睡眠障碍

睡眠疾患
类型精神障礙醫學徵象[*]疾病
分类和外部资源
醫學專科神經學、​睡眠醫學、​精神医学
ICD-10F51, G47
ICD-9-CM307.4, 327, 780.5
DiseasesDB26877
MedlinePlus[1]
eMedicinemed/609
MeSHD012893
Orphanet68354
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

睡眠障碍睡眠病是一种个人睡眠模式的医学障碍。有些睡眠障碍严重到足以干扰正常的身体、心理、社交和情感功能。睡眠障碍很常见,会对患者的健康和生活质量产生严重后果。 [1]多导睡眠图体动记录仪是诊断睡眠障碍的常用测试。

睡眠障碍大致分为睡眠障碍异态睡眠、涉及睡眠时间的昼夜节律睡眠障碍以及其他疾病,包括由医疗或心理状况引起的疾病。当一个人在没有明显原因的情况下难以入睡和/或保持睡眠状态时,称为失眠 [2],是最常见的睡眠障碍。 [3]其他包括睡眠呼吸暂停发作性睡病和嗜睡症(在不适当的时间过度嗜睡)、昏睡病(由于感染导致睡眠周期中断)、梦游夜惊

睡眠中断可能是由多种问题引起的,包括磨牙(磨牙症)和夜惊。对继发于精神、医疗或药物滥用障碍的睡眠障碍的管理应侧重于潜在的病症。 [4]

睡眠障碍列表

有许多睡眠障碍。以下列表包括其中一些:

新版本的睡眠障碍国际分类

旧版本的睡眠障礙国际分类

根據1990年發表的睡眠障礙國際分類(ICSD)[22] ,睡眠障礙可分為四大類

睡眠障碍与阿尔茨海默病

睡眠障碍与阿尔茨海默病风险的潜在机制

睡眠结构

阿尔茨海默病患者的睡眠障碍与睡眠结构变化有关,包括睡眠相位延迟,夜间醒来次数增加,慢波睡眠和快速眼动睡眠时间减少,并扰乱了第2阶段的睡眠[23]

认知

睡眠障碍也与阿尔茨海默病患者的记忆力减退、功能障碍增加以及认知能力下降更快有关[23]

睡眠剥夺

睡眠剥夺可能激活非特异性免疫参数并诱发低水平全身性炎症状态[24],影响突触重塑[25],或降低神经毒性代谢物的清除 [26]。具体而言,睡眠剥夺可能会降低淀粉样蛋白清除率 [26] 或改变正常的淀粉样蛋白代谢 [24]

中枢神经系统

睡眠对中枢神经系统(Central Nervous System, CNS)非常重要。人在一生中睡眠质量和结构一直在变化发生,而且该变化在健康老龄化期间程度加剧。睡眠与中枢神经系统疾病之间存在关联,尤其是与神经退行性疾病阿尔茨海默病是最常见的与睡眠问题有关的神经退行性疾病。以前的许多研究表明,睡眠障碍阿尔茨海默病的危险因素之一 [27]

睡眠障碍和阿尔茨海默病的关联

鉴于睡眠障碍阿尔茨海默病之间可能存在的关联,已经在动物模型和人类中进行了旨在揭示潜在机制的研究。睡眠障碍可能与通过减少非快速动眼睡眠而发生阿尔茨海默病有关。用f-氟脱氧葡萄糖(F-fluorodeoxyglucose FDG-PET)研究了处于清醒状态和睡眠状态的个体,FDG-PET是大脑代谢活动的标志物。睡眠障碍者的大脑代谢活动在快速动眼睡眠觉醒中相似,但在慢波睡眠期间大幅下降约40% [28]。从区域来看,睡眠障碍者的大脑活动的减少位于皮质下和皮质区域 [28]。这种减少是由慢波睡眠期间发生在神经元上的超极化沉默状态引起的。突触活性与ISF中Aβ的释放有关,这可以通过小鼠中Aβ水平的波动在体外观察到的 [29]。清醒状态的持续时间越长,Aβ浓度越大。此外,在急性睡眠剥夺实验中进一步增加。相反,Aβ水平的降低发生在睡眠期间特别是在慢波睡眠期间 [29]

