mounce (Professor of New Testament, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary)
  • J. I. Packer (Board of Governors Professor of Theology, Regent College, Vancouver, Canada)
  • Vern Sheridan Poythress (Professor of New Testament Interpretation, Westminster Theological Seminary; Editor, Westminster Theological Journal)
  • Gordon Wenham (Old Testament Tutor at Trinity College, Bristol; Emeritus Professor of Old Testament, University of Gloucestershire)

By 2011, Robert H. Mounce and William (Bill) Mounce had become emeritus members.[31] Having served as the ESV New Testament Chair, Bill Mounce's role was assigned to Vern Poythress.[14] Writing on his personal blog in 2009, Mounce described his relationship to the ESV, having accepted a position on the NIV translation committee:

Many of you know that I was the New Testament Chair of the ESV translation. This project has consumed thousands of hours, most of them enjoyable. I am happy with the ESV. ... I learned so much on the ESV, things I have never taught in any Greek class at any level. ... Here is my concern. I don't want anyone to think that I am unhappy with the ESV or that I am "jumping ship." I am not. I thoroughly enjoy reading and studying from the ESV. But if you have been reading this blog very long, you will know that I strongly believe in different translation philosophies, that there is not a "one-size-fits-all," and that the translator's responsibility is to be consistent with that stated philosophy. ... I am excited about being able to get back into translation work, but please do not read this as a reaction to the ESV. To do so would be wrong.[32]

By late 2023, Paul R. House, J. I. Packer,[e] Leland Ryken, Gordon Wenham, and Bruce Winter had retired from the translation committee. In addition, the following individuals had joined by this time:[14]

  • Josh Dennis (CEO and President, Crossway)
  • Dane Ortlund (Senior Pastor, Naperville Presbyterian Church)
  • Jon Dennis (Senior Pastor, Holy Trinity Church in Chicago)
  • Justin Taylor (Book Publisher, Crossway)
  • Don Jones (Chief Publishing Officer, Bible Publisher, Crossway)
  • Douglas O'Donnell (Senior Vice President of Bible Publishing, Crossway)
  • Kevin DeYoung (Senior Pastor, Christ Covenant Church)

Post-publication

In 2008, Crossway published the ESV Study Bible, which would go on to sell more than one million copies.[33] In 2009, the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association (ECPA) named the ESV Study Bible as Christian Book of the Year. This was the first time in the award's 30-year history to be given to a study Bible.[34] By September 2024, the ESV Study Bible had sold more than 2.5 million copies.[35]

ESV New Classic Reference Bible (Commemorative Edition; top grain leather)

In 2011, Crossway published a special limited edition ESV New Classic Reference Bible to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the King James Version (KJV) first being published.[36] Having a foreword by Leland Ryken, it features a selection of artwork created by Makoto Fujimura for The Four Holy Gospels,[37] a separate edition produced to match the size of the original KJV printing.[f]

According to Crossway, the total number of printed ESV Bibles that have been distributed since 2001 are as follows:[26][38][11]

  • 2015: 100 million
  • 2021: 250 million
  • 2023: 290 million
  • 2024: 300 million

In October 2024, the ESV was the number one selling Bible translation on the ECPA Bible Translations Bestsellers monthly chart.[39] This was the first time the ESV had reached number one in the chart's history (which began in December 2011),[40] and the first time the NIV had lost its number one spot in five years.[41]

Debate surrounding translation philosophy

At the 2008 annual meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society, Mark L. Strauss presented a paper titled "Why the English Standard Version should not become the Standard English Version: How to make a good translation much better." In the paper, Strauss criticizes the ESV for using dated language, among other perceived issues, such as using gender-neutral language inconsistently in translation.[42] ESV translator Bill Mounce responded to Strauss's criticism:

While the content of the paper was helpful, I am afraid that it only increased the gap between the two "sides" of the [translation philosophy] debate. ... He kept saying that the ESV has "missed" or "not considered" certain translational issues. While I am sure they were not intentional, these are emotionally charged words that do not help in the debate. They are in essence ad hominem arguments focusing on our competence (or perceived lack thereof) and not on the facts. He was not in the translation meetings and does not know if we in fact did miss or did not consider these issues. ... The solution to this debate is to recognize that there are different translation philosophies, different goals and means by which to reach those goals, and the goal of the translator is to be consistent in achieving those goals. In all but one of his examples, our translation was the one required by our translation philosophy.[43]

Strauss invited Mounce to engage further through participation at the following annual meeting. In 2009, Mounce presented his formal response paper titled "Can the ESV and TNIV Co-Exist in the Same Universe?" In the paper, Mounce describes various points regarding his view of the need for both formal and functional translations.[44]

In October 2019, University of Oklahoma sociology professor Samuel L. Perry published a journal article titled "The Bible as a Product of Cultural Power: The Case of Gender Ideology in the English Standard Version." In the article, Perry attempts to demonstrate "how a more critical approach toward 'the Bible' can provide richer, more sophisticated sociological analyses of power and cultural reproduction within Christian traditions." Perry argues that Crossway's ESV translation committee made "intentional, systematic changes" into the ESV for the purpose of being able to "publish and mass-market a text more amenable to conservative, complementarian interpretations." Perry further argues that the ESV translation committee "have engaged in more covert means of cultural reproduction, not only disseminating their interpretation of the biblical text, but manipulating the text itself."[45] The ESV Study Bible often details in its study notes why a complementarian interpretation of the original text may have been rendered in translation.[g]

In 2020, the Ireland-based Association of Catholic Priests, an independent and voluntary association of Catholic clergy, criticized the ESV for its position on the use of gender-neutral language, perceiving the use of terms such as "mankind" and "brothers" to be "out of sync with modern usage [and] culturally regarded as diminishing and disrespectful of women."[47][h]

