分子马达

FOF1三磷酸腺苷合酶(ATP synthase / ATPase)分子模型

分子马达(molecular motor)是分布于细胞内部或细胞表面,可将ATP水解能或跨膜电化学梯度的自由能转换为线性或旋转运动能量的蛋白质或蛋白质复合物;其负责细胞内的一部分物质或者整个细胞的宏观运动。

生物体内的各种组织器官乃至整个个体的运动最终都归结为分子马达在微观尺度上的运动。分子马达將化学键中的能量耦合转化为动能。而化学键中的能量最终来自细胞膜线粒体膜内外的电化学梯度。

例子

一些在生物学中较为重要的分子马达[1]

  • 微丝聚合可产生推动力。
  • 人工合成的动力分子已被一些化学家制出。它们通过改变分子的手性产生扭矩,从而在宏观上产生转向力。

实验方法

  • 高清晰度活体显微镜技术
  • 广视野显微镜与三维去卷积(decovolution)技术
    • 共焦距显微镜(confocal microscopy)技术
      • 扫描共焦距激光显微技术(laser-scanning microscopy)
      • 转碟共焦距显微镜技术(spinning-disc confocal microscopy)
    • 全反射(Total Internal Reflection)与倾斜入射(Oblique illumination)激光显微镜技术
  • 动力分子的主要研究方法还包括分子物理学中的一些技术:
    • 荧光共振能转技术(FRET),以及荧光交互波谱分析(FCS)
    • 单分子电生理分析(Electrophysiology),用于测量单个离子通道(ion channel)的动力学
    • 单分子滑动化验法(single molecule gliding assay),用于测量动力分子的运动速度,弹簧常数,以及processivity.
    • 光鑷,用于测量动力分子的力学性质

参考文献

  1. ^ Nelson, P.; M. Radosavljevic, S. Bromberg. Biological physics. Freeman. 2004. 
  2. ^ Tsunoda SP, Aggeler R, Yoshida M, Capaldi RA. Rotation of the c subunit oligomer in fully functional F1Fo ATP synthase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. January 2001, 98 (3): 898–902. PMC 14681可免费查阅. PMID 11158567. doi:10.1073/pnas.031564198. 
  3. ^ I. Hubscher, U.; Maga, G.; Spadari, S. Eukaryotic DNA polymerases. Annual Review of Biochemistry. 2002, 71: 133–63 / 133. PMID 12045093. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.090501.150041. 
  4. ^ Smith DE, Tans SJ, Smith SB, Grimes S, Anderson DL, Bustamante C. The bacteriophage straight phi29 portal motor can package DNA against a large internal force. Nature. October 2001, 413 (6857): 748–52. PMID 11607035. doi:10.1038/35099581. 
  5. ^ Dworkin J, Losick R. Does RNA polymerase help drive chromosome segregation in bacteria?. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. October 2002, 99 (22): 14089–94. PMC 137841可免费查阅. PMID 12384568. doi:10.1073/pnas.182539899. 
  6. ^ Peterson C. The SMC family: novel motor proteins for chromosome condensation?. Cell. 1994, 79 (3): 389–92. PMID 7954805. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90247-X. 
  7. ^ Robert Sanders, Molecular motor powerful enough to pack DNA into viruses at greater than champagne pressures, researchers report页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Press release, University of California

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