研究发现,剥夺一个晚上的睡眠时间会导致海马,海马旁和丘脑区域的Aβ水平升高。由电子发射型计算机断层显像量化,慢波睡眠的中断导致脑脊液Aβ水平升高 [30]。在阿尔茨海默病果蝇模型中,剥夺慢性睡眠会导致更高的Aβ积累 [31]。在健康人群中,影像学研究显示,自我报告中睡眠持续时间较短或睡眠质量差与大脑中较高的Aβ负荷(ABB)之间存在关联[32] [33][34]。ABB是阿尔茨海默病的危险因素。因为ABB的增加也可能导致睡眠障碍,所以睡眠持续时间较短或睡眠质量差与大脑中较高的ABB之间的关联被认为是双向的 [35][36] 。值得注意的是,大中ABB的增加与功能的损害有关。某些形式的Aβ的积累与大脑中深刻的神经元变化有关,并可能诱发这种变化。神经元以外的细胞,包括小胶质细胞星形胶质细胞以及脑血管的内皮和平滑肌细胞,也可以通过过量的Aβ水平在功能和结构上改变 [37]。因此,防止大脑中Aβ积累的方式可以促进大脑健康衰老,并有助于预防阿尔茨海默病。在这方面,越来越多的证据表明,睡眠障碍可能导致阿尔茨海默病的部分原因就是促进大脑中Aβ的积累[38]

总而言之,随着Aβ积累的增加而增加的脑活动增加,以及随着Aβ清除率的降低而降低的淋巴交换功能减少导致睡眠状态紊乱,这两个潜在后果都会导致ISF中可溶性Aβ的浓度增加,这与淀粉样蛋白沉积有关。默认模式网络(default mode network, DMN),包括前楔块,外侧顶叶和内侧前额叶脑区域,在休息状态下更为活跃,并且是神经元活动水平最高的大脑网络 [36]。毫不奇怪,默认模式网络(default mode network, DMN),也是在阿尔茨海默病早期进展期间最容易积累Aβ的大脑区域 [22]。

參見

參考資料

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العلاقات الإيرانية الغيانية إيران غيانا   إيران   غيانا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الإيرانية الغيانية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين إيران وغيانا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة إيران غي...

 

此條目翻譯自英語維基百科,需要相關領域的編者協助校對翻譯。如果您精通本領域,又能清楚地將英語翻譯為中文,歡迎您協助校訂翻譯。原文参见 en :Sabine Hossenfelder。 萨宾·霍森费尔德Sabine Hossenfelder霍森费尔德于2017年出生 (1976-09-18) 1976年9月18日(47歲)[1] 西德法兰克福[1]国籍 德国母校法兰克福大学知名于重力模拟模型(英语:Analog models of gravity)网...

 

Italian sociologist of religion This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may r...

International basketball competition 2002 European Promotion Cup for CadettesTournament detailsHost countryMaltaDates2–6 July 2002Teams6 (from 1 confederation)Venue(s)1 (in 1 host city)Final positionsChampions Luxembourg (1st title)Runners-up IcelandThird place Scotland← 2000 2004 → The 2002 European Promotion Cup for Cadettes was the second edition of the basketball European Promotion Cup for cadettes, today known as the FIBA U16 Women's European Champ...

 

1982 Invincible-class light aircraft carrier For other ships with the same name, see HMS Illustrious. HMS Illustrious in 2012 History United Kingdom NameHMS Illustrious Ordered14 May 1976 BuilderSwan Hunter, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom Laid down7 October 1976 Launched1 December 1978 Sponsored byPrincess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon Commissioned20 June 1982 Decommissioned28 August 2014 RefitFirst Major 1990s, Second Major 2003–2005, Third Major 2010–2012 HomeportHMNB Portsmouth Ide...

 

Ierland Geschiedenis van Ierland behandelt de geschiedenis van het West-Europese eiland Ierland. De eeuwenlange strijd tussen de Keltische inwoners, die ooit ook kolonisten waren, en latere binnenkomers als Noormannen, Anglo-Normandiërs en Schotse protestanten heeft diepe sporen nagelaten. Het land is bezaaid met ruïnes en gedenktekens. De opdeling van het eiland in een Iers en een Brits deel kan alleen uit de geschiedenis begrepen worden Prehistorie Zie Prehistorie van de Britse Eilanden v...

لغات غانا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   خريطة توضيحية تبيّن التقسيمات اللغوية والعرقية في غانا حسب المناطق غانا دولة متعددة اللغات تتكلم فيها أكثر من ثمانين لغة.[1] تعتبر اللغة الإنجليزية، الموروثة من الحقبة الاستعمارية هي اللغة الرسمية وكذلك لغة التخاطب بين مختلف القبائل.&#...

 

Latin word meaning substitute or deputy For other uses of vicar, see Vicar (disambiguation). Politics of ancient Rome Periods Roman Kingdom753–509 BC Roman Republic509–27 BC Roman Empire27 BC – AD 395 Principate27 BC – AD 284 DominateAD 284–641 WesternAD 395–476 EasternAD 395–1453 Timeline Constitution Kingdom Republic Sullan republic Empire Augustan reforms Late Empire Political institutions Imperium Collegiality Auctoritas Roman citizenship Cursus honorum Assemblies Centuriate...