In June 2021, Samuel L. Perry published a journal article titled "Whitewashing Evangelical Scripture: The Case of Slavery and Antisemitism in the English Standard Version." In the article, Perry attempts to demonstrate how "the ESV editors, while modifying certain RSV renderings to establish transitivity for their text among complementarian/biblicist Christians, sought to establish intransitivity between the text and more pejorative social interpretations by progressively re-translating lexically ambiguous terms and introducing footnotes to obviate the Bible's ostensible promotion of slavery and antisemitism."[48] In turn, Perry was interviewed by Salon regarding the content of the article.[49] Boyce College Professor of Biblical Studies Denny Burk points out that Perry makes "a significant error" in referring to Grudem as the general editor of the ESV.[50][i] In July 2021, Bible Study Magazine editor Mark Ward published an article to his personal blog in response:

Perry raises very important questions about Bible interpretation, and about the proper translation of fought-over words like "slave" and "Jew." ... So I carefully read not only the Salon interview but also the scholarly article in the Journal of the American Academy of Religion which gave rise to it. ... They [both] carry the same basic message. And that message is full of frankly cynical, acidic ideas about Bible study ... The first step in interpretation should be transitivity. You should try to fit what you read in the Bible in with your existing tradition. That's simple hermeneutical humility—as long as it's paired with a sincere desire to hold one's tradition up to the light of Scripture. ... I can be grateful to Perry for some sharp observations, even some warning shots, while still insisting that any view that muzzles God, that severs the link between his intentions and his words, is rebellion. ... To offer "establishing transitivity with existing views" as a wholly sufficient view of evangelical Bible use is to take a small truth and make it the whole truth. It is to say to God, "We can't hear you because other people are talking."[52]

One Million Bibles Initiative

In November 2022, Crossway began an effort to fund and distribute 1 million ESV Bibles throughout English-speaking regions in the Global South, with a primary focus on Africa and Asia. Having been designed on a funding model where Bibles produced at cost are either donated or strategically subsidized, the project was initiated to resource Christians and pastors in low-income communities with study Bibles and various other editions, aiming to prevent "biblical illiteracy, spiritual malnourishment, and the transmission of false teaching run rampant."[53][54]

Crossway claims that its ministry partners were in the process of distributing more than 435,000 Bibles by the end of 2023.[55]

Literary attributes

ESV Classic Pew and Worship Bible (2002 corrected ed.)[j]

Relationship to the Revised Standard Version

The ESV is derived from the 1971 text edition of the Revised Standard Version.[19][45][57] ESV translation committee member Wayne Grudem claims that approximately eight percent (or about 60,000 words) of the 1971 RSV text being used for the ESV was revised as of first publication in 2001. Grudem states that the committee removed "every trace of liberal influence that had caused such criticism from evangelicals when the RSV was first published in 1952."[k] Although, Grudem also states that much of the 1971 RSV text left unchanged by the committee "is simply 'the best of the best' of the KJV tradition."[22]

Style

Theologian Tim Challies has praised the ESV for its commitment to literary excellence:

... the book that has most shaped my writing is the Bible—the ESV. Not only is this the book I've read most over the years, but it's also the book I've studied the closest, and memorized most substantially. And then, of all the books I've read, it's one of the finest in its literary quality. ... One thing I've always loved about the ESV is its superior use of the English language. Any translation involves a trade-off between precision and readability so that the most-literal translations also tend to be the least-readable. Though the ESV is a precise Bible, its translators chose to place a premium on literary excellence. ... They succeeded well, and the Bible they translated is beautiful to read—far more than any of its contemporaries.[58]

Crossway claims that the ESV "retains theological terminology—words such as grace, faith, justification, sanctification, redemption, regeneration, reconciliation, propitiation—because of their central importance for Christian doctrine and also because the underlying Greek words were already becoming key words and technical terms among Christians in New Testament times." It also claims that the ESV lets the distinct writing styles of the various biblical writers come through the translated text.[17]

Position on gender-neutral language

The ESV translation committee states that "the goal of the ESV is to render literally what is in the original."[17] The committee expands on this position in claiming that, although the ESV avoids using gender-neutral language (for the purpose of preserving contextual meaning found in the original text), the translation does utilize gender-neutral language in specific cases.[59] The committee further states that its objective was "transparency to the original text, allowing the reader to understand the original on its own terms rather than in the terms of our present-day Western culture."

Revisions and other editions

ESV Pew and Worship Bibles (2002–2016)[l]

2002 text correction

In 2002, Crossway published an unannounced revision to the original 2001 text to make several corrections, these being in areas where it was believed "that a mistake had been made in translation." This includes a revision in Romans 3:9, changing "under the power of sin" to "under sin."[10]

Anglicized edition

In 2002, Collins published the English Standard Version: Anglicized Edition in the United Kingdom.[60] It is abbreviated as ESVUK.[61]

2007 text edition

Crossway published a revision of the ESV text in 2007 as "ESV Text Edition: 2007." The revision makes minor changes to the 2002 corrected edition.[62]

Oxford Apocrypha edition

In 2009, Oxford University Press published the English Standard Version Bible with Apocrypha. This edition includes the Apocrypha, placed at the back of the Bible, intended for "denominations that use those books in liturgical readings and for students who need them for historical purposes."[3]

2011 text edition

Crossway published a revision of the ESV text in 2011 as "ESV Text Edition: 2011." The revision changes fewer than 500 words in total throughout 275 verses from the 2007 text. The changes were made in each case to "correct grammar, improve consistency, or increase precision in meaning."[63] A notable revision was made in Isaiah 53:5, changing "wounded for our transgressions" to "pierced for our transgressions" in the revised text.[64] In addition, the ESV translation committee decided to modify the use of the word "slave" (being the Greek word doulos) on a case by case basis throughout the New Testament, being retranslated to either "bondservant" or "servant" to disambiguate the context of the situation.[65][66]

