心 (佛教)

(巴利文及梵語चित्तCitta),音譯質多,意指人的思想心靈心智、辨別能力。在早期佛教中,因為意義相近,它經常與混用,被當成同義詞[1][2][3]。但是,它們三者之間又有一些區別。

字義

心(梵語चित्तCitta),意為思想心靈想像理智等,音譯“質多”。

雖然हृदयhṛdaya)與चित्तcitta)漢譯都可作“心”,但意義不同。在梵文中,屬於意識、思考、心靈的非物質部份,為चित्त(citta);屬於肉體部份的心,為हृदयhṛdaya),意譯肉團心、真實心、堅實心、心臟,音譯肝栗大[4]、汗栗馱等;和中文裡“心”和英文裡“heart”的用法相似,本身是實指心臟,有時也代指心意、意念。如《心經》(Hṛdaya Sūtra)被认为是《大般若经》之精髓,如心臟,故称“心经”;在少數時候也可作為心意的代名,部分論藏認為它是“自性第一義之心”、“自性真實心”、“如來藏心”[5][6]。hṛdaya的詞根hṛd和英文heart爲同源詞,其他同源詞包括拉丁文cor、希臘文καρδία(kardiá)等。

概論

它與意、識是不可分,同時俱現的[7]。心的所緣,稱為心所,心與心所構成名法

心性

在部派佛教時期,心的性質為何,是個重要的爭論課題。印順法師將部派佛教中,對於心的性質,歸納為三派說法:

