地板行動

底板行動
第二次世界大戰突出部之役的一部分

1架隸屬第54戰鬥機大隊第10中隊,由西奧·里瑞少尉架駛的Fw 190戰鬥機,於1945年1月1日在通過布魯塞爾附近因鷓鴣飛進散熱器而被迫降。
日期1945年1月1日
地点
结果

行動失敗[2][3]

  • 德國損失大於成果[4][5][6]
  • 德國損失過大從此無力爭奪空優[7][8]
参战方
指挥官与领导者
英国 亞瑟·科寧漢
美国 詹姆斯·杜立德
美国 霍伊特·范登堡
納粹德國 維爾納·克赖珀
納粹德國 約瑟夫·施密德
納粹德國 迪特里希·佩爾茨
納粹德國 卡爾·漢努瑤
納粹德國 聖哥達·漢德里克
参战单位
英国 第2戰術航空隊
美国 第8航空隊
美国 第9航空隊
納粹德國 第2戰鬥機集團
納粹德國 第3戰鬥機師
納粹德國 第5戰鬥機師
伤亡与损失
見傷亡和善後 見傷亡和善後

底板行動(英語:Operation Bodenplatte)於1945年1月1日開始,是在第二次世界大戰期間納粹德國空軍企圖打擊盟軍在低地國家空軍的一次行動。底板行動的目標是令納粹德國在突出部之役中獲得空中優勢,令納粹德國軍隊和武裝親衛隊部隊能繼續推進。本來納粹德國計畫於1944年12月16日行動,但由於天氣不好被一再推遲,碰巧新年元旦是合適的一天[9],所以便於該天行動。

由於並不是所有的德國地面和海軍部隊已獲悉該秘密行動,一些單位還遭受來自友軍的攻擊。英國的情報記錄顯示德國空軍向該區內移動和集結,但不知道行動迫在眉睫。

德國取得了部分戰術上的成功,但最終還是行動失敗。在地面上,德國毀壞了許多盟軍的飛機,但這些損失在一周內被盟軍補回替代。盟軍大部分損失是無人在內的飛機,反而盟軍地勤人員傷亡很小。相反,德國人失去了許多不能取代的戰鬥機飛行員。[7]

戰役後的分析表明,德國空軍的34支戰鬥機部隊中只有11支能按時展開突襲行動。[7] 行動未能令德國取得空中優勢,而德國地面部隊繼續暴露在盟軍的空中攻擊下。底板行動是德國空軍在戰爭期間最大規模的戰略進攻行動。[10][11]

背景

Gunsight view: In the bottom left, a fighter aircraft is seen from the rear, its tail plane is separated and above it, a cluster of bright tracer can be seen picture center-right.
在1944年或1945年被美國陸軍第15戰術航空隊擊落的福克-沃爾夫Fw 190A戰鬥機。 。1944年底,德國空軍損失非常慘重。

1944年,西方盟國的軍隊在橫越西歐大陸的進攻中得到盟國空軍的支援。英國皇家空軍及其第2戰術航空隊-在空軍元帥亞瑟·科寧漢指揮下-把其第2大隊第83大隊、第84大隊及第85大隊移至歐洲大陸提供穩定的密接支援。英國皇家空軍在攻擊堅強據點和阻截德軍的補給線中擊敗其空中、海上及地面部隊,而其偵察單位亦令盟軍獲知悉德軍的行動。隨著盟軍的空中優勢,德國陸軍無法有效進行作戰。然而“德國空軍”,發現很難為德國陸軍提供有效的空中掩護。主要原因是缺乏飛行員和燃料,同時於這個階段的戰爭中也缺乏在空中實戰中有經驗的指揮官,以及寡不敵眾。[12]

註釋

  1. ^ 根據1940年6月11日,英國和波蘭之間的協議中第4條,確認波蘭海軍和陸軍的主權,但空軍則例外。 1944年6月的協議中第7條卻改變了這一決定,波蘭空軍“回歸”到波蘭的管轄權之下(除了戰鬥任務,雖然波蘭人保留否決權)。[1]