Gideons edition

In 2013, Gideons International permanently transitioned from the New King James Version to the ESV as their translation of choice for free of charge distribution Bibles. In addition to being granted licensing for the ESV text (for the purpose of distribution), Crossway gave Gideons International permission to modify the text to use alternative readings based on the Textus Receptus. The Gideons edition uses more than 50 alternative readings.[67]

2016 text edition

Crossway published a revision of the ESV text in 2016 as the "ESV Permanent Text Edition (2016)." The revision changes 52 words in total throughout 29 verses from the 2011 text.[68] In addition, it also features an update of the textual basis for both the Old Testament and New Testament.[m] A notable revision was made in Genesis 3:16 to use a complementarian interpretation of the original text: switching "shall be toward" with "shall be contrary to" in the revised text.[69][70] The previous rendering can be found in the footnotes[71] (excluding any editions that specifically do not have footnotes, such as the ESV Reader's Bible).[72] The ESV Study Bible details in its study notes the revised interpretation in relation to a parallel understanding of 3:16 with both 4:7 (which shares the Hebrew word teshuqah; this verse having also been updated in the 2016 text) and Ephesians 5:21–32.[46]

Coinciding with the release of the revision, Crossway announced that "the text of the ESV Bible will remain unchanged in all future editions printed and published by Crossway."[68] However, in a statement from Lane T. Dennis the following month, the new policy was abandoned "to allow for ongoing periodic updating of the text to reflect the realities of biblical scholarship such as textual discoveries or changes in English over time."[19][73] In the statement, Dennis responded to public discourse surrounding the policy: "We have become convinced that this decision was a mistake. We apologize for this and for any concern this has caused for readers of the ESV."[74] The revision was subsequently republished as "ESV Text Edition: 2016."

Catholic edition

In 2018, the Conference of Catholic Bishops of India published the ESV Catholic Edition (ESV-CE), which includes the deuterocanonical books in Catholic canonical order.[75] With permission from Crossway, a team of Catholic scholars reviewed the text of the ESV in light of the Vatican's translation principles as set forth in Liturgiam authenticam, making approved modifications where needed to adhere to Catholic teaching.[76][77][n]

In 2019, the Augustine Institute published the ESV-CE in North America as The Augustine Bible.[78][79] In October 2021, following these developments, the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge published its own version of the ESV-CE, newly typeset and with anglicized spelling, in multiple formats.[80]

In April 2020, the Catholic Church in India adopted a new English lectionary that uses the ESV-CE as its Bible text (excluding the book of Psalms, where the Grail Psalms translation is used instead).[81] In July 2020, the Bishops' Conference of Scotland approved the development of a new lectionary using the ESV-CE text. This was followed by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales receiving the first volume of a new lectionary using the ESV-CE text in November 2020 (which had earlier been approved for development in November 2018). The new lectionary will be fully introduced during Advent 2024,[82] although a revised version of the Grail Psalms, the Abbey Psalms and Canticles, will continue to be used.[83]

Anglican edition

After the publication of the 2009 Oxford University Press Apocrypha edition, the Apocrypha text "was subsequently reviewed and approved by members of the ESV Translation Oversight Committee in 2017, including the special cases of Tobit and Esther (with Greek Additions)."[5] In 2019, Anglican Liturgy Press published the ESV with Apocrypha.[4][84] Like the Oxford edition, it places the Apocrypha at the back of the Bible. It was rereleased in 2023 as a bonded leather hardcover edition.[85][86]

Future text edition

In May 2024, Grudem mentioned that the ESV translation committee was planning to meet in Wheaton, Illinois, in July 2024 to consider approximately 120 suggested changes to the ESV text. He estimated that the committee would approve around 30 to 40 of these suggestions, including "little tweaks to the wording [that] make it consistent with where we've translated the same phrase elsewhere."[29]

Use

Audio Bibles

ESV Listener's Bible New Testament CDs (Max McLean)

In August 2003, Crossway released its first audio Bible, being the New Testament read by Marquis Laughlin.[87] Shortly after, the New York City-based Fellowship for Performing Arts released an ESV audio Bible read by Max McLean, having been produced by Liz Donato and recorded under a licensing agreement. The first format released was the New Testament as a set of 12 cassette tapes, having been published by Crossway on October 31, 2003, being the 486th anniversary of the Protestant Reformation.[88] A set of New Testament CDs was published the following month,[89] and the full audio Bible was published in 2004.[90] The full audio Bible was rereleased in May 2024.[91]

In 2008, Crossway released an audio Bible featuring the voice of David Cochran Heath. This was published on October 31, 2008, being the 491th anniversary of the Protestant Reformation.[92]

In late 2023, Crossway finished releasing six new audio Bibles, having been read by Conrad Mbewe, Kristyn Getty, Ray Ortlund, Jackie Hill Perry, Robert Smith Jr., and Michael Reeves.[93][94][o] The entire project took approximately 6,000 hours of production labor. Ortlund called his recording experience "the most exacting, precise, detailed, and demanding task I've performed since my doctoral work 40 years ago," in addition to being "immensely satisfying." Ortlund used The HarperCollins Bible Pronunciation Guide[96] as a linguistic aid during production.

