董其昌(1555年2月10日—1636年10月26日),字玄宰,號思白、思翁,別號香光居士,直隶华亭县(今上海松江區)人。明朝政治人物,書畫家。萬曆己丑進士,官至南京禮部尚書。與邢侗、張瑞圖、米萬鍾合稱晚明四家。
嘉靖三十四年正月十九日(1555年2月10日),董其昌生於南直隸松江府上海縣(今屬上海市)董家匯,早年在平湖城西门冯大参家坐馆当过塾师,愛好參禪曹洞宗,与新埭镇泖口陆兆芳友好。
隆慶五年(1571年),十七歲參加松江府會考,因松江知府衷貞吉認為董寫字太差,只得第二名,從此發憤臨池,從學於陸樹聲、莫如忠等,得益不少。萬曆七年(1579年)參加應天鄉試,見王羲之《官奴帖》唐摹本,驚歎不已。
萬曆十六年(1588年)參加戊子科順天鄉試第三名舉人。萬曆十七年(1589年)己丑科第二甲第一名進士,授翰林院庶吉士,入翰林院學習,禮部左侍郎田一俊病故,護喪到田氏的家鄉福建,萬曆二十年(1592年)春,獲授翰林院編修。萬曆二十二年(1594年)皇長子朱常洛出閣講學,充任講官。萬曆二十六年(1598年)任湖廣按察司副使。萬曆三十二年(1604年)出任湖广提学副使。
泰昌元年(1620年)明光宗即位,為太常寺少卿、掌國子司業事。
天啟二年(1622年)參修《泰昌實錄》。天啟五年(1625年)官至南京禮部尚書。天啟六年(1626年)辭官。
崇禎四年(1631年)任禮部尚書、掌詹事府事,同閹黨阮大鋮過從甚密。
崇禎九年九月二十八日(1636年10月26日)戌時,董其昌病逝於松江居所,享壽八十一歲。身後諡文敏。
著有《容台集》、《容台別集》、《畫禪室隨筆》。
董其昌繪畫擅長山水,師法董源、倪瓚等人,喜純用水墨。書法初學顏真卿的《多寶塔帖》,之後改學虞世南,又溯及魏、晉,臨摹鍾繇、王羲之,參以李邕和柳公權,特色“平淡天真”。其山水畫如《關山雪霽圖》、《秋興八景冊》、《江干三樹圖》、《山川出雲圖》、《山居圖》屬明朝的巔峰之作。傳世書法作品以行書最多,代表作品有小楷書《月賦》,繼祝枝山、文徵明後對後世極有影響,康熙帝就酷愛董其昌書法,一生臨寫董字甚豐,曾遍搜董氏真跡。唯董其昌生前索畫者多,董其昌往往請人代筆。
董其昌之父董漢儒,少年諸生,早故。萬曆己丑,董其昌夢見與其父同榜中式,自以為不吉。榜發,董其昌中第二名。而同榜真有名董漢儒之人。[1]
董其昌是最早擁有《金瓶梅》抄本的人之一,也對《金瓶梅》的傳播有關鍵的影響。袁宏道讀了董其昌的《金瓶梅》抄本後,於萬歷二十四年(1596)致函詢問:「《金瓶梅》從何得來?伏枕略觀,雲霞滿紙,勝於枚生《七發》多矣。後段在何處?抄竟當於何處倒換?幸一的示。」[2]
最先拥有《金瓶梅》手抄本的人有袁宏道,袁中道、屠本畯、谢肇淛、王稚登和沈德符等人。这些人的《金瓶梅》都抄自同一个人,那就是董其昌。 為《金瓶梅詞話》寫序的「東吳弄珠客」即董其昌。[3]
萬曆三十二年(1604年)冬,董其昌受命出任湖廣提學副使,將「明日不考文」當作了考試題,以愚弄學生為樂。
董其昌與其子董祖常豢養陳明、施心旭、吴龙、朱观等惡痞,放債霸產、誘姦民女,萬曆四十三年(1615年)九月陆兆芳家的使女绿英被董其昌姦淫得逞,藏嬌於白龍潭“護珠閣”。綠英乘隙逃回泖口,其昌唆使其子祖权带领家奴一百多人前往陆家庄,劫走绿英,地方官府不敢辦案。有華亭縣學學生范昶將其惡行編撰《黑白傳》,有“白公子夜袭陆家庄,黑秀才怒斥龙门里”的书目(陆秀才肤色较黑,董其昌别号思白),说书人钱二到處說唱,結果范昶被痛毆,不日暴死。董氏又對范氏家屬加以凌逼,終於激起民憤。
然而根據第三次全國文物普查發現的《府學申復理刑廳公文》中說:「董宦於舊年八月間,因生員陸兆芳家使女繼養宦僕之家。此女探望生母未回,董僕陳明糾眾打毀陸兆芳家資,將女搶去。」 綠英的繼父陳明是董其昌的僕人,和董其昌與其子董祖常並沒有任何關係。[4]
萬曆四十四年三月十五爆發「民抄董宦」一案,儿童妇女竞相传播“若要柴米强(強,方言,指廉價),先杀董其昌”的民谣,當地鄉民以至上海、青浦、金山等處的報怨者將董家200餘间画栋雕梁、朱栏曲槛烧成灰烬,董其昌搜集的古今珍贵书画篆刻收藏,全付之一炬。[5][6]
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