參考

引文

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Peszke 1980, p. 134
  2. ^ Girbig 1975, p. 73.
  3. ^ Prien & Stemmer 2002, p. 349.
  4. ^ Franks 1994, pp. 163–165.
  5. ^ Zaloga 2004, p. 61.
  6. ^ Girbig 1975, p. 114.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Caldwell 2007, p. 262.
  8. ^ Girbig 1975, p. 12.
  9. ^ Girbig 1975, p. 74.
  10. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为Caldwell的参考文献提供内容
  11. ^ Franks 1994, no page (inside cover)
  12. ^ Franks 1994, p. 10.

參考書籍

  • Caldwell, Donald and Muller, Richard. The Luftwaffe Over Germany: Defense of the Reich. Greenhill books. ISBN 978-1-85367-712-0
  • Caldwell, Donald. JG 26; Top Guns of the Luftwaffe. New York: Ballantine Books, 1991. ISBN 0-8041-1050-6
  • de Zeng, H.L; Stanket, D.G; Creek, E.J. Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933-1945; A Reference Source, Volume 1. Ian Allen Publishing, 2007. ISBN 978-1-85780-279-5
  • de Zeng, H.L; Stanket, D.G; Creek, E.J. Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933-1945; A Reference Source, Volume 2. Ian Allen Publishing, 2007. ISBN 978-1-903223-87-1
  • Forsythe, Robert. JV 44; The Galland Circus. Burgess Hill, West Sussex, UK: Classic Publications, 1996. ISBN 0-9526867-0-8
  • Forsythe, Robert & Laurier, Jagdverband 44: Squadron of Experten. Osprey. Oxford. 2008. ISBN 978-1-84603-294-3
  • Franks, Norman The Battle of the Airfields: 1 January 1945. Grub Street, London, 1994. ISBN 1-898697-15-9
  • Franks, Norman Fighter Command Losses of the Second World War: Volume 3, Operational Losses, Aircraft and Crews 1944-1945. (Incorporating Air Defence Great Britain and 2nd TAF Midland. London, 2000. ISBN 1-85780-093-1
  • Girbig, Werner. Start im Morgengrauen. Germany: Pietsch-Verlag Paul Pietsch Verlage GmbH + Co, 1997. ISBN 3-613-01292-8
  • Girbig, Werner. Six Months to Oblivion: The Eclipse of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force Over the Western Front, 1944/45. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. 1975. ISBN 978-0-88740-348-4
  • Johnson, J.E. Wing Leader (Fighter Pilots). London: Goodall Publications Ltd. 2000 (original edition 1956). ISBN 0-907579-87-6.
  • Manrho, John & Pütz, Ron. Bodenplatte: The Luftwaffe's Last Hope-The Attack on Allied Airfields, New Year's Day 1945. Ottringham, United Kingdom. Hikoki Publications. ISBN 1-902109-40-6
  • Peszke, Michael Alfred A Synopsis of Polish-Allied Military Agreements During World War Two The Journal of Military History. October 1980. Volume 44. Number 3, pp. 128–134
  • Parker, Danny S. To Win The Winter Sky: The Air War Over the Ardennes, 1944-1945. Da Capo Press, 1998. ISBN 0-938289-35-7.
  • Prien, Jochen & Stemmer, Gerhard. Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" in World War II. Atlgen, Germany: Schiffer Military History, 2002. ISBN 0-7643-1681-8
  • Weal, John. Jagdgeschwader 27 'Afrika'. Osprey, Oxford. 2003. ISBN 1-84176-538-4
  • Weal, John. Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Western Front. Osprey, Oxford. 1996. ISBN 978-1-85532-595-1
  • Weal, John. Bf 109 Defence of the Reich Aces. Osprey, Oxford. 2006. ISBN 1-84176-879-0
  • Weinberg, Gerhard. A World At Arms, Cambridge University Press: 2 edition, 2005, ISBN 978-0-521-61826-7

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