Study Bibles

The ESV has been used as the Bible text for a number of study Bible editions, including but not limited to:

Liturgical

In August 2006,[107] the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod released the Lutheran Service Book (LSB), which uses the ESV as its primary Bible text. With permission from Crossway, the LSB occasionally uses an alternative reading of the ESV in accordance with its original translation principles.[108]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Apocrypha is not included in editions of the ESV published by Crossway. ESV editions licensed by Crossway that feature a translation of the Apocrypha can be found from various publishers. For example, the English Standard Version Bible with Apocrypha,[3] published by Oxford University Press in 2009, and the ESV with Apocrypha,[4] published by Anglican Liturgy Press in 2019 (which features Apocrypha text revisions made by Crossway in 2017).[5] The copyright for the ESV Apocrypha text is owned by Crossway.[6]
  2. ^ Crossway published an unannounced revision in 2002 to make several text corrections.[10]
  3. ^ This lineage follows the "classic mainstream" started by William Tyndale's New Testament, having been continued by "the King James Version of 1611 (KJV), the English Revised Version of 1885 (RV), the American Standard Version of 1901 (ASV), and the Revised Standard Version of 1952 and 1971 (RSV)."[17]
  4. ^ The NIV translation committee, officially called the Committee on Bible Translation (CBT), is described by Zondervan as "a self-governing body of 15 evangelical Bible scholars."[24]
  5. ^ Packer retired from ministry in 2016 due to eyesight deterioration.
  6. ^ The original printing of the King James Version measured 11 x 16 inches.
  7. ^ For example, the study notes detailing Genesis 3:16 (in the 2016 text edition; along with its relevance to 4:7), Romans 16:1 (also see note on 1 Tim. 3:11), Romans 16:7; and Ephesians 5:21–6:9 and Ephesians 5:21.[46]
  8. ^ See the section regarding gender-neutral language for Crossway's philosophy regarding the translation of gender terms.
  9. ^ J. I. Packer is the general editor of the ESV,[26] whereas Wayne Grudem is the general editor of the ESV Study Bible.[51]
  10. ^ The first hardcover, black edition of the ESV Pew and Worship Bible was published in December 2003.[56]
  11. ^ A few examples of reverted verses, being translated in accordance with the ESV's translation philosophy, are as follows: Isaiah 7:14 (now using "Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son"), Psalm 2:12 (now using "Kiss the Son"), and Psalm 45:6 (now using "Your throne, O God, is forever and ever"). The committee also decided to restore the theological term "propitiation" to the following verses: Romans 3:25, Hebrews 2:17; and 1 John 2:2 and 4:10.[22]
  12. ^ Left to right: 2002 corrected edition, 2007 text edition, 2011 text edition, 2016 Permanent Text edition, 2016 text edition.
  13. ^ All ESV editions up to 2011 used the 2nd edition (1983) of the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS) for the Old Testament, along with the 4th corrected edition of the UBS Greek New Testament (UBSGNT) and 27th edition (1993) of the Novum Testamentum Graece (NA) for the New Testament. The 2016 text edition updates the BHS to its 5th edition (1997), the UBSGNT to its 5th edition, and NA to its 28th edition.
  14. ^ The team of scholars who worked on the ESV-CE includes "Rev. Dr. Lucien Legrand, M.E.P.; Rev. Dr. Assisi Saldanha, C.Ss.R.; Rev. Dr. Govindu Rayanna; Rev. Dr. A. Alfred Joseph; Rev. Dr. David Stanly Kumar, Sr.; Rev. Dr. Prema Vakayil, C.S.S.T.; Rev. Dr. Shabu Joseph Thottumkal, S.D.B.; and Rev. Dr. Stanislas Savarimuthu."[76]
  15. ^ The first new audio Bible was Getty's, having been published in August 2021.[95]

