亞斯伯格症候群

亞斯伯格症候群
又称Asperger's syndrome、Asperger disorder (AD)、Asperger's
症状社交互動和非語言交流障礙、侷限的興趣和重複的行為[1]
起病年龄約兩歲以前[1]
病程終生[1]
类型孤独症谱系障碍疾病
病因未知[1]
治療社交技巧訓練、認知行為療法物理治療言語治療父母職能訓練[2]
患病率3,720萬(2015年)[3]
分类和外部资源
醫學專科精神病学
ICD-116A02.0
ICD-10F84.5
OMIM608638、​608631、​608781、​609954
DiseasesDB31268
MedlinePlus001549
eMedicine912296
Orphanet1162
[编辑此条目的维基数据]
asperger syndrome」的各地常用名稱
中国大陸阿斯伯格综合征
臺灣亞斯伯格症候群
港澳亞氏保加症

亞斯伯格症候群[4][5](英語:Asperger syndrome,簡稱AS)是广泛性发展障碍(PDD)中的一种综合症,属于孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)[6][7][8]。其重要特徵是社交非言語交際障礙,同時伴隨著興趣狹隘及重複特定行為[1],但相較於其他孤独症谱系障碍,仍相對保有語言認知發展[9]。患者經常出現肢體笨拙和語言表達方式異常等狀況,偶爾會發出怪聲音,但並不作為診斷依據[10][11]。其症狀一般在兩歲前出現,並伴隨患者終生[1]

造成亞斯伯格症候群的確切原因尚未釐清[1]。雖然可能有部分遺傳因素,但目前為止,背後並無基因學基礎得出的結論支撐[10][12],環境因素亦受認扮演一定的角色[1]。腦部顯影技術現在並不能釐清常見的潛在問題[10][12]。2013年,美國精神醫學學會出版的《精神疾病的診斷與數據手冊第五版》(DSM-5)已將亞斯伯格症侯群併入於自闭症谱系中,其中包含自閉症待分類的廣泛性發展障礙。2019年,亞斯伯格症候群仍然被保留於《國際疾病分類手冊第十一版》(ICD-11)[13][14],2021年,亞斯伯格綜合症被《國際疾病分類手冊第十一版》(ICD-11)合并至孤独症谱系障碍的亞型中。[15]

亞斯伯格症不限於單一治療方式,然而,支撐其特定干預措施的療效證據亦有限[10]。治療目標在於改進較弱的溝通技巧、強迫症、重複的例行工作和肢體動作不協調[2]。干預措施包含:社交技巧的訓練、認知行為治療職能治療言語治療父母職能訓練和心理或焦慮等相關問題的藥物治療[2]。隨著年紀增長,部分兒童患者的情況會改善,但社交與溝通障礙通常仍持續存在[16]。部分研究學者與在自閉症譜系裏的人士主張另一種觀點,認為泛自閉症只是個體呈現的差異,而不是必須治療或治癒的疾病[17][18]

症源緣起

亞斯伯格症候群是根據奧地利兒科醫師漢斯·亞斯伯格命名。1944年,他在研究中,首度記錄具有缺乏非語言溝通技巧、在同儕間表露低度同理心、舉止笨拙等情形的兒童[19],但因為論文是在第二次世界大戰期間以德語發表的緣故,因此並未受到注目。1981年,英國醫師蘿娜·溫英语Lorna Wing介紹了有关亞斯伯格症候群的發現,到了1990年代起逐漸為世所知[20][21][22]。五十年後,它被標準化為診斷依據,但學界對疾病症狀的界定,仍尚不明確[16]。爭議包括,亞斯伯格症候群是否等同於高功能自閉症(HFA)[23][24] ;造成此爭議的部分原因是它的盛行率迄今未受確立[25]。學界現計畫廢除亞斯伯格综合征舊有的診斷標準,改採用泛自閉症障礙的嚴重程度量表[26]

