卢卡斯-莱默检验法

卢卡斯-莱默检验法(英語:Lucas–Lehmer primality test),是数学中检验梅森数素性检验,由法國數學家爱德华·卢卡斯Édouard Lucas)于1878年完善,美國數學家德里克·亨利·莱默Derrick Henry Lehmer)随后于1930年代将其改进。

因特网梅森質数大搜索用这个检验法找到了不少很大的質数,最近几个最大的質数就是这个项目发现的。[1]由于梅森数比随机选择的整数更有可能是質数,因此他们认为这是一个极有用的方法。

方法

卢卡斯-莱默检验法原理是这样:
令梅森数 Mp = 2p− 1作为检验对象(预设p是質数,否则Mp就是合数了)。

定义序列{si }:所有的i ≥ 0

,如果
,如果
.
.
.

这个序列的开始几项是4, 14, 194, 37634, ... (OEIS數列A003010

那么Mp是素数当且仅当


否则, Mp合数
sp − 2Mp的余数叫做p卢卡斯-莱默余数

例子

假设我们想验证M3 = 7是素数。我们从s=4开始,并更新3−2 = 1次,把所有的得数模7:

  • s ← ((4×4) − 2) mod 7 = 0

由于我们最终得到了一个能被7整除的s,因此M3是素数。

另一方面,M11 = 2047 = 23×89就不是素数。我们仍然从s=4开始,并更新11−2 = 9次,把所有的得数模2047:

  • s ← ((4×4) − 2) mod 2047 = 14
  • s ← ((14×14) − 2) mod 2047 = 194
  • s ← ((194×194) − 2) mod 2047 = 788
  • s ← ((788×788) − 2) mod 2047 = 701
  • s ← ((701×701) − 2) mod 2047 = 119
  • s ← ((119×119) − 2) mod 2047 = 1877
  • s ← ((1877×1877) − 2) mod 2047 = 240
  • s ← ((240×240) − 2) mod 2047 = 282
  • s ← ((282×282) − 2) mod 2047 = 1736

由于s最终仍未能被2047整除,因此M11=2047不是素数。但是,我们从这个检验法仍然无法知道2047的因子,只知道它的卢卡斯-莱默余数1736。

正确性的证明

我们注意到是一个具有闭式解的递推关系。定义;我们可以用数学归纳法来验证对于所有i,都有

最后一个步骤可从推出。在两个部分中,我们都将用到这个结果。

充分性

我们希望证明意味着是素数。我们叙述一个利用初等群论的证明,由J. W.布鲁斯给出[2]

假设。那么对于某个整数k,有,以及:

现在假设Mp是合数,其非平凡素因子q > 2(所有梅森素数都是奇数)。定义含有q2个元素的集合,其中是模q的整数,是一个有限域X中的乘法运算定义为:

.

由于q > 2,因此位于X内。任何两个位于X内的数的乘积也一定位于X内,但它不是一个,因为不是所有的元素x都有逆元素y,使得xy = 1。如果我们只考虑有逆元素的元素,我们便得到了一个群X*,它的大小最多为(因为0没有逆元素)。


现在,由于,且,我们有,根据方程(1)可得。两边平方,得,证明了是可逆的,其逆元素为,因此位于X*内,它的能整除。实际上,这个阶必须等于,因为,因此这个阶不能整除。由于群元素的阶最多就是群的大小,我们便得出结论,。但由于q的一个非平凡素因子,我们必须有,得出矛盾。因此是素数。

必要性

我们假设是素数,欲推出。我们叙述一个Öystein J. R. Ödseth的证明[3]。首先,注意到3是模 Mp二次非剩余,这是因为对于奇数p > 1,2 p − 1只取得值7 mod 12,因此从勒让德符号的性质可知是−1。根据欧拉准则,可得:

.

另一方面,2是模的二次剩余,这是因为,因此。根据欧拉准则,可得:

.

接着,定义,并像前面那样,定义X*为的乘法群。我们将用到以下的引理:

(根据费马小定理),以及

对于所有整数a(费马小定理)。

那么,在群X*中,我们有:

简单计算可知 。我们可以用这个结果来计算群X*中的

其中我们用到了以下的事实:

由于,我们还需要做的就是把方程的两边乘以,并利用

由于sp−2是整数,且在X*内是零,因此它也是零mod Mp

参见

注释

  1. ^ GIMPS Home Page. Frequently Asked Questions: General Questions: What are Mersenne primes? How are they useful? http://www.mersenne.org/faq.htm#what页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  2. ^ J. W. Bruce. A Really Trivial Proof of the Lucas-Lehmer Test. The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol.100, No.4, pp.370–371. April 1993.
  3. ^ Öystein J. R. Ödseth. A note on primality tests for N = h · 2n − 1. Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen. http://www.uib.no/People/nmaoy/papers/luc.pdf页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

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