References

  1. ^ a b "Preface to the English Standard Version". ESV.org. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2021. The ESV [Old Testament] is based on the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible as found in Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (5th ed., 1997) ... The currently renewed respect among Old Testament scholars for the Masoretic text is reflected in the ESV's attempt, wherever possible, to translate difficult Hebrew passages as they stand in the Masoretic text rather than resorting to emendations or to finding an alternative reading in the ancient versions. In exceptional, difficult cases, the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Septuagint, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Syriac Peshitta, the Latin Vulgate, and other sources were consulted to shed possible light on the text, or, if necessary, to support a divergence from the Masoretic text.
  2. ^ a b "Preface to the English Standard Version". ESV.org. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2021. [The ESV New Testament is based] on the Greek text in the 2014 editions of the Greek New Testament (5th corrected ed.), published by the United Bible Societies (UBS), and Novum Testamentum Graece (28th ed., 2012), edited by Nestle and Aland. ... in a few difficult cases in the New Testament, the ESV has followed a Greek text different from the text given preference in the UBS/Nestle-Aland 28th edition.
  3. ^ a b English Standard Version Bible with Apocrypha. New York: Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-1952-8910-7. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023.
  4. ^ a b ESV with Apocrypha. Huntington Beach, CA: Anglican Liturgy Press. 2019. ISBN 978-1-7323448-6-0.
  5. ^ a b "Preface to the Apocrypha", pp. 1047–1048, ESV with Apocrypha. Huntington Beach, CA: Anglican Liturgy Press. 2019. ISBN 978-1-7323448-6-0.
  6. ^ ESV with Apocrypha. Huntington Beach, CA: Anglican Liturgy Press. 2019. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-7323448-6-0.
  7. ^ "Preface to the Apocrypha". ESV with Apocrypha. Huntington Beach, CA: Anglican Liturgy Press. 2019. pp. 1047–1048. ISBN 978-1-7323448-6-0.
  8. ^ a b "Bible Translation Spectrum". Logos Bible Software Wiki. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  9. ^ "ESV Readability (Grade Levels)". Crossway. August 8, 2005. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  10. ^ a b Decker, Rodney J. (March 2004). "The English Standard Version: A Review Article" (PDF). Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches. p. 58. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
  11. ^ a b Dennis, Josh (October 26, 2024). "Letter from the President: Our Commitment to Gospel-Centered Publishing". Crossway. Archived from the original on November 9, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
  12. ^ a b "About the ESV". ESV.org. Archived from the original on December 23, 2023. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
  13. ^ "Preface to the English Standard Version". ESV.org. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2021. The ESV publishing team has included more than a hundred people. The fourteen-member Translation Oversight Committee benefited from the work of more than fifty biblical experts serving as Translation Review Scholars and from the comments of the more than fifty members of the Advisory Council, all of which was carried out under the auspices of the Crossway Board of Directors. This hundred-plus-member team shares a common commitment to the truth of God's Word and to historic Christian orthodoxy and is international in scope, including leaders in many denominations.
  14. ^ a b c "Oversight Committee". ESV.org. Archived from the original on December 23, 2023. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
  15. ^ a b "Review Scholars". ESV.org. Archived from the original on December 23, 2023. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
  16. ^ a b "Advisory Council". ESV.org. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  17. ^ a b c d "Preface to the English Standard Version". ESV.org. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
  18. ^ "Endorsements". ESV.org. Archived from the original on December 23, 2023. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
  19. ^ a b c Carter, Joe (September 30, 2016). "9 Things You Should Know About the ESV Bible". The Gospel Coalition. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
  20. ^ "The History of the English Standard Version". Vimeo (Crossway). October 24, 2018. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021. And then in 1997 I had a call from John Piper, and John Piper said, 'Yes, we really do need this.' And so, I made a phone call to obtain the rights to the RSV text; and to adapt and revise, and basically create a new translation.
  21. ^ a b c d Bayly, David (May 6, 1999). "Decline of the NIV?". World. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023.
  22. ^ a b c Grudem, Wayne (July 6, 2015). "The Advantages of the English Standard Version (ESV) Translation" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  23. ^ "ESV Classic Reference Bible". Crossway. Archived from the original on November 9, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
  24. ^ "Translation Process". NIV Bible. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  25. ^ Olasky, Susan (June 14, 1997). "Bailing Out of the Stealth Bible". World. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023.
  26. ^ a b c Packer, J. I. (October 2, 2021). "An Interview with J. I. Packer on the Origin and Significance of the ESV Bible". Crossway. Archived from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
  27. ^ "Leland Ryken". Crossway. Archived from the original on November 9, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
  28. ^ "Endorsements". NET Bible. Archived from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
  29. ^ a b Kircher, Travis K. (May 29, 2024). "A chat with Wayne Grudem". World. Archived from the original on June 2, 2024. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
  30. ^ "Oversight Committee". ESV.org. Archived from the original on September 26, 2023. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
  31. ^ "Translation Oversight Committee". ESV.org. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
  32. ^ Mounce, Bill (October 11, 2009). "Personal Note: NIV 2011". Bill Mounce. Archived from the original on August 3, 2024. Retrieved August 3, 2024.
  33. ^ "ESV Study Bible". Crossway. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  34. ^ Hodges, Sam (March 20, 2009). "'ESV Study Bible' wins Christian Book of the Year award". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
  35. ^ "ESV Study Bible". Crossway. Archived from the original on September 27, 2024. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  36. ^ ESV New Classic Reference Bible: Commemorative Edition (Cloth over Board). Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4335-2961-0. Archived from the original on January 9, 2024.
  37. ^ ESV The Four Holy Gospels. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4335-2194-2. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
  38. ^ "Crossway Global Ministry: 2023 Annual Report" (PDF). Crossway. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  39. ^ "Bible Translations Bestsellers, October 2024". Christian Book Expo. Archived from the original on November 9, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
  40. ^ "Bible Translations Bestsellers, December 2011". Christian Book Expo. Archived from the original on November 9, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
  41. ^ "Bible Translations Bestsellers, July 2019". Christian Book Expo. Archived from the original on November 9, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
  42. ^ Strauss, Mark L. (November 25, 2008). "Why the English Standard Version (ESV) should not become the Standard English Version: How to make a good translation much better" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
  43. ^ Mounce, Bill (November 25, 2008). "ETS Day 2 by Bill Mounce". Zondervan Academic. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  44. ^ Mounce, Bill (November 23, 2009). "ETS Paper on ESV/TNIV (Monday with Mounce 50)". Zondervan Academic. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  45. ^ a b Perry, Samuel L. (October 21, 2019). Marti, Gerardo (ed.). "The Bible as a Product of Cultural Power: The Case of Gender Ideology in the English Standard Version". Sociology of Religion. 81 (1). Oxford: Oxford University Press on behalf of the Association for the Sociology of Religion: 68–92. doi:10.1093/socrel/srz022. eISSN 1759-8818. ISSN 1069-4404. LCCN 93642782. OCLC 30932266. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021.
  46. ^ a b ESV Study Bible (2016 text ed.). Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2008. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-4335-0241-5. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023.
  47. ^ Mac Donald, Sarah (October 29, 2020). "Priests warn against language of new lectionary". The Tablet. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  48. ^ Perry, Samuel L. (June 23, 2021). Jain, Andrea R. (ed.). "Whitewashing Evangelical Scripture: The Case of Slavery and Antisemitism in the English Standard Version". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 89 (2). Oxford: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion: 612–643. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfab054. eISSN 1477-4585. ISSN 0002-7189. LCCN sc76000837. OCLC 1479270. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021.
