劳氏鳄目

劳氏鳄目
化石时期:三疊紀249–200 Ma
演化支鳄形超目幸存至今。
迅猛鱷
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 爬行綱 Reptilia
演化支 真爬行動物 Eureptilia
演化支 卢默龙类 Romeriida
亚纲: 双孔亚纲 Diapsida
演化支 新双弓类 Neodiapsida
演化支 蜥类 Sauria
演化支 主龜龍類 Archelosauria
下纲: 主龍形下綱 Archosauromorpha
演化支 鱷腳類 Crocopoda
演化支 主龍型類 Archosauriformes
演化支 真鱷腳類 Eucrocopoda
演化支 镶嵌踝类 Crurotarsi
演化支 主龍類 Archosauria
演化支 偽鱷類 Pseudosuchia
演化支 鳄类 Suchia
並系群 劳氏鳄目 Rauisuchia
Huene, 1942
亞類群

勞氏鱷目又称勞氏鱷類(學名:Rauisuchia),是對一群所知有限的主龍類集合群的非正式總稱,是生存於三疊紀的掠食動物,大多數體型很大,全長通常有4至6公尺。

分類關係

原先勞氏鱷類被認為與引鱷科有接近親緣關係[1],但現在牠們被歸類於伪鳄类[2]。勞氏鱷目通常包括三科:迅猛鱷科勞氏鱷科波波龍科;以及其他來自於俄羅斯奧倫尼克階地層的物種,牠們因為太過原始,或是了解太少,所以無法列入以上三科。現在有個合理的理論,認為勞氏鱷目是個並系群,是多個彼此有關係、且各自演化的演化支,都佔據者同樣的生態位,是中型到大型的四足掠食動物。在1993年,J. Michael Parrish發現波波龍科鱷魚的血緣關係比較近,跟迅猛鱷科的關係較遠[3],與Juul在1994年[4]。在2003年的最近研究裡,Sterling Nesbitt提出一個不同的種系發生學研究,認為勞氏鱷目是單系群[5]。勞氏鱷目有時被當成無法歸類物種的集中地。因為許多化石材料的狀態零碎,目前很難以確定勞氏鱷類在演化史上的確切位置。然而,2002年的研究與發現,例如Gower、Benton、Walker對於Batrachotomus[6]Erpetosuchus的研究[7],讓這群所知有限的動物在進化史上的地位開始明瞭起來。

鑑定特徵

三種不同的臀窩結構與後肢直立方式,從左到右分別為往兩側延展、直立(哺乳類恐龍)、柱狀直立方式(勞氏鱷类)

約瑟·波拿巴(José Bonaparte)[8]麥可·班頓(Michael Benton)[9]先後提出勞氏鱷目,例如蜥鱷,獨自發展出與恐龍不一樣的四肢直立方式;藉由垂直的股骨,與髖臼角度往腹側傾斜,而非股骨頸幹角度傾斜或彎曲。他們將這稱為柱狀直立方式。

直立的步態顯示勞氏鱷類是非常活耀、靈活的掠食動物。勞氏鱷類藉由移動上的優勢,獵食二齒獸類肯氏獸科。勞氏鱷類是成功的動物,最大的頭顱可達至少1公尺長,直到三疊紀-侏儸紀滅絕事件滅絕了勞氏鱷類與其他大型主龍類。當牠們滅亡後,獸腳類恐龍才有機會成為陸地上的優勢掠食動物;在侏羅紀初期,勞氏鱷類消失,而肉食性恐龍的足跡忽然在尺寸上變大了[10]

化石紀錄

著名的勞氏鱷類包括:生存於三疊紀中期瑞士與北義大利鐵沁鱷Ticinosuchus)、生存於三疊紀晚期(卡尼階晚期)阿根廷蜥鱷Saurosuchus)、生存於晚三疊紀晚期(卡尼階晚期到諾利階早期)美國西北部的波斯特鱷Postosuchus)。其中一個勞氏鱷類,巨齒龍Teratosaurus),曾經長久被誤認為是一種早期獸腳亞目恐龍[11],後來被發現不是恐龍[12][13]

參考資料

  1. ^ Sill, W. D. The anatomy of Saurosuchus galilei and the relationships of the rauisuchid thecodonts. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 1974, 146: 317–362. ISSN 0027-4100. 
  2. ^ Benton, M. J. Vertebrate Paleontology 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. 2004. ISBN 0632056371. 
  3. ^ Parrish, J. M. Phylogeny of the Crocodylotarsi, with reference to archosaurian and crurotarsan monophyly. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1993, 13: 287–308. 
  4. ^ Juul, L. The phylogeny of basal archosaurs. Palaeontologia Africana. 1994, 31: 1–38. 
  5. ^ Nesbitt, S. J. Arizonasaurus and its implications for archosaur divergence. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2003, 270 (Suppl. 2): S234–S237 [2007-06-21]. ISSN 0962-8452. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0066. (原始内容存档于2020-03-02). 
  6. ^ Gower, D. J. Braincase evolution in suchian archosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida): evidence from the rauisuchian Batrachotomus kupferzellensis. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 2002, 136 (1): 49–76. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00025.x. 
  7. ^ Benton, M. J.; Walker, A. D. Erpetosuchus, a crocodile-like basal archosaur from the Late Triassic of Elgin, Scotland. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 2002, 136 (1): 25–47. ISSN 0024-4082. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00024.x. 
  8. ^ Bonaparte, J. F. Locomotion in rauisuchid thecodonts. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1984, 3 (4): 210–218. 
  9. ^ Benton, M. J. Rauisuchians and the success of dinosaurs. Nature. 1984, 310: 101. doi:10.1038/310101a0. 
  10. ^ Olsen, P. E.; Kent, D. V.; Sues, H.-D.; Koeberl, C.; Huber, H.; Montanari, E. C.; Rainforth, A.; Fowell, S. J.; Szajna, M. J.; and Hartline, B. W. Ascent of Dinosaurs Linked to an Iridium Anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary. Science. 2002, 296: 1305–1307. PMID 12016313. doi:10.1126/science.1065522. 
  11. ^ Colbert, E.H., 1961, Dinosaurs: Their Discovery and Their World, Dutton, New York, 1961 p.67
  12. ^ Galton, P. M. (1985). "The poposaurid thecodontian Teratosaurus suevicus von Meyer, plus referred specimens mostly based on prosauropod dinosaurs". Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, B, 116: 1-29.
  13. ^ Benton, M.J. (1986). "The late Triassic reptile Teratosaurus - a rauisuchian, not a dinosaur". Palaeontology 29: 293-301.

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