王时敏

王時敏
王时敏二十五岁小像,曾鲸绘,顾秉谦题款, 现藏天津市艺术博物馆
王时敏二十五岁小像,曾鲸绘,顾秉谦题款,
现藏天津市艺术博物馆
大明太常寺少卿
籍貫直隸太倉州
族裔漢族
字號字逊之,号烟客,晚号西庐老人
出生萬曆二十年(1592年)
直隸太倉州
逝世康熙十九年(1680年)
江蘇太倉州

王時敏(1592年—1680年),初名赞虞逊之烟客晚号西庐老人直隸太倉州(今江蘇太倉市)人,初重要画家萬曆首輔王锡爵孙,翰林王衡独子。崇禎初年廕官太常寺少卿,入清後不仕。

王時敏擅畫山水,少时学董其昌,并臨摹家藏宋元名作,以黄公望爲宗,笔墨含蓄,浑厚清逸,唯構圖略少變化。王時敏開創了山水畫的“婁東派”,對清代畫壇影響很大。他与王鑑王翬王原祁并称“四王”,加上惲壽平吳歷,合称“清六家”。王翬、吳歷皆出其門下,孫王原祁亦得其指授。

生平

王时敏生于万历二十年八月十三日(1592年9月18日),祖父王锡爵榜眼及第,在万历朝曾任内阁首辅,富收藏,对宋、元名迹,无不精研。父王衡於万历二十九年(1601年)又中榜眼,授翰林院编修,工诗文书法。王时敏为王衡独子,祖父、父亲对其钟爱有加,并着力培养。

王时敏自幼聪慧,工诗文,善书法,在绘画方面尤有天赋[1],王锡爵因而延请名家董其昌为其指导。王时敏从摹古入手,尤宗黄公望山水,刻意临摹。

因祖父官居高位,王时敏未经科考,即以廕官出任尚宝司丞,升太常寺少卿,仍兼管尚宝司事。他淡泊仕途,更喜丹青,于崇祯五年(1632年)称病辞官,隐居西田别墅,潜心创作。

王時敏晚年像,《清代學者像傳》第一集

崇祯十七年(1644年),明亡,清军一路南下,王时敏归顺清廷,得以保全家业,但仍隐於山林,专著绘画,并培养子孙辈之学业。清康熙十九年六月十七日(1680年7月12日),王时敏卒于家中,享年89岁。《清史稿·艺术》有传。[2]

繪畫

王时敏是清初宫廷画风的主要代表人物之一,与画家王翬王鑑王原祁并称“四王”。“四王”的山水画风影响整个清代。王时敏开创了山水画中的 “婁東派”。

作品

  • 《浮嵐暖翠》軸,藏於台灣台北國立故宮博物院
  • 《巖靜樂圖》,藏於台灣台北國立故宮博物院
  • 《杜甫詩意圖》冊,藏於中國北京故宮博物院
  • 《秋山白雲圖》,藏於中國北京故宮博物院
  • 《虞山惜別圖》冊,藏於中國北京故宮博物院
  • 《長白山圖》卷,藏於中國北京故宮博物院

家族

王时敏出身娄东王氏,为北宋宰相王旦之后。其家从祖父王锡爵方始显贵,祖父以榜眼官至内阁首辅,父亲名列鼎甲,人称“父子榜眼”。王时敏膝下九子,除有二子早夭外,其余皆有成就,康熙九年(1670年),八子王掞与爱孙王原祁同中进士,为人称道。后王掞官至文渊阁大学士兼礼部尚书,王原祁亦深得康熙帝器重,入值南书房,主持绘制《万寿盛典图》。

注释

  1. ^ 《国朝画征录》:姿性颖异,淹雅博物,工诗文,善书法,尤长于八分,而于画有特惠。
  2. ^ 《清史稿·列传二百九十一》:王时敏,字逊之,号烟客,江南太仓人,明大学士锡爵孙。以廕官至太常寺少卿。时敏系出高门,文采早著。鼎革后,家居不出,奖掖后进,名德为时所重。明季画学,董其昌有开继之功,时敏少时亲炙,得其真传。锡爵晚而抱孙,弥锺爱,居之别业,广收名迹,悉穷秘奥。於黄公望墨法,尤有深契,暮年益臻神化。爱才若渴,四方工画者踵接於门,得其指授,无不知名於时,为一代画苑领袖。康熙十九年,卒,年八十有九。

参考文献

  • 赵尔巽等,《清史稿》,中华书局点校本

延伸阅读

[在维基数据]

维基文库中的相关文本:清史稿·卷504》,出自趙爾巽清史稿
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