  49. ^ Rosenberg, Paul (July 10, 2021). "When evangelical snowflakes censor the Bible: The English Standard Version goes PC". Salon. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  50. ^ Burk, Denny (January 23, 2023). "The Bible of 'Trumpists'? Hardly". Denny Burk. Archived from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  51. ^ a b ESV Study Bible. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2008. ISBN 978-1-4335-0241-5. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023.
  52. ^ Ward, Mark (July 19, 2021). "Did Evangelical Snowflakes Censor the Bible?". By Faith We Understand. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  53. ^ "One Million Bibles: A Crossway Global Initiative". Crossway. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  54. ^ Goins-Phillips, Tré (May 15, 2023). "Major Publisher Launches Next Phase of Campaign to Distribute One Million Bibles to Christians in Global South". Faithwire. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  55. ^ "Crossway Global Ministry: 2023 Annual Report" (PDF). Crossway. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  56. ^ "Purchase an ESV Bible". Good News Publishers / Crossway Books. Archived from the original on December 24, 2003. Retrieved April 21, 2024.
  57. ^ Stec, David M. (July 2004). Schellenberg, Annette (ed.). "Review: The Holy Bible: English Standard Version". Vetus Testamentum. 54 (3). Leiden: Brill Publishers on behalf of the International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament: 421. eISSN 1568-5330. ISSN 0042-4935. JSTOR 1518879. LCCN 56003071. OCLC 46606373.
  58. ^ Challies, Tim (March 6, 2019). "The Book that Has Most Influenced My Writing". Tim Challies. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  59. ^ Brunn, David (23 April 2024). "Gender in Bible Translation: A Crucial Issue Still Mired in Misunderstanding". Themelios. 49 (1). Archived from the original on July 18, 2024.
  60. ^ Packer, James Innell, ed. (2002). Holy Bible: English Standard Version. Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-710749-0. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  61. ^ Akande, Oyewole (August 3, 2023). "Four Reasons to Use the ESVUK Bible Translation". The Gospel Coalition Africa. Archived from the original on November 9, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
  62. ^ Butterfield, Glen (2013). Bible Unity. WestBow Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4908-0549-8. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. The ESV underwent a minor revision in 2007.
  63. ^ Dennis, Lane T. "ESV 2011 Text Changes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  64. ^ Butterfield, Glen (2013). Bible Unity. WestBow Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4908-0549-8. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. The most notable verse change was 'wounded for our transgressions' to 'pierced for our transgressions' in Isaiah 53:5 which matched the New American Standard Bible rendering.
  65. ^ Taylor, Justin (November 7, 2011). "The ESV Translation Committee Debates the Translation of "Slave"". The Gospel Coalition. Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
  66. ^ Church, Philip (March 17, 2014). "Does the Bible really condone slavery?". Laidlaw College. Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
  67. ^ "Gideons go for the ESV". Eternity News. December 4, 2014. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
  68. ^ a b "ESV Permanent Text Edition (2016): Word Changes". ESV.org. Archived from the original on August 24, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  69. ^ Zylstra, Sarah Eekhoff (September 9, 2016). "After Tweaking 29 Verses, Bible Translation Becomes Unchanging Word of God". Christianity Today. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  70. ^ Jiang, Chenxin (November 20, 2016). "Rewriting the Biblical 'Curse' on Womankind". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
  71. ^ ESV Pew Bible. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2018. ISBN 978-1-4335-6343-0. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023.
  72. ^ ESV Reader's Bible. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4335-5347-9. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023.
  73. ^ Laughlin, Bryan (June 25, 2018). "Should We Contextualize the Gospel?". Tabletalk Magazine. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  74. ^ Challies, Tim (October 13, 2016). "You, Me, and the ESV". Tim Challies. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  75. ^ "Catholic Edition of ESV Bible Launched". Daijiworld. February 10, 2018. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
  76. ^ a b "ESV Catholic Edition Bible". ESV® Catholic Edition Bible. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  77. ^ Chapman, Peter (September 20, 2021). "Differences Between the ESV and ESV-CE" (PDF) (Corrected ed.). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 20, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  78. ^ "The Augustine Bible (ESV-CE)". Logos Bible Software. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  79. ^ Smith, Peter Jesserer (May 13, 2020). "Augustine Institute Publishes Major New Catholic Bible". National Catholic Register. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  80. ^ "ESV Bibles". SPCK Publishing. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved April 23, 2022.
  81. ^ "New English Lectionary Released". Conference of Catholic Bishops of India. February 18, 2020. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  82. ^ "New Lectionary for England and Wales". Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales. January 21, 2021. Archived from the original on August 29, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  83. ^ "New Lectionary to be launched in England and Wales for Advent 2024". Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales. July 24, 2023. Archived from the original on August 31, 2024. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  84. ^ "ESV with Apocrypha". Anglican House Publishers. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  85. ^ ESV with Apocrypha. Newport Beach, CA: Anglican Liturgy Press. 2023. ISBN 979-8-9878026-0-1.
  86. ^ "ESV with Apocrypha". Anglican House Publishers. Archived from the original on April 21, 2024. Retrieved April 21, 2024.
  87. ^ "Purchase an ESV Bible". Good News Publishers / Crossway Books. Archived from the original on June 22, 2003. Retrieved April 21, 2024.
  88. ^ "ESV Bible, Audio New Testament Cassette". Crossway. Archived from the original on March 22, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  89. ^ "ESV Bible, Audio New Testament CD". Crossway. Archived from the original on March 22, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  90. ^ "ESV by Max McLean". Bible Gateway. Archived from the original on March 22, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  91. ^ "ESV Audio Bible, Read by Max McLean". Crossway. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  92. ^ "ESV Hear the Word Audio Bible (Audio)". Crossway. Archived from the original on February 11, 2024. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  93. ^ Eekhoff Zylstra, Sarah (February 7, 2024). "'That Thing Is Alive': How the Bible Affected Its 6 Newest Narrators". The Gospel Coalition. Archived from the original on February 8, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
  94. ^ Pfeiffer, Rachel (March 4, 2024). "He Who Has Earbuds, Let Him Hear: Audio Bibles on the Rise". Christianity Today. Archived from the original on March 22, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  95. ^ "ESV Audio Bible, Read by Kristyn Getty (Audio)". Crossway. Archived from the original on February 11, 2024. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  96. ^ Walker, Jr., William O.; Craven, Toni; Dearman, J. Andrew, eds. (August 19, 1994). The HarperCollins Bible Pronunciation Guide. New York, NY: HarperOne. ISBN 978-0-06-068962-9. Archived from the original on February 8, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
  97. ^ ESV Global Study Bible. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4335-3153-8. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023.
  98. ^ ESV Student Study Bible. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2015. ISBN 978-1-4335-4805-5. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023.
  99. ^ ESV Literary Study Bible. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2020. ISBN 978-1-4335-6871-8. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023.
  100. ^ The ESV, MacArthur Study Bible, 2nd Edition. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Incorporated. 2021. ISBN 978-0-7852-3550-7. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023.
  101. ^ The Lutheran Study Bible. St. Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. 2009. ISBN 978-0-7586-1760-6. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023.
  102. ^ Reformation Study Bible. Sanford, FL: Reformation Trust Publishing. 2015. ISBN 978-1-56769-440-6. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023.
  103. ^ Fire Bible. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers Marketing, LLC. 2014. ISBN 978-1-61970-148-9. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023.
  104. ^ The Apocrypha: The Lutheran Edition with Notes. St. Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. 2012. ISBN 978-0-7586-2547-2. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023.
  105. ^ The Scofield Study Bible III. New York: Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-527875-0. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023.
  106. ^ Ryrie Study Bible. Chicago, IL: Moody Publishers. 2011. ISBN 978-0-8024-7562-6. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023.
  107. ^ "10 years of 'Lutheran Service Book'". Reporter (Official Newspaper of The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod). November 28, 2016. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  108. ^ Lutheran Service Book, Pew Edition. St. Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7586-1217-5.

