1569年盧布林聯合後,波蘭王國正式繼承原屬立陶宛大公國的羅斯諸土及當地的哥薩克人,聯盟的形成初始在烏克蘭非常少數的上層階級中僅僅激起爭論,但聯盟後大多哥薩克人直接突然接觸到聯合所帶來的波蘭天主教特性,似乎完全令他們感到震驚[10]。此前立陶宛主要依賴這些哥薩克抵御侵擾南部邊疆的韃靼人,之後波蘭發現哥薩克組成的步兵隊彌補了波蘭投入自己的騎兵隊前所需的攻擊效率,這樣也就避免了王國常備步兵花費更多費用[11]:在1601—1602年與瑞典的戰爭(英语:Polish–Swedish War (1600–11))、1611—1612年與莫斯科公國的戰爭以及1621年與奧斯曼帝國的戰爭(英语:Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21)),波蘭都依賴哥薩克人取得戰果。波蘭立陶宛聯邦最輝煌的時候,可以說是波蘭立陶宛的騎兵與烏克蘭哥薩克人並肩作戰的時刻。當局也為戰功累累的哥薩克人予以登記,令其擁有貴族地位和個人自由,但由於全國議會當中並未有賦予哥薩克人代表席位,相關的登記限額非常吝嗇,同時也是為了維護其他貴族的利益。到1632年後的政策將哥薩克人的規模限於很小支的邊疆護衛隊,再到了1643年後王國還忽視向被登記的哥薩克人支付報酬,招致更多哥薩克人的怨恨[12]。
1918年10、11月,一战接近尾声,奥匈帝国和德意志帝国趋于崩解,从而为波兰的复国形成有利的国际条件,波兰复国运动也如火如荼地在各地展开。10月23日,华沙组成波兰政府,10月28日,奥占区的波兰爱国者在克拉科夫成立“波兰清算委员会”(Polska Komisja Likwidacyjna)。11月7日,社会民主党人则在卢布林成立波兰共和国临时人民政府(Tymczasowy Rząd Ludowy Republiki Polskiej)。
随着战争形势的发展,德军很快转攻为守,苏军的反攻将战线逐渐推进到波兰境内。1944年元旦,在工人党的倡议下,成立全国人民代表会议,由贝鲁特任主席。1944年7月22日,全国人民代表会议在海乌姆组成波兰民族解放委员会(Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego,PKWN),颁布具有历史意义的《波兰民族解放委员会宣言》(也叫《七月宣言》,Manifest PKWN,Manifest Lipcowy),宣告波兰新国家诞生,在亡国5年后,欧洲土地上又诞生一个全新的波兰。
1944年8月,苏联红军推进到华沙的近郊,波蘭地下軍想在蘇聯紅軍到達華沙前解放德國的佔領,以避免受到蘇聯的控制,这就是著名的华沙起义。不过,苏联出于制衡西方和自身利益等现实方面考虑,斯大林认为,这种不负责任的做法不应得到同情,从而苏军并没有给予华沙城内起义军太多的支持,在纳粹德军的血腥镇压下,起义失败,希特勒下令将华沙夷为平地(英语:Planned destruction of Warsaw),许多珍贵的文物古迹遭到毁坏,大部分华沙人也被送入死亡集中营。[28][29]1945年1月17日,苏波军队解放已成为废墟的华沙。4月,波苏两国签订友好互助与经济合作条约。6月,波兰民族解放委员会改组为民族團結臨時政府。
^ 4.04.14.2罗思Cecil Roth. 简明犹太民族史/汉译犹太文化名著丛书/A short history of the Jewish people[M]. 黄福武译,山东大学出版社, 1997. ISBN9787560718408
^Oskar Halecki, Geschichte Polens (Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Heinrich Scheffler, 1963), p.36 ; Jürgen Mirow, Geschichte des Deutschen Volkes – Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart (Gernsbach: Verlag Katz, 1990), p.163.
^Geoffrey Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1984), p.254
^Ivan Butych, ed.,Universaly Bohdana Khmel’nytskoho, Kyiv: Al'ternatyvy,1998, 45, 46,50, 53; Volodymyr Serhiichuk, “Kozatstvo i Uniia,” in Ryszard Luzny,Franciszek Ziejka, and Andrzej Kępinski, eds., Unia brzeska, Cracow: Universitas,457; Borys Floria, “Natsional’no-konfesiina svidomist’ naselennia skhidnoi Ukrainy,” in Gudziak, Beresteis'ka uniia, 132; Antoni Mironiwicz, “Projekty unijne wobec Cerkwi prawosławnej w dobie ugody hadziackiej,” in Gajek and Nabywaniec, eds., Unia brzeska, 95-139.
^關於聯合體系出現的不協調,參見Vitalii Shcherbak,Ukrains'ke kozatstvo:Formuvannia sotsi al'noho stanu, Kyiv: KM Akademia, 2000, 42等處。關於實戰問題,見Wieslaw Majewski, “The Polish Art of War in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” in J.K. Federowicz, ed., A Republic of Nobles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982, 188
^Zenon Kohut,Russian Centralism and Ukrainian Autonomy, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988, 24-64; Agnieszka Biedrzycka, “Zloty pokój,” Prace Historyczne, 127 (2000), 27-38.
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