罹患亞斯伯格症候群的實際原因依然不明。部分研究支持遺傳論點,但對於子代的認知發展並非絕對,也沒有發現明確導致病發的基因,所以尚據有爭議。較多研究為統計出胎兒在腹中造成腦部損害,有較高的比例會成為亞斯兒,如:母體撞擊/臍繞頸...等,但確切致病原因不明;神經成像技術尚未找到共同明確的病因[25]。阿斯伯格综合征沒有單一診治辦法,許多特殊的治療方式都沒有足夠的數據證實完全可行[25]。現今的診治辦法主要以改善症狀和改善機能為基礎,多採行為治療,針對特定障礙,進行溝通技巧、強迫性或重複性行為以及肢體不靈活的處治[2]。多數個案會隨療程而有所進步,然而,溝通、社會適應與獨立生活等方面的障礙仍可能持續存在,甚至延续至成年[16]。有些學者及阿斯伯格综合征患者主張,改變社會大眾對這些症狀的觀點,定義它是一種認知差異,而非病名,不是一種亟需治療的缺陷或障礙[17]

常見誤解

關於亞斯伯格症候群的定義,亞斯伯格症候群與高功能自閉症的相同與否,有各種不同的說法。有部份人把亞斯伯格症候群與高功能自閉症(沒有智能障礙,或可說幾乎沒有自閉症)視為相同(也有人認為亞斯伯格症候群,是不論智能障礙的與否,專指沒有語言障礙的自閉症),但亦有不認同的意見。一般來說,亞斯伯格症候群患者智力正常,亦較少出現語言發展遲緩[27][需要可靠醫學來源]。另外,也有注意力不足過動症(ADHD)與學習障礙(LD)等併發的時候。像這種因為有合併障礙和亞斯伯格症候群與自閉症這樣的言詞抱有偏見等的理由,而將之歸結稱呼為「廣泛性發展障礙(PDD)」與發展障礙的醫師也在增加。再者依自閉症谱系看來,介於健全者與低功能自閉症的中間。[需要可靠醫學來源]

特徵

A young boy is seen stacking several colorful cans on top of each other.
一名亞斯伯格症候群孩童對重複堆疊罐頭感到興趣

亞斯伯格綜合症被認為是多種症狀,而不是單一症狀的模式,其特徵為社會互動有質的障礙,行為、活動及興趣的模式相當局限重複而刻板,並且臨床上無明顯的認知發展或語言遲緩[28]。對特定事物的強烈興趣、缺乏韻律和語調和行動笨拙,是該症狀之典型特徵,但不是診斷目的的必要因素[23]

阿斯伯格綜合症與自閉症的區別,在於與公眾的口頭交流沒有重大問題,並且與高功能自閉症等術語的區別是模棱兩可的。但是,在阿斯伯格綜合症的情況下,自閉症症狀的程度通常較弱,因此可以與具有相同愛好或性情的人相處融洽,並且因缺乏社交性而可以在一定程度上維持這一事實,避免眼神接觸也被指出為差異,被診斷為亞斯伯格症候群的患者,可能具有以下徵狀[27][需要可靠醫學來源]

固執或狹窄興趣

對於興趣方面,患者一般會對一種或多種異常強烈的興趣模式。患者會對某些東西或事情特別感興趣,而熱切地搜集那方面的資料,而興趣模式是刻板而局限的。在這些興趣圈子中,經常可以看到阿斯伯格综合征與其他類型的身心障礙者出沒[29][需要可靠醫學來源],甚至表現出特殊天賦[30][31][需要可靠醫學來源]。對於固執方面,亞氏保加症患者有重複而刻板的行為及活動模式、不能靈活性地遵從各樣規則,以致在社交上出現困難。[需要可靠醫學來源]

語言能力

雖然亞斯伯格症候群患者在獲得語言技能時,沒有明顯的遲緩,而且他們的語言通常也沒有明顯的異常,但語言習得和使用往往是非典型的,包括冗長談論別人沒有興趣的單一話題、字面解釋與對細微差別的誤解、重複學究式的語言、音調怪異等等[23][10]。儘管與典型的自閉症相比,語調可能沒有那麼僵硬或單調,但是亞斯伯格症候群患者通常具有一些特點:說話可能異常快速、急促或大聲。演講時可能傳達出不連貫感、談話風格通常包含讓聽者厭倦的話題獨白[23]。患有亞斯伯格症候群的兒童可能在幼年時就掌握了複雜的詞彙,但他們很難理解形象化的語言,患有亞斯伯格症候群的兒童在非文字語言方面,似乎有特殊的弱點,包括幽默、反諷、戲謔和嘲諷[10][24]

治療方法

Monochrome fMRI image of a horizontal cross-section of a human brain. A few regions, mostly to the rear, are highlighted in orange and yellow.
功能性磁共振成像溝通不良鏡像神經元理論提供了一些證據[32][33]