Further reading

Read other articles:

Enrico Martini (partigiano)

Enrico Martini MauriIl Comandante Mauri tra i suoi uominiSoprannomeMauri NascitaMondovì, 29 gennaio 1911 MorteIsparta (Turchia), 19 settembre 1976 Cause della morteincidente aereo Luogo di sepolturaCimitero urbano di Mondovì Dati militariPaese servito Italia Italia Forza armataRegio EsercitoResistenza partigianaEsercito Italiano ArmaFanteria CorpoAlpini Unità7º reggimento Alpini, 5ª Divisione alpina Pusteria Anni di servizio1929 - 1947 GradoTenente colonnello Coman...

 

Le Vélo

Cet article concerne le quotidien Le Vélo. Pour le service de vélo en libre service marseillais, voir Le vélo (vélopartage). Le Vélo Pays France Langue Français Fondateur Pierre Giffard Date de fondation 1er décembre 1892 Date du dernier numéro 20 novembre 1904 Rédacteur en chef Paul RousseauGaston de Pawlowski modifier  Le Vélo est un quotidien français spécialisé dans le sport, qui parut en France à la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle. C...

 

António Frasco

Questa voce sugli argomenti allenatori di calcio portoghesi e calciatori portoghesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. António Frasco Frasco (a sinistra) in azione al Porto nel 1979, inseguito dal milanista Aldo Maldera. Nazionalità  Portogallo Calcio Ruolo Centrocampista Carriera Squadre di club1 1973-1978 Leixões94 (6)1978-1989 Porto237 (15) Nazionale 1979-1987 Por...

T-95

artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan kembangkan artikel ini semampu Anda. Merapikan artikel dapat dilakukan dengan wikifikasi atau membagi artikel ke paragraf-paragraf. Jika sudah dirapikan, silakan hapus templat ini. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) T-95 adalah sebutan informal yang umum dari generasi keempat tank Rusia[1] yang berada di bawah pembangunan Uralvagonzavod sebelum dibatal...

 

San Juan de Girón

Municipality in Santander Department, ColombiaGirón San Juan GirónMunicipalityNieves Chapel FlagCoat of armsLocation of the municipality and town of Girón in the Santander Department of ColombiaCoordinates: 7°4′15″N 73°10′23″W / 7.07083°N 73.17306°W / 7.07083; -73.17306CountryColombiaDepartmentSantander DepartmentProvinceSotoFoundedJanuary 15, 1631MovedDecember 30, 1968Founded byFrancisco Mantilla de los Ríos y FrancoGovernment • MayorLuis A...

 

Conserving NRG

1984 studio album by Hal Russell NRG EnsembleConserving NRGStudio album by Hal Russell NRG EnsembleReleased1984RecordedMarch 15 & 16, 1984 at WFMT Studios, Chicago, IL.GenreJazzLabelPrincipally JazzPJP 02ProducerLinda E. PrinceHal Russell chronology Generation(1982) Conserving NRG(1984) Hal on Earth(1989) Conserving NRG is an album by American avant-garde jazz composer, bandleader, and multi-instrumentalist Hal Russell recorded in 1984 and released on the Principally Jazz label.&#...

Names of Jerusalem

Part of a series onJerusalem History Timeline City of David Second Temple Period Aelia Capitolina Middle Ages Early Muslim period Kingdom of Jerusalem Mutasarrifate British Mandate Israeli takeover of West Jerusalem Jordanian annexation of East Jerusalem Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem Sieges Before Common Era 701 BCE 597 BCE 587 BCE 63 BCE 37 BCE Common Era 70 614 637 1099 1187 1244 1834 1917 1948 Places East West Old City Temple Mount/Al-Aqsa Dome of the Rock Al-Aqsa Mosque Western Wa...