  • 心性無記:犢子派
  • 心通三性:說一切有部與經量部
  • 心性本淨:分別說部與大眾部

大乘佛教,在大體上繼承了心性本淨說法,特別是如來藏學派密宗

各派見解

部派佛教

分別說部

五蘊中的識蘊,為一切識知,包含八十九種心,分為八十一世間心與八種出世間心。

大乘佛教

中觀派

瑜伽行唯識派

如來藏學派

金剛乘佛教

相關條目

註釋

  1. ^ 《品類足論》卷1:「心云何?謂心、意、識。此復云何?謂六識身:即眼識、耳識、鼻識、舌識、身識、意識。」
  2. ^ 《大毗婆沙論》:「問:心意識三,有何差別?答:此無差別。如世間事,一說為多,多說一故。一說多者:如說士夫為人儒童等。多說一者:如說鳥豆等同名再生。應知此中同依一事說心、意、識,亦復如是。」
  3. ^ 《俱舍論》分別根品第二:「心、意、識體一。」
  4. ^ 求那跋陀譯《楞伽阿跋多羅寶經》卷1:「此心,梵音肝栗大。肝栗大,宋言心,謂如樹木心,非念慮心;念慮心,梵音云質多也。」
  5. ^ 《佛光大辭典》【汗栗馱】:梵語 hrd 之音譯。又作肝栗大、干栗多、訶栗多、乾栗太、矣栗馱、污栗馱、乾栗陀多。或為 hrdaya 之音譯,又作訖利馱耶、紇利陀耶、紇哩陀耶、乾栗馱耶、紇哩娜耶、紇哩娜野、紇利陀、紇伐耶。意譯作肉團心、真實心、堅實心。據楞伽阿跋多羅寶經卷一、楞伽阿跋多羅寶經註解載,肝栗大為自性第一義之心;猶如樹木之心,而非為念慮之心(念慮心之梵語為 citta,即質多)。又據法藏之入楞伽心玄義、金剛頂瑜伽略述三十七尊心要、大日經疏卷十七、菩提心義等所舉,皆以汗栗馱為自性真實心。
    然據摩訶止觀卷一上載(大四六‧四上):「質多者,天竺音,此方言心,即慮知之心也。天竺又稱污栗馱,此方稱是草木之心也。又稱矣栗馱,此方是積聚精要者為心也。今簡非者,簡積聚、草木等心,專在慮知心也。」上述中以污栗馱指草木之心,或係誤解前述楞伽阿跋多羅寶經註解之說;且又別視矣栗馱為積聚之心,其說有誤,蓋污栗馱與矣栗馱二者為一。另據大日經疏卷四、卷十二舉出,汗栗馱指肉團心,即是眾生之心臟。在密教中,以觀此肉團心為八葉蓮華,而成毘盧遮那身為本旨;故或謂不應將汗栗馱解釋為眾生之自性真實心。
    此外,宗密之禪源諸詮集都序卷上之一,將心分為四種,即:(一)紇利陀耶(梵 hrdaya),即肉團心,指身體中之心臟。(二)緣慮心,即眼、耳等八識。具有緣慮(思考)之作用。(三)質多耶(梵 cetaya),即集起心。指第八阿賴耶識積集種子而能生起現行。(四)乾栗陀耶(梵 hrdaya),即堅實心、真實心。指真如之心,亦即如來藏心。故知宗密將紇利陀耶與乾栗陀耶視為截然不同之二種心,一指肉團心,一指真實心,其後圓覺經略疏鈔卷一、起信論疏筆削記卷一等皆引用其說。
    然日本近代之學者認為,前述之紇利陀耶(梵 hrdaya)係乾栗陀(梵 hrd)之語尾加上 aya,二者實一,其原語有心、精神之義,為中性名詞。若將二者視為別種之語,且將紇利陀耶、乾栗陀耶分開而論,或為誤謬之說。蓋汗栗馱非緣慮心,將之喻為樹木之心,或係因此語為中性名詞而起之解釋。又據大日經疏卷十二、祕藏記等轉釋,汗栗馱為真實之心性,即如來藏心,而非為緣慮心之義。〔大日經義釋卷三、卷九、卷十二、翻譯名義集卷十六、般若心經祕鍵、寶篋印陀羅尼經祕略釋卷上、祕藏記私末鈔卷四〕(參閱「心」1395) p2471
  6. ^ 《中華佛教百科全書》:(梵hr!d,藏sn~in%-po)指心脏。又作肝栗大、干栗多、诃栗多、干栗太、干栗太、矣栗驮、干栗陀多、讫利驮耶(hr!daya)、讫利陀耶、纥哩陀耶、纥哩娜耶、纥哩乃耶、纥哩娜野、纥利陀或纥伐耶。意译作肉团心、真实心、坚实心。《大日经疏》卷四云(大正39·623a)︰‘阿阇梨言︰凡人汗栗驮心状,犹如莲花合而未敷之像,有筋脉约之,以成八分,男子上向,女人下向。’同疏卷十二云(大正39·705c)︰‘此心之处,即是凡夫肉心,最在于中,是汗栗驮心也。’即将众生之心脏(即肉团心)称为汗栗驮,然密教系以观此肉团心为八叶莲花,成毗卢遮那身为其本旨,故仍须将汗栗驮释为众生之自性真实心。宗密于《禅源诸诠集都序》卷上之一说有四种心,即纥利陀耶、缘虑心、质多耶、干栗陀耶。其中,纥利陀耶是肉团心,为身中五脏之心脏;干栗陀耶译为坚实心或真实心,为真心,亦即如来藏心。此即将纥利陀耶与干栗陀耶视为不同之语词。然纥利陀耶(hr!daya)是以干栗陀(hr!d)加上语尾aya所成之语词,此二种语词皆由hr!语原演变而成,为具有心或精神之义之中性名词,故以此二语词为相异而列为四种心之一,可谓谬误。此外,《摩诃止观》卷一(上)云(大正46·4a)︰‘质多者天竺音,此方言心,即虑知之心也。天竺又称汗栗驮,此方称是草木之心也。又称矣栗驮,此方是积聚精要者为心也。今简非者,简积聚草木等心,专在虑知心也。’此中,以汗栗驮为草木心,当系误解。又以矣栗驮为积聚之心而视其异于汗栗驮者,亦属误传。[参考资料]《大日经义释》卷三、卷九、卷十二;《翻译名义集》卷十六;《般若心经秘键》;《宝箧印陀罗尼经秘略释》卷上;《大日经疏演奥钞》卷二、卷九;《秘藏记私末钞》卷四;《般若心经略疏连珠记》卷上;《大乘起信论义记要决》卷上。
  7. ^ 《雜阿含經》:「彼心、意、識,日夜時刻,須臾轉變,異生異滅」

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