目前,阿斯伯格综合征没有可行的治疗方法,比如缓解核心症状的药物,只能靠行为治疗[34]。但是某些药物(如抗抑郁药,抗焦虑药,抗精神病药和心境稳定剂)可以缓解情绪障碍,中枢神经兴奋剂(如利他林)和择思达可以减轻其过动行为[需要可靠醫學來源]

其他觀點

有研究人員爭論於,是否應將阿斯伯格综合征視作別種認知方式,而非疾病或殘障。西蒙·拜伦-科恩英语Simon Baron-Cohen在一份發表於2002年的論文中,指出:「在社交圈,拘於細節並不會帶來好處,但在一些項目例如數學、編寫程序製作目錄音樂語言學工程學,拘於細節有可能引領一個人踏上成功路途,而不是敗途。」然而,同一位學者列出兩大理由,指出為何亞斯伯格症候群仍然有可能屬於殘障:需要社會援助、不太會易地而處。但他同時強調,阿斯伯格综合征患者所攜帶的各種能力,屢次在人類演化和文明發展帶來卓越貢獻[18]

参见

參考文獻

引用

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Autism Spectrum Disorder. National Institute of Mental Health. September 2015 [2016-03-12]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-12). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Asperger syndrome fact sheet. 2007-07-31 [2007-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2007-08-21).  NIH Publication No. 05-5624.
  3. ^ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.. Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053): 1545–1602. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 5055577可免费查阅. PMID 27733282. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. 
  4. ^ 亞斯伯格症候群. 樂詞網. 國家教育研究院 (中文(臺灣)). 
  5. ^ 阿斯伯格综合征. 术语在线. 全国科学技术名词审定委员会.  (简体中文)
  6. ^ Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 18 March 2022. ISBN 9780890425770. LCCN 2021051782. 
  7. ^ 6A02 Autism spectrum disorder. International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11). World Health Organisation. February 2022 [14 May 2022]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-01). 
  8. ^ Asperger syndrome. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program. [26 January 2019]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-14). 
  9. ^ F84.5 Asperger syndrome. World Health Organization. 2015 [2016-03-13]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-02). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 McPartland J, Klin A. Asperger's syndrome. Adolescent Medicine Clinics. October 2006, 17 (3): 771–88; abstract xiii. PMID 17030291. doi:10.1016/j.admecli.2006.06.010 (不活跃 16 October 2019). 
  11. ^ Baskin JH, Sperber M, Price BH. Asperger syndrome revisited. Reviews in Neurological Diseases. 2006, 3 (1): 1–7. PMID 16596080. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Klauck SM. Genetics of autism spectrum disorder. European Journal of Human Genetics. June 2006, 14 (6): 714–20. PMID 16721407. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201610. 
  13. ^ Asperger syndrome. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program. [2019-01-26]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-14). 
  14. ^ ICD-11. icd.who.int. [2019-02-12]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-19). 
  15. ^ WHOFIC Foundation. icd.who.int. [2021-08-20]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-19). 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Woodbury-Smith MR, Volkmar FR. Asperger syndrome. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (Submitted manuscript). January 2009, 18 (1): 2–11 [2019-12-14]. PMID 18563474. S2CID 12808995. doi:10.1007/s00787-008-0701-0. (原始内容存档于2019-03-31). 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Clarke J, van Amerom G. 'Surplus suffering': differences between organizational understandings of Asperger's syndrome and those people who claim the 'disorder'. Disability & Society. 2007, 22 (7): 761–76. doi:10.1080/09687590701659618. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Baron-Cohen S. Is Asperger syndrome necessarily viewed as a disability?. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl. 2002, 17 (3): 186–91. doi:10.1177/10883576020170030801. 下面是可免费阅读的导引文本,但是在措辞上与引文有略微不同:Baron-Cohen S. Is Asperger's syndrome necessarily a disability? (PDF). Cambridge: Autism Research Centre. 2002 [2008-12-02]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-12-17). 
  19. ^ Asperger H; tr. and annot. Frith U. 'Autistic psychopathy' in childhood. Frith U (编). Autism and Asperger syndrome. Cambridge University Press. 1991: 37–92 [1944]. ISBN 0-521-38608-X. 
  20. ^ Wing L. Asperger's syndrome: a clinical account. Psychological Medicine. February 1981, 11 (1): 115–29 [2007-10-21]. PMID 7208735. doi:10.1017/S0033291700053332. (原始内容存档于2007-08-17). 
  21. ^ Seth Mnookin. Asperger's Children. New York Times. 2018-06-18 [2019-07-22]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-27) (英语). 
  22. ^ Lorna Wing. Asperger's syndrome: a clinical account. Psychological Medicine. February 1981 [2019-07-22]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-06) (英语). 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Klin A. Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2006, 28 (suppl 1): S3–S11 [2010-11-14]. PMID 16791390. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462006000500002. (原始内容存档于2007-09-29). 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 Kasari C, Rotheram-Fuller E. Current trends in psychological research on children with high-functioning autism and Asperger disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. September 2005, 18 (5): 497–501. PMID 16639107. doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000179486.47144.61. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 25.2 McPartland J, Klin A. Asperger's syndrome. Adolesc Med Clin. 2006, 17 (3): 771–88. PMID 17030291. doi:10.1016/j.admecli.2006.06.010. 
  26. ^ Wallis C. A powerful identity, a vanishing diagnosis. The New York Times. 2009-11-02 [2010-11-14]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-21). 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 蕊展計劃:甚麼是亞氏保加症. 香港教育學院蕊展計劃. [2008年3月6日]. (原始内容存档于2013年6月23日). 
  28. ^ American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic criteria for 299.80 Asperger's Disorder (AD). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th, text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2000. ISBN 978-0-89042-025-6. 
  29. ^ 身心障礙者服務資訊網:國外身心障礙者的休閒活動. 身心障礙者服務資訊網. [2011年9月27日]. (原始内容存档于2011年6月26日). 
  30. ^ 愛談天文物理父母也不看一眼12歲自閉天才讀博士. 星島日報. 2011-03-22 [2011-09-27] (中文(香港)). 
  31. ^ 英12歲自閉童成數學天才16歲可獲學士學位. 資訊時報. 2009-12-13 [2011-09-27]. (原始内容存档于2009-12-23) (中文(香港)). 
  32. ^ Just MA, Cherkassky VL, Keller TA, Kana RK, Minshew NJ. Functional and anatomical cortical underconnectivity in autism: evidence from an FMRI study of an executive function task and corpus callosum morphometry. Cerebral Cortex. April 2007, 17 (4): 951–61. PMC 4500121可免费查阅. PMID 16772313. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl006. 
  33. ^ Iacoboni M, Dapretto M. The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. December 2006, 7 (12): 942–51. PMID 17115076. doi:10.1038/nrn2024. 
  34. ^ Towbin KE. Strategies for pharmacologic treatment of high functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. January 2003, 12 (1): 23–45 [2019-11-17]. PMID 12512397. doi:10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00049-4. (原始内容存档于2019-11-09). 

来源

期刊文章
  • Clarke J, van Amerom G (2007). "'Surplus suffering': differences between organizational understandings of Asperger's syndrome and those people who claim the 'disorder'". Disabil Soc 22 (7): 761–76. doi:10.1080/09687590701659618.
  • Baron-Cohen S (2002). "Is Asperger syndrome necessarily viewed as a disability?". Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl 17 (3): 186–91. doi:10.1177/10883576020170030801. A preliminary, freely readable draft, with slightly different wording in the quoted text, is in: Baron-Cohen S (2002). "Is Asperger's syndrome necessarily a disability?"(PDF). Cambridge: Autism Research Centre. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
书籍
  • Baron-Cohen S (2008). "The evolution of brain mechanisms for social behavior". In Crawford C, Krebs D(eds.). Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology. Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 415–32. ISBN 978-0-8058-5957-7.

外部連結

病友團體


Read other articles:

Nikephoros III BotaneiatesKaisar Nikephoros III BotaneiatesKaisar Kekaisaran BizantiumBerkuasa7 Januari 1078 – 1 April 1081Penobatan24 Maret 1078PendahuluMichael VII DoukasPenerusAlexius I KomnenusInformasi pribadiKelahiranc. 1002Kematian10 Desember 1081IstriBebdeneMaria dari Alania Nikephoros III Botaneiates, di-latinisasi sebagai Nicephorus III Botaniates (bahasa Yunani: Νικηφόρος Βοτανειάτης, c. 1002[1] – 10 Dese...

 

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Serie A 1941-1942 (disambigua). Serie A 1941-1942 Competizione Serie A Sport Calcio Edizione 42ª (13ª di Serie A) Organizzatore Direttorio Divisioni Superiori Date dal 26 ottobre 1941al 14 giugno 1942 Luogo  Italia Partecipanti 16 Formula girone unico Risultati Vincitore Roma(1º titolo) Retrocessioni NapoliModena Statistiche Miglior marcatore Aldo Boffi (22) Incontri disputati 240 Gol segnati 687 (2,86 per...

 

Patung marmer Kibele dari abad ke-1 SM Formia, Latium. Kibele (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˈkɪbəliː/ atau [ˈsɪb.əl.i]; bahasa Frigia: Matar Kubileya/Kubeleya Bunda Kubeleyan, kemungkinan Bunda Gunung; Yunani: Κυβέλη Kybele, Κυβήβη Kybebe, Κύβελις Kybelis), adalah Ibu Bumi dalam kepercayaan Frigia. Seperti juga Gaia dari Yunani dan Rea dari Minoa, Kibele merupakan perwujuan bumi yang subur. Kibele juga adalah dewi gua dan gunung, dinding dan benteng, alam, hewan liar ...

Award Saturn Award for Best Supporting ActressAwarded forBest performance of the year by a female in a supporting role in a genre filmCountryUnited StatesPresented byAcademy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror FilmsFirst awarded1974/75Currently held byEmily Blunt for Oppenheimer (2022/2023)Websitewww.saturnawards.org The following is a list of Saturn Award nominees and winners for Best Supporting Actress, which rewards the best female supporting performance in a genre film. Anne Ramsey, Ti...

 

American racing driver and crew chief Gregory RaylRayl competing in the 2011 Thunder Valley Casino Resort 200 at Sonoma Raceway.Nationality AmericanBornGregory S. Rayl (1963-11-20) November 20, 1963 (age 60)Salida, CaliforniaNASCAR K&N Pro Series West careerDebut season2008Former teamsSpectator Racing, GSR RacingStarts32Wins0Poles0Best finish11th in 2011Finished last season53rd (2014)Previous series1993 2011NASCAR Southwest Series NASCAR K&N Pro Series EastNASCAR driver NASCAR Cr...

 

1997 single by Two-MixWhite ReflectionSingle by Two-Mixfrom the album BPM Best Files LanguageJapaneseB-sideBurningReleasedJanuary 15, 1997 (1997-01-15)Recorded1996GenreJ-popelectropopanisonLength4:48LabelKing RecordsComposer(s)Minami TakayamaLyricist(s)Shiina NaganoProducer(s)Two-MixTwo-Mix singles chronology Rhythm Generation (1996) White Reflection (1997) True Navigation (1997) Music videosWhite Reflection (Short Ver.) on YouTube White Reflection is the sixth single by J-pop ...

Questa voce sugli argomenti film drammatici e film thriller è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. UnthinkableMichael Sheen in una scena del filmTitolo originaleUnthinkable Lingua originaleinglese Paese di produzioneStati Uniti d'America Anno2010 Durata97 min Rapporto1,85:1 Generethriller, drammatico RegiaGregor Jordan SceneggiaturaPeter Woodward ProduttoreMarco Weber, Caldecot Chubb, Will...

 

Niterói Municipio BanderaEscudo Otros nombres: Cidade Sorriso, Nikiti. NiteróiLocalización de Niterói en Brasil Ubicación de Niterói en Río de JaneiroCoordenadas 22°53′00″S 43°06′13″O / -22.883333333333, -43.103611111111Entidad Municipio • País  Brasil • Estado  Río de JaneiroAlcalde Rodrigo Neves (PT)Eventos históricos   • Fundación 22 de noviembre de 1573 • Erección 1819Superficie   • Total 129.38 k...

 

American actor For other people named John Hoyt, see John Hoyt (disambiguation). John HoytHoyt in The Big Combo (1955)BornJohn McArthur Hoysradt(1905-10-05)October 5, 1905Bronxville, New York, U.S.DiedSeptember 15, 1991(1991-09-15) (aged 85)Santa Cruz, California, U.S.Other namesJohn HoysradtEducationYale University (BA, MA)OccupationActorYears active1930–1987Spouses Marion Virginia Burns ​ ​(m. 1935; div. 1960)​ Dorothy Marion ...