 

Archaic Greece

Period of ancient Greece from c. 800 to 480 BC Part of a series on the History of Greece Neolithic Greece Pelasgians Greek Bronze Age Helladic Cycladic Minoan Mycenaean Greece 1750 BC–1050 BC Ancient Greece Greek Dark Ages 1050 BC–750 BC Archaic Greece 800 BC–480 BC Classical Greece 500 BC–323BC Hellenistic Greece 323 BC–31 BC Roman Greece 146 BC–330 Medieval Greece Byzantine Greece Frankish and Latin states 1204 Early modern Greece Venetian Crete Venetian Ionian Islands Ottoman G...

 

Mesa (géomorphologie)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Mesa. Ne doit pas être confondu avec Tuya, Inselberg ou Tepuy. Cet article est une ébauche concernant la montagne et la géologie. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Mesa près de Los Alamos, Nouveau-Mexique. Mesa verde, Colorado (États-Unis). Gamsberg, Namibie. Une mesa (espagnol pour « table ») est un petit plateau ou une grande butte à sommet plat...

Sinagoga Quai Kléber di Strasburgo

Sinagoga Quai Kléber di StrasburgoSynagogue Consistoriale du quai Kléber de StrasbourgStato Francia LocalitàStrasburgo Coordinate48°35′07.18″N 7°44′31.61″E / 48.585329°N 7.742113°E48.585329; 7.742113Coordinate: 48°35′07.18″N 7°44′31.61″E / 48.585329°N 7.742113°E48.585329; 7.742113 ReligioneEbraismo ArchitettoLudwig Levy Stile architettoniconeoromanica Inizio costruzione1896 Completamento1898 Demolizione1940 Modifica dati su Wikid...

 

Иностранная военная интервенция в Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке

Проверить информацию.Необходимо проверить точность фактов и достоверность сведений, изложенных в этой статье.На странице обсуждения должны быть пояснения. Иностранная военная интервенция в РоссииЦентральные державы: Закавказье Дагестан Харьков Антанта: Север России ...

 

贝蒂诺·克拉克西

贝内德托·贝蒂诺·克拉克西Bettino Craxi第45任意大利总理任期1983年8月4日—1987年4月17日总统亚历山德罗·佩尔蒂尼 弗朗切斯科·科西加副职阿纳尔多·福拉尼前任阿明托雷·范范尼继任阿明托雷·范范尼 个人资料出生(1934-02-24)1934年2月24日伦巴第米兰逝世2000年1月19日(2000歲—01—19)（65歲）突尼斯哈马麦特国籍意大利政党意大利社会党儿女Bobo、Stefania 克拉克西在突尼斯的墓地。 �...

2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會波蘭代表團

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会波兰代表團波兰国旗IOC編碼POLNOC波蘭奧林匹克委員會網站olimpijski.pl（英文）（波兰文）2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会（東京）2021年7月23日至8月8日（受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟，但仍保留原定名称）運動員206參賽項目24个大项旗手开幕式：帕维尔·科热尼奥夫斯基（游泳）和马娅·沃什乔夫斯卡（自行车）[1]闭幕式：卡罗利娜·纳亚（皮划艇）&#...

 

العلاقات البريطانية التركية

العلاقات البريطانية التركية   المملكة المتحدة   تركيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات بين تركيا والمملكة المتحدة هي علاقات خارجية بين الجمهورية التركية والمملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وإيرلندا الشمالية. تشترك الأمتان بتاريخ طويل للغاية وخاضتا العديد من الح...

 

List of megalopolises

This is a list megalopolises grouped by geographical region and country. Africa Nile Delta and Nile River at night from space Pretoria, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya Lagos, Nigeria Country Megalopolis Major cities and areas Populationestimate  Egypt Greater Cairo The Governorates of Cairo, Giza, Qalyubiyya and Helwan 22,183,000[1] Nile Delta Governorates of Alexandria, Beheira, Kafr el-Sheikh, Gharbia, Monufia, Qalyubiyya, Dakahlia, Damietta, Al Sharqia, and Port Said 50,322,424&#...

Філософія

Частина серії проФілософіяLeft to right: Plato, Kant, Nietzsche, Buddha, Confucius, AverroesПлатонКантНіцшеБуддаКонфуційАверроес Філософи Епістемологи Естетики Етики Логіки Метафізики Соціально-політичні філософи Традиції Аналітична Арістотелівська Африканська Близькосхідна іранська Буддій�...

 

Canton of Zug

Canton of Switzerland For the city within the Canton, see Zug. CantonCanton of Zug Kanton Zug (German)Canton of ZougCanton FlagCoat of armsLocation in Switzerland Map of Zug Coordinates: 47°10′N 8°31′E / 47.167°N 8.517°E / 47.167; 8.517CapitalZugSubdivisions11 municipalitiesGovernment • ExecutiveRegierungsrat (7) • LegislativeKantonsrat (80)Area[1] • Total238.73 km2 (92.17 sq mi)Population (De...

 

First Spanish Republic

1873–1874 republican government This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: First Spanish Republic – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (Feb...

الحبيب التوهامي

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) الحبيب التوهامي وزير الصحة العمومية التونسي في المنصب14 أكتوبر 1983 – 20 يناير 1984 (3 أشهرٍ و6 أيامٍ) الرئيس ال�...

 

Maharlika

Feudal warrior class in Tagalog society For other uses, see Maharlika (disambiguation). Part of a series on thePre-colonial history of the Philippines Social classes Ruling class (Maginoo, Ginu, Tumao) Apo, Datu Bagani Lakan Panglima Rajah Sultan Thimuay Middle class Timawa Maharlika Commoners, serfs, and slaves Aliping namamahay Alipin sa gigilid Bulisik Bulislis Horohan Uripon Political entities Luzon Caboloan Cainta Ibalon Ma-i Maynila Namayan Pulilu Sandao Tondo Visayas Cebu Bo-ol/Dapitan...