هدنة أرزينجانمعلومات عامةالنوع هدنة التوقيع 18 ديسمبر 1917م[1][ملاحظة 1]المكان أرزنجان،  تركياالموقعون الدولة العثمانية  روسيا السوفيتيةاللغة الروسية — العثمانية تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات هدنة أرزينجان هي التسوية الموقعة بين الدولة العثمانية وجمه...

 

Provincial park in Coldstream, British Columbia, Canada Kalamalka Lake Provincial ParkIUCN category II (national park)Map of British ColumbiaLocationOsoyoos Division Yale Land District, British Columbia, CanadaNearest cityVernon, BCCoordinates50°10′59″N 119°15′44″W / 50.18306°N 119.26222°W / 50.18306; -119.26222Area978 ha. (9.78 km²)EstablishedSeptember 11, 1975Governing bodyBC ParksWebsitebcparks.ca/kalamalka-lake-park/ Deer at Kalamalka La...

 

Louisiana Attorney General election, 2011 ← 2007 October 22, 2011 2015 →   Nominee Buddy Caldwell Party Republican Parish resultsCaldwell:      100% Elections in Louisiana Federal government Presidential elections 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 ...

Tax on investment gains This article is part of a series onTaxation in the United States Federal taxation Alternative minimum tax Capital gains tax Corporate tax Estate tax Excise tax Gift tax Generation-skipping transfer tax Income tax Payroll tax Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Internal Revenue Code (IRC) IRS tax forms Revenue by state History Constitutional authority Taxpayer standing Court Protest Evasion Resistance State and local taxation State income tax Property tax Sales tax State and...

 

Univision is an American broadcast television television network owned by TelevisaUnivision, which was launched on September 30, 1962 as the Spanish International Network (SIN). As of October 2015[update], the network currently has 23 owned-and-operated stations, and current affiliation agreements with 38 other television stations.[1] Univision maintains a national cable network feed that is distributed directly to cable, satellite and IPTV providers in various media markets ...

 

Election for the governorship of the U.S. state of South Dakota 1944 South Dakota gubernatorial election ← 1942 November 7, 1944 1946 →   Nominee Merrell Q. Sharpe Lynn Fellows Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 148,646 78,276 Percentage 65.51% 34.49% County resultsSharpe:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Fellows:    &#...

Common soil bacterium and the causative agent of tetanus Clostridium tetani Clostridium tetani forming spores Scientific classification Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Bacillota Class: Clostridia Order: Eubacteriales Family: Lachnospiraceae Genus: Clostridium Species: C. tetani Binomial name Clostridium tetaniFlügge, 1881 Clostridium tetani is a common soil bacterium and the causative agent of tetanus. Vegetative cells of Clostridium tetani are usually rod-shaped and up to 2.5 μm long, but th...

 

Former trade union of the United Kingdom This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) TASSTechnical, Administrative and Supervisory SectionMerged...

 

Olga DykhovichnayaLahirOlga Yuryevna Golyak4 September 1980 (umur 43)Minsk, Uni Soviet (sekarang Belarus)Warga negaraBelarusRusiaPekerjaanPemeransutradaraproduserTahun aktif2002–sekarang Olga Yuryevna Dykhovichnaya,[1] lahir dengan nama Golyak (bahasa Rusia: О́льга Ю́рьевна Дыхови́чная; lahir 4 September 1980) adalah seorang pemeran, produser dan sutradara berkebangsaan Belarus-Rusia. Referensi ^ Olga Dyhovichnaya - Facts, Bio, Career, Net Wor...

Neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City Bay Ridge redirects here. For the unincorporated community in Northampton County, Virginia, see Bay Ridge, Virginia. Neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York CityBay RidgeNeighborhood of BrooklynLocation in New York CityCoordinates: 40°37′26″N 74°01′55″W / 40.624°N 74.032°W / 40.624; -74.032Country United StatesState New YorkCity New York CityBorough BrooklynCommunity DistrictBrooklyn 10[1]Government&#...

 

Barnbougle CastleDalmeny, Scotland Barnbougle Castle on the Firth of Forth, with Edinburgh in the distanceBarnbougle CastleCoordinates55°59′33″N 3°20′03″W / 55.9924348°N 3.3342916°W / 55.9924348; -3.3342916Site informationOwnerEarl of RoseberyConditionRebuilt 1881, still in useSite historyBuilt13th century Barnbougle Castle is a historic tower house on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth, between Cramond and Queensferry, and within